❈❤÷ì♥❣ ■❱
❚â♠ t➢t ✈➔ tr➻♥❤ ❜➔② ❞ú ❧✐➺✉ ❜➡♥❣ ❝→❝ ✤↕✐ ❧÷ñ♥❣ t❤è♥❣
❦➯ ♠æ t↔

❇ë ♠æ♥ ❚❖⑩◆ ✭✣❍ ❚❍❿◆● ▲❖◆●✮

❳→❝ s✉➜t ❚❤è♥❣ ❦➯ ù♥❣ ❞ö♥❣

◆❣➔② ✶✹ t❤→♥❣ ✷ ♥➠♠ ✷✵✵✾

✻✼ ✴ ✻✻✹


❈❤÷ì♥❣ ■❱
✶✵

❈→❝ ✤↕✐ ❧÷ñ♥❣ ✤♦ ❧÷í♥❣ ♠ù❝ ✤ë t➟♣ tr✉♥❣ ❝õ❛ t➟♣ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉

✶✶

❈→❝ ✤↕✐ ❧÷ñ♥❣ ♠æ t↔ sü ♣❤➙♥ ❜è ❝õ❛ t➟♣ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉

✶✷

❈→❝ ✤↕✐ ❧÷ñ♥❣ ✤♦ ❧÷í♥❣ ✤ë ♣❤➙♥ t→♥

✶✸

❙û ❞ö♥❣ ❦➳t ❤ñ♣ tr✉♥❣ ❜➻♥❤ ✈➔ ✤ë ❧➺❝❤ ❝❤✉➞♥

✶✹


❈→❝ ✤↕✐ ❧÷ñ♥❣ ♠✐➯✉ t↔ ❤➻♥❤ ❞→♥❣ ❝õ❛ t➟♣ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉

❇ë ♠æ♥ ❚❖⑩◆ ✭✣❍ ❚❍❿◆● ▲❖◆●✮

❳→❝ s✉➜t ❚❤è♥❣ ❦➯ ù♥❣ ❞ö♥❣

◆❣➔② ✶✹ t❤→♥❣ ✷ ♥➠♠ ✷✵✵✾

✻✽ ✴ ✻✻✹


❈❤÷ì♥❣ ■❱
✶✵

❈→❝ ✤↕✐ ❧÷ñ♥❣ ✤♦ ❧÷í♥❣ ♠ù❝ ✤ë t➟♣ tr✉♥❣ ❝õ❛ t➟♣ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉

✶✶

❈→❝ ✤↕✐ ❧÷ñ♥❣ ♠æ t↔ sü ♣❤➙♥ ❜è ❝õ❛ t➟♣ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉

✶✷

❈→❝ ✤↕✐ ❧÷ñ♥❣ ✤♦ ❧÷í♥❣ ✤ë ♣❤➙♥ t→♥

✶✸

❙û ❞ö♥❣ ❦➳t ❤ñ♣ tr✉♥❣ ❜➻♥❤ ✈➔ ✤ë ❧➺❝❤ ❝❤✉➞♥

✶✹


❈→❝ ✤↕✐ ❧÷ñ♥❣ ♠✐➯✉ t↔ ❤➻♥❤ ❞→♥❣ ❝õ❛ t➟♣ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉

❇ë ♠æ♥ ❚❖⑩◆ ✭✣❍ ❚❍❿◆● ▲❖◆●✮

❳→❝ s✉➜t ❚❤è♥❣ ❦➯ ù♥❣ ❞ö♥❣

◆❣➔② ✶✹ t❤→♥❣ ✷ ♥➠♠ ✷✵✵✾

✻✽ ✴ ✻✻✹


❈❤÷ì♥❣ ■❱
✶✵

❈→❝ ✤↕✐ ❧÷ñ♥❣ ✤♦ ❧÷í♥❣ ♠ù❝ ✤ë t➟♣ tr✉♥❣ ❝õ❛ t➟♣ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉

✶✶

❈→❝ ✤↕✐ ❧÷ñ♥❣ ♠æ t↔ sü ♣❤➙♥ ❜è ❝õ❛ t➟♣ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉

