Question 1.
- What is the basic noun phrase?
- What is difference between Basic Noun Phrase and Complex Noun Phrase?
Basic noun phrase is a noun phrase that consists of premodification + head
and that function in the sentence as S, O,C.
1, basic noun phrase is only 1 word (she is my friend).
2, the head of the basic noun phrase is realized by:
- a common noun with zero modifier (pens are used for writing).
- proper noun with/without modifier realized by closed system items (john
wants to see u).
- common noun with closed system item (a/my/this book).
- pronoun with zero modifier ( I love him). - numerous (3 are absent).
- The difference between the basic noun phrase and the complex noun
phrase
Basic noun phrase
Complex noun phrase
- Basic noun phrase is a noun
phrase that consists of (Premodification) + head and that
functions in the sentence as S,
O, C.
E.g: books are friends.
- Basic noun phrase consists of only
1 word.
Eg: He is my brother
S
Cs
- Basic noun phrase consists of premodification + Head ( closed
system items ).
Eg: These books are mine.

- Complex noun phrase is a noun

- There are 6 subclasses of determiners: + Articles: definite a (n)
Indefinite : an old woman, girls.
+ Possesives : my, your, his, her,…
+ Demonstratives: this, that, these,…
+ Interrogatives: whose, which,.. e.g: which colour,..
+ Indefinite determiners: some water, every student…
+ Quantifier: much water,…
The difference between restrictive and non-restrictive modification:
Restrictive modification
Non-restrictive modification
- Restrictive modifiers are not
- Non-restrictive modifiers are, usually
punctuated.
with commas.
- A restrictive modifier gives essential
- A non-restrictive modifier supplies
information, and couldn’t be left out
additional information, and could be
confusing the meaning.
left out without confusing the meaning.
- Wider choice of relative pronouns.
- Narrower choice of relative
Who (m)
pronouns.
Which
Who (m)
That
Which
eg: this is the girl whose picture you
eg: he is Nam, whom I mentioned the

Makes
Making
Made
made
Comes
Coming
Came
come
Tells
Telling
Told
told
1. Based form:
-Imperative form: Be brave/ Put the word into the box.
-All the present tense except the third person singular: They love her.
-After modal auxiliary verb: I can do it.
-As object complement: I made her cry. S V O Co
-In subjunctive sentences: He orders that we be here at 7.
-s form: the third person singular present tense: He loves her.
1 –ing form: +Progressive aspect: He is staying at home.
+ Ing participle clause: Going home, I did some shopping.
2 –ed form: simple past tense: They were unhappy yesterday.
3 –ed/-en participle form:
+Perfective aspect: I have finished my presentation.
+Passive voice: My watch is broken.
+Ed participle clause: Given a beautiful present, I was happy.
=>The relationship between tense and aspect:
In grammar, the word tense refers to the time period in which the verb of a
sentence places an action.There are two tenses in English: present and past. Unlike
many languages, English does not have a future tense. To talk about the future,

be here.
b, the formulate subjunctive mood: Eg: come what way, we’ll go ahead.
c, subjunctive “were” (unreal conditional sentence) to express unreality,
impossibility or doubt: eg: – I wish I went to home now
* comparative subjunctive (as if, as though, if only) Eg: – he talks as if he
was president
* modal perfect infinitive: + should have done (past), ought to have done:
Eg: you should have come here yesterday + could have done:
Eg: he could have worked hard + can’t/couldn’t have done:
Eg: he failed he could not have worked hard + needn’t have done:
Eg: you needn’t have done all these thing
* past subjunctive: it is time+ past subjunctive: Eg: it is time we stopped
here
Question 5.
– State categories of verbs, according to the relationship between the
verb element and other elements in the clause( draw the diagram)
- Acoording to the relationship between the verb element and other
elements in the clause, there are 2 kinds of verb: intensive and extensive
(transitive: ditransitive, monotrsnsitive, complextransitive & intransitive.
-Intensive verb is a verb that takes S complement and an obligate adverbial.
Eg: he is in the garden. Intransitive verb have two characteristics.
+ First, it is an action verb, expressing a doable activity.
+ Second, it will not have a direct receiving the action - She walks in the
park.

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- Monotransitive verb is a verb that takes 2 arguments: a subject and a
single direct object. Eg: Yesterday, he bought a car.

exam,
+ of manner: I’m against you.
3, monotransitive complementation: S V Od:
* O= NP: Eg: I like this book
* O= finite clause: Eg: he said that he would visit me
* O= non-finite clause: eg: I want to go now.

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4, ditransitive complementation: S V OO:
+ Oi:np1, Od:np2: Eg: he gave me his book
+ Oi:np, Od:f.cl: Eg: he gave me what he had
+ Oi:F.cl. Od: np: Eg: he gave who he loved his book
+ Oi: F.cl, Od: F.cl: Eg: he gave who he loved what he had .
+ Oi:np, Od: NF.cl Eg: She told the criminal to lay down his gun (to V)
+ Oi: F.cl, Od: NF.cl Eg: He tells whoever came to his house to answer
some questions
5, Complex transitive complementation:
* (Od + Co)
+ Od= np 1; Co= np2: Eg: We consider him our younger brother
+ Od= np; Co= adj. Phrase/ clause Eg: We pained the door red
+ Od= np; Co= NFcl Eg: We want him to finish his work in time ( to V)
+ Od= np; Co= Fcl Eg: You can call me whatever name you like
* ( Od + A)
+ Od= np +A = adv Eg: I put my pen here
+ Od= np +A= prepositional phrase Eg: She hung the pictures on the wall
+ od= np +A= as Fcl Eg: You can put it wherever you like
+ Od=Fcl +A= prepositional phrase Eg: Do not put off till tomorrow what
you can do today