✶✷

❈→❝ ✤↕✐ ❧÷ñ♥❣ ✤♦ ❧÷í♥❣ ✤ë ♣❤➙♥ t→♥

✶✸

❙û ❞ö♥❣ ❦➳t ❤ñ♣ tr✉♥❣ ❜➻♥❤ ✈➔ ✤ë ❧➺❝❤ ❝❤✉➞♥

✶✹

①

❇ë ♠æ♥ ❚❖⑩◆ ✭✣❍ ❚❍❿◆● ▲❖◆●✮

  ✶✽✵   ✶✹✵   ✷✵✵ ✏ ✶✹✺.
✏ ✶✷✵   ✶✺✵   ✶✷✺   ✶✵✵
✼
❳→❝ s✉➜t ❚❤è♥❣ ❦➯ ù♥❣ ❞ö♥❣

◆❣➔② ✶✹ t❤→♥❣ ✷ ♥➠♠ ✷✵✵✾

✻✾ ✴ ✻✻✹


❚r✉♥❣ ❜➻♥❤ ❝ë♥❣
✷✳ ❚r✉♥❣ ❜➻♥❤ ❝ë♥❣ ❝â trå♥❣ sè
❚r✉♥❣ ❜➻♥❤ ❝ë♥❣ ✤ì♥ ❣✐↔♥ ✤÷ñ❝ t➼♥❤ ❜➡♥❣ ❝→❝❤ ❝ë♥❣ ❝→❝ t➼❝❤
❝õ❛ ❣✐→ trà q✉❛♥ s→t ❝õ❛ t➟♣ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉ ✈î✐ trå♥❣ sè t÷ì♥❣ ù♥❣ rç✐
❝❤✐❛ ❝❤♦ tê♥❣ ❝→❝ trå♥❣ sè ❝õ❛ t➟♣ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉ ✤â✳
❈æ♥❣ t❤ù❝ t➼♥❤✿

①✇

✏ ①✶ ✇✇✶   ①✷✇✇✷  . .. .. .  ✇①❦ ✇❦ ,
✶

✷

❦


✸

❚♦→♥ ◗✉↔♥ ❧➼

✽✳✵

✸

▼æ ❤➻♥❤ ❑✐♥❤ t➳

✹✳✵

✸

❚❤à tr÷í♥❣ ❝❤ù♥❣ ❦❤♦→♥

✻✳✵

✸

❑❤✐ ✤â ✤✐➸♠ tr✉♥❣ ❜➻♥❤ ❝→❝ ♠æ♥ ❤å❝ ❝õ❛ s✐♥❤ ✈✐➯♥ tr➯♥ tr♦♥❣ ❦➻ ♥➔② s➩ ❧➔✿

①✇

✏ ✼ ✂ ✺   ✺ ✂✺  ✸  ✸  ✽ ✂✸  ✸  ✸  ✹ ✂✸ ✸   ✻ ✂ ✸ ✏ ✻.✶✷.

❇ë ♠æ♥ ❚❖⑩◆ ✭✣❍ ❚❍❿◆● ▲❖◆●✮

❳→❝ s✉➜t ❚❤è♥❣ ❦➯ ù♥❣ ❞ö♥❣


❚r✉♥❣ ✈à ❧➔ ❣✐→ trà ✤ù♥❣ ❣✐ú❛ ❝õ❛ t➟♣ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉ ✤➣ ✤÷ñ❝ s➢♣ t❤ù tü✳ ◆❤÷ ✈➟②✱
❦❤æ♥❣ ❦➸ tr✉♥❣ ✈à s➩ ❝â ✺✵% sè q✉❛♥ s→t ❝õ❛ t➟♣ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉ ❝â ❣✐→ trà ❧î♥ ❤ì♥
tr✉♥❣ ✈à ✈➔ ✺✵% sè q✉❛♥ s→t ❝õ❛ t➟♣ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉ ❝â ❣✐→ trà ♥❤ä ❤ì♥ tr✉♥❣ ✈à✳
❚➼♥❤ tr✉♥❣ ✈à ❝õ❛ t➟♣ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉ ❝â ♥ q✉❛♥ s→t✿

❙➢♣ ①➳♣ ❧↕✐ t➟♣ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉❀
◆➳✉ sè q✉❛♥ s→t ♥ ❧➔ sè ❧➫ t❤➻ tr✉♥❣ ✈à ❧➔ q✉❛♥ s→t ð ✈à tr➼ t❤ù ♣♥   ✶q④✷✳
◆➳✉ sè q✉❛♥ s→t ♥ ❧➔ sè ❝❤➤♥ t❤➻ tr✉♥❣ ✈à ❣✐→ trà tr✉♥❣ ❜➻♥❤ ❝ë♥❣ ❝õ❛ ❤❛✐ q✉❛♥
s→t ð ✈à tr➼ ❝❤➼♥❤ ❣✐ú❛ ❝õ❛ t➟♣ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉✱ tù❝ ❧➔ ❤❛✐ q✉❛♥ s→t ð ✈à tr➼ t❤ù ♥④✷ ✈➔
♣♥   ✷q④✷✳

❱➼ ❞ö✿ ❚➻♠ tr✉♥❣ ✈à ❝õ❛ t➟♣ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉✿ ✺, ✾, ✶✷, ✶✵, ✷✵, ✶✺, ✸✵, ✷✺✳ ✣➛✉ t✐➯♥ t❛ s➢♣
①➳♣ ❧↕✐ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉ t❤❡♦ t❤ù tü ✭t➠♥❣ ❞➛♥✮✿ ✺, ✾, ✶✵, ✶✷, ✶✺, ✷✵, ✷✺, ✸✵✳ ❉♦ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉ ❝â
♥

✏ ✽ q✉❛♥ s→t ❧➔ sè ❝❤➤♥ ♥➯♥ t❛ t➻♠ q✉❛♥ s→t ð ✈à tr➼ t❤ù ✹ ✈➔ ✺ ❧➔ ✶✷ ✈➔ ✶✺✳
♣✶✷   ✶✺q④✷ ✏ ✶✸.✺

❑❤✐ ✤â tr✉♥❣ ✈à ❝õ❛ t➟♣ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉ ❜➡♥❣

❇ë ♠æ♥ ❚❖⑩◆ ✭✣❍ ❚❍❿◆● ▲❖◆●✮

❳→❝ s✉➜t ❚❤è♥❣ ❦➯ ù♥❣ ❞ö♥❣

◆❣➔② ✶✹ t❤→♥❣ ✷ ♥➠♠ ✷✵✵✾

✼✸ ✴ ✻✻✹


❚r✉♥❣ ✈à


×✉ ✤✐➸♠✿

❙è ♠♦❞❡ ❦❤æ♥❣ ❜à ↔♥❤ ❤÷ð♥❣ ❜ð✐ ❣✐→ trà ♥❣♦↕✐ ❜✐➯♥❀
❙è ♠♦❞❡ ❧➔ ✤↕✐ ❧÷ñ♥❣ t❤è♥❣ ❦➯ ♠æ t↔ ❞✉② ♥❤➜t ❝â t❤➸ sû ❞ö♥❣ ❝❤♦ t➟♣ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉
✤♦ ❜➡♥❣ t❤❛♥❣ ✤♦ ✤à♥❤ ❞❛♥❤✳

◆❤÷ñ❝ ✤✐➸♠✿

❈â t➟♣ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉ ❦❤æ♥❣ ❝â sè ♠♦❞❡ ✈➔ ❝ô♥❣ ❝â t➟♣ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉ ❝â ♥❤✐➲✉ ♠♦❞❡✳

❇ë ♠æ♥ ❚❖⑩◆ ✭✣❍ ❚❍❿◆● ▲❖◆●✮

❳→❝ s✉➜t ❚❤è♥❣ ❦➯ ù♥❣ ❞ö♥❣

◆❣➔② ✶✹ t❤→♥❣ ✷ ♥➠♠ ✷✵✵✾

✼✺ ✴ ✻✻✹


❚ù ♣❤➙♥ ✈à
❚ù ♣❤➙♥ ✈à ❝❤✐❛ t➟♣ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉ ✤➣ s➢♣ ①➳♣ t❤❡♦ tr➟t tü t➠♥❣ ❞➛♥ t❤➔♥❤ ❜è♥ ♣❤➛♥
❝â sè q✉❛♥ s→t ❜➡♥❣ ♥❤❛✉✳
❈→❝❤ t➼♥❤ tù ♣❤➙♥ ✈à ❝õ❛ t➟♣ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉ ❝â ♥ ♣❤➛♥ tû✿

❚ù ♣❤➙♥ ✈à t❤ù ♥❤➜t ❦➼ ❤✐➺✉ ❧➔ ◗ ❧➔ ❣✐→ trà ❝õ❛ q✉❛♥ s→t t↕✐ ✈à tr➼ ①→❝ ✤à♥❤ ❜ð✐
❝æ♥❣ t❤ù❝ ✷✺%♣♥   ✶q❀
❚ù ♣❤➙♥ ✈à t❤ù ❤❛✐ ❦➼ ❤✐➺✉ ❧➔ ◗ ❝❤➼♥❤ ❧➔ tr✉♥❣ ✈à❀
❚ù ♣❤➙♥ ✈à t❤ù ❜❛ ❦➼ ❤✐➺✉ ❧➔ ◗ ❧➔ ❣✐→ trà ❝õ❛ q✉❛♥ s→t t↕✐ ✈à tr➼ ①→❝ ✤à♥❤ ❜ð✐
❝æ♥❣ t❤ù❝ ✼✺%♣♥   ✶q❀


P
P tự ừ ởt t ỳ ữủ s tự tỹ tr t ỳ
t ởt ỗ % số q st õ tr ọ ỡ
tự ỏ õ

%q số q st ợ ỡ

tự
t tự ừ t ỳ õ tỷ P tự tr

õ tr ữủ ổ tự






q

ử ợ t ỳ t

tự q st tr


. ữ tự õ


q
tr . q .

❳→❝ s✉➜t ❚❤è♥❣ ❦➯ ù♥❣ ❞ö♥❣

◆❣➔② ✶✹ t❤→♥❣ ✷ ♥➠♠ ✷✵✵✾

✼✽ ✴ ✻✻✹


✣ë tr↔✐ ❣✐ú❛
✣ë tr↔✐ ❣✐ú❛ ❧➔ ❤✐➺✉ ✤ë ❝❤➯♥❤ ❧➺❝❤ ❣✐ú❛ tù ♣❤➙♥ ✈à t❤ù ❜❛ ✈➔ tù ♣❤➙♥ ✈à t❤ù
♥❤➜t ❝õ❛ t➟♣ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉✳
❈→❝❤ t➼♥❤ ✤ë tr↔✐ ❣✐ú❛ ❘◗ ✿ ❘◗

✏ ◗✸ ✁ ◗✶ ✱ tr♦♥❣ ✤â ◗✸ , ◗✶ ❧➔ tù ♣❤➙♥ ✈à t❤ù

❜❛ ✈➔ t❤ù ♥❤➜t ❝õ❛ t➟♣ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉✳
❱➼ ❞ö✿ ❚➟♣ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉ ✶✵✱ ✶✸✱ ✶✺✱ ✷✺✱ ✸✺✱ ✹✵✱ ✻✵✱ ✼✵ ❝â ◗
✤â ❝â ✤ë tr↔✐ ❣✐ú❛ ❘◗

✶

✏ ◗✸ ✁ ◗✶ ✏ ✺✺ ✁ ✶✸.✺ ✏ ✹✶.✺

✏ ✶✸.✺ ✈➔ ◗✸ ✏ ✺✺✱ tø

✣ë tr↔✐ ❣✐ú❛ ❦❤➢❝ ♣❤ö❝ ✤÷ñ❝ ♥❤÷ñ❝ ✤✐➸♠ ❝õ❛ ✤ë tr↔✐ ❣✐ú❛ ♥❤÷♥❣ ♥â ❦❤æ♥❣
①❡♠ ①➨t ✤÷ñ❝ ✤➳♥ ❝→❝❤ t❤ù❝ ♣❤➙♥ ❜è ❝õ❛ t➜t ❝↔ ❝→❝ q✉❛♥ s→t tr♦♥❣ t➟♣ ❞ú
❧✐➺✉✳

❇ë ♠æ♥ ❚❖⑩◆ ✭✣❍ ❚❍❿◆● ▲❖◆●✮



◆❣➔② ✶✹ t❤→♥❣ ✷ ♥➠♠ ✷✵✵✾

✽✵ ✴ ✻✻✹


P❤÷ì♥❣ s❛✐ ✈➔ ✣ë ❧➺❝❤ ❝❤✉➞♥
P❤÷ì♥❣ s❛✐ ❝õ❛ ♠ët t➟♣ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉ tê♥❣ t❤➸✱ ❦➼ ❤✐➺✉ ❧➔
❝æ♥❣ t❤ù❝✿

✏

σ✷

➦◆
✐

✏✶ ♣①✐

✁ µq✷

◆

✱ ð ✤➙②

µ

σ✷ ✱

✤÷ñ❝ ①→❝ ✤à♥❤ ❜ð✐

σ ♣s q✱

❧➔ ❝➠♥ ❜➟❝ ❤❛✐ ❝õ❛ ♣❤÷ì♥❣

s❛✐ ❝õ❛ tê♥❣ t❤➸ ✭♠➝✉✮✿

❞

σ

✏

❇ë ♠æ♥ ❚❖⑩◆ ✭✣❍ ❚❍❿◆● ▲❖◆●✮

❞

➦◆

✷
✐ ✏✶ ♣①✐ ✁ µq
◆

s

✏

❳→❝ s✉➜t ❚❤è♥❣ ❦➯ ù♥❣ ❞ö♥❣

➦♥
✐


.

tr số ừ ỡ ữủ tứ ởt tờ t t t
õ ữỡ s



.q .. . .q .,
ở ừ s .
s



ở ổ

st ố ự ử

t




❚r✉♥❣ ❜➻♥❤✱ P❤÷ì♥❣ s❛✐ ✈➔ ✣ë ❧➺❝❤ ❝❤✉➞♥ ❝õ❛ t➟♣ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉
t❤✉ ❣å♥
❚r✉♥❣ ❜➻♥❤ ❝ë♥❣ ❝õ❛ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉ t❤✉ ❣å♥ ✭❝❤♦ ❞÷î✐ ❞↕♥❣ ❜↔♥❣ t➛♥ sè✮ ✤÷ñ❝ ❝❤♦
❜ð✐ ❝æ♥❣ t❤ù❝✿
①

➦❦

❦
✐ ✏✶ ❢✐
✷

ð ✤➙②✱ ①✐ ❧➔ ❣✐→ trà q✉❛♥ s→t t❤ù ✐ ❤♦➦❝ ❣✐→ trà ✤↕✐ ❞✐➺♥ ❝õ❛ tê t❤ù ✐ ✱ ❢✐ ❧➔ t➛♥
➦

sè ❝õ❛ q✉❛♥ s→t ❤♦➦❝ tê t❤ù ✐ ✱

❇ë ♠æ♥ ❚❖⑩◆ ✭✣❍ ❚❍❿◆● ▲❖◆●✮

❦
✐

✏✶ ❢✐

✏ ◆✳

❳→❝ s✉➜t ❚❤è♥❣ ❦➯ ù♥❣ ❞ö♥❣

◆❣➔② ✶✹ t❤→♥❣ ✷ ♥➠♠ ✷✵✵✾

✽✸ ✴ ✻✻✹


❚r✉♥❣ ❜➻♥❤✱ P❤÷ì♥❣ s❛✐ ✈➔ ✣ë ❧➺❝❤ ❝❤✉➞♥ ❝õ❛ t➟♣ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉
t❤✉ ❣å♥
P❤÷ì♥❣ s❛✐ ❝õ❛ ♠ët t➟♣ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉ ♠➝✉ t❤✉ ❣å♥ ✤÷ñ❝ ①→❝ ✤à♥❤ ❜ð✐ ❝æ♥❣ t❤ù❝✿

s

◆❣➔② ✶✹ t❤→♥❣ ✷ ♥➠♠ ✷✵✵✾

✽✹ ✴ ✻✻✹


◗✉✐ t➢❝ t❤ü❝ ♥❣❤✐➺♠
◗✉✐ t➢❝ t❤ü❝ ♥❣❤✐➺♠ ❝❤♦ t❛ ❜✐➳t ♣❤➛♥ tr➠♠ ❝→❝ ❣✐→ trà ♥➡♠ tr♦♥❣ ✈á♥❣ ♠ët
sè ❧➛♥ ✤ë ❧➺❝❤ ❝❤✉➞♥ t➼♥❤ tø tr✉♥❣ ❜➻♥❤ ♥➳✉ t➟♣ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉ t✉➙♥ t❤❡♦ ♣❤➙♥ ♣❤è✐
❝❤✉➞♥✳ ❈ö t❤➸ t❛ ❝â ❝→❝ ❦➳t ❧✉➟♥ s❛✉ ❝❤♦ t➟♣ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉ t✉➙♥ t❤❡♦ ♣❤➙♥ ♣❤è✐
❝❤✉➞♥✿

❈â ❦❤♦↔♥❣ ✻✽% sè q✉❛♥ s→t ❝õ❛ t➟♣ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉ t➟♣ tr✉♥❣ tr♦♥❣ ❦❤♦↔♥❣
♣µ ✁ σ, µ   σq✳
❈â ❦❤♦↔♥❣ ✾✺% sè q✉❛♥ s→t ❝õ❛ t➟♣ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉ t➟♣ tr✉♥❣ tr♦♥❣ ❦❤♦↔♥❣
♣µ ✁ ✷σ, µ   ✷σq✳
❈â ❦❤♦↔♥❣ ✾✾.✼% sè q✉❛♥ s→t ❝õ❛ t➟♣ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉ t➟♣ tr✉♥❣ tr♦♥❣ ❦❤♦↔♥❣
♣µ ✁ ✸σ, µ   ✸σq✳

❇ë ♠æ♥ ❚❖⑩◆ ✭✣❍ ❚❍❿◆● ▲❖◆●✮

❳→❝ s✉➜t ❚❤è♥❣ ❦➯ ù♥❣ ❞ö♥❣

◆❣➔② ✶✹ t❤→♥❣ ✷ ♥➠♠ ✷✵✵✾

✽✺ ✴ ✻✻✹


◗✉✐ t➢❝ t❤ü❝ ♥❣❤✐➺♠
Empirical Rule for one standard Deviation


− 3σ
σ

µ

◆❣➔② ✶✹ t❤→♥❣ ✷ ♥➠♠ ✷✵✵✾

3σ
σ

✽✻ ✴ ✻✻✹


✣à♥❤ ❧➼ ❚❝❤❡❜②s❤❡✈
✣à♥❤ ❧➼ ❚❝❤❡❜②s❤❡✈ ♣❤→t ❜✐➸✉ r➡♥❣ ✈î✐ t➟♣ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉ ❝â ♣❤➙♥ ♣❤è✐ tò② þ t❤➻ ➼t
♥❤➜t ✶

✁ ✶④❦ ✷ , ❦ → ✶ ❣✐→ trà ❝õ❛ t➟♣ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉ s➩ ♥➡♠ tr♦♥❣ ❦❤♦↔♥❣ ✟❦ ❧➛♥ ✤ë

❧➺❝❤ ❝❤✉➞♥ s♦ ✈î✐ tr✉♥❣ ❜➻♥❤✳ ❈ö t❤➸ t❛ ❝â ♠ët sè ❦➳t q✉↔ s❛✉✿

❈â ❦❤♦↔♥❣ ✼✺% sè q✉❛♥ s→t ❝õ❛ t➟♣ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉ t➟♣ tr✉♥❣ tr♦♥❣ ❦❤♦↔♥❣ ♣µ ✁ ✷σ, µ  
✷σq✳
❈â ❦❤♦↔♥❣ ✽✹% sè q✉❛♥ s→t ❝õ❛ t➟♣ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉ t➟♣ tr✉♥❣ tr♦♥❣ ❦❤♦↔♥❣ ♣µ ✁
✷.✺σ, µ   ✷.✺σq✳
❈â ❦❤♦↔♥❣ ✽✾% sè q✉❛♥ s→t ❝õ❛ t➟♣ ❞ú ❧✐➺✉ t➟♣ tr✉♥❣ tr♦♥❣ ❦❤♦↔♥❣ ♣µ ✁ ✸σ, µ  
✸σq✳

❇ë ♠æ♥ ❚❖⑩◆ ✭✣❍ ❚❍❿◆● ▲❖◆●✮