5, Ns as adj: a silver cup. 6. participle as adjs:
- ing participle as adj: characteristics, features function, quantity of the
adjective.
– ed participle as adj: affected or attitude to something: eg: this film is very
interesting; we are interested in this film.
7. advs as adjs: the above statement, the up train
Syntactic functions:
1, most adjs can be both predicative and attributive.
2, some adjs can be attributive only : an utter fool.
3. some adjs can be predicative only : I am afraid of boy.
4. some adjs indifference function have different meanings: he is a big eater.
5, stative and dynamic: it is a female (stative) cat. It is my old jacket
(dynamic)
Question 9.
- Compare finite with non –finite verb phrases. Finite and Nonfinite
phrases:
* Finite vps have tense and mood of s certain type. Eg: We went there
yesterday- tense: past.
Mood: indicative. They often have their own subject. If she liked, she could
go. They often appear in the simple, compound or complex sentence.
* Non finite vps do not have tense and mood. Eg: They want to go there.
They may have but more often do not have their S: for him to go there is
difficult. They often perform the function finite clause S, O, C, or A of the
main finite clause and make up the complete complex sentence.
Question 10.
- Differences among phrase, clause and sentence
- Differences among adjunct, disjunct, conjunct:
+ Adjunct is intergrated in clause structure.

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3, of duration: sometimes.
5, of direction: around the world.
4. of place: on the table.
6. of distance: next, near.
7. of manner: badly, quickly.
8. of means and instrument: by bus,
on foot.
9. of degree: very, extremely.
+ Syntactic function:
1, modifying a verb: he ran quickly (adjunct) – I went to the dentist
yesterday (adjunct),

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2. modifying an adj: it ‘s too hot (intensive) .
3. modifying an adv: he writes too fast(intensive).
4. sometimes the way modified:
+ a noun or noun equivalence: The meeting yesterday
+ a prepositional phrase”: The nail went right through the wall
+ a whole sentence: Naturally, the children are behaving well while you are
here.
Question 12.
- The difference between the pre-modification and the post
-modification in the comlex noun phrase
+ Complex noun phrase is a noun phrase that perform in the sentence as S,
O, C and that consists of: Premodification + Head + Postmodification
1. Explicitness: - Greater with post-modifier: eg: the Hanoi tourist (premod)
The tourist to Hanoi (+direction)/ round Hanoi (post-mod)
- Explicitness varies with different classes of post-modifiers:

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Eg: all the 2 fat students ( closed + open + head)
3. postmodification occurs after the head noun and can be:
+ adj: a party official is waiting
+ adv: a man for away is hungry of love
+ finite clause: the man who is standing there is john
+ non finite clause: the man standing there is john
+ prepositional phrase: the man in the corner is john.
Question 13: simple sentence can be classified into 4 kinds:
1. statement sentence in which S is always presented and generally precedes
the verb phrase: she will speak to me.
2. question: sentence indicated by one or more of the 3 categories:
- operator comes before the S: will he come today?
- the initial of wh element: who will come today?
- rising intonation in positive sentence: he will come today?
3. command sentences which normally have no S and are in the infinitive
form: do it now.
4. exclamation sentences which are initially introduced by what or how and
without inversion of S and operator: how beautiful the house is.
Question can be divided into 3 major classes:
1. yes or no question in which operator is put before the S and with the
rising intonation: has he come yet? + the auxiliary verb “do”,
+ lexical “be”,
+ tag-question.
2. wh question: +S: who opened the door? + Od: which book did you give
him?
+ Oi: who did you give the book to? + Cs: whose car is it?
+ Co: how wide did they buil the road?

1.
She loves you
2.
The train was late.
3.
I like listening to music

The complex sentence
- Complex sentence is a sentence, one of
whose element is a clause
- Complex sentence by using coordination
and subordination
- A complex sentence is made up of an
independent clause and one or
more dependent clauses connected to it. A
dependent clause is similar to an
independent clause, or complete sentence,
but it lacks one of the elements that would
make it a complete sentence.
A complex sentence joins an independent
clause with one or more dependent clause
Examples of dependent clauses include
the following:
1. We have lived here since we graduated
from the college.
2. They went there so that they could earn
their living
3. When she see him, he ran away

Adverbial classify:

adverbial clause
+ Normally mobile (more than one in the sentence)
+ Optional (can be added to or moved from a sentence with affecting an
exceptability of sentence of the sentence.
The semantic roles: S can be:
- Agentive: the animated that cause the event denotes by a verb
Eg: Mr Tien opened the door.
- Instrumental: the generally inanimated S. It often expresses unwitting events. Eg:
the frost has killed the flower.
- affected: occur with an intransitive verb
Eg: thank fell down/ the penis on table or can occur with an intensive verb the road
becomes narrower.
- recipient role: use with such verb as have, own possess which are indicated by the
following relation Eg: Her daughter has a shirt.
- Locative: the S may have function of designating place
Eg: London is foggy = it is foggy in London.
-Temporally S: can usually be replaced by the emply “it”.
Eg: it is my birthday tomorrow.
- Eventive S: S that designated “ arrangements” or “ activities” and permit S an
intensive complementation with the time adverb Eg: the concert is on Tuesday.
- Empty its subject: use despecially with dimate predication.
Eg: it is raining /it is getting dark.
O can be: -affected: animated or inanimated participant which does not
cause the event denoted by the verb but directly some other way. Eg; Many MPS
cristicized the monster

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- Recipient: animated participant which is passively implicated( by the event or

+ Nominal clause: a clause that performs nominal function in the sentence as S,O,
C
Eg: I know you are rich/ I want to learn English
+ Relative clause: Eg: the man who was standing at the door is my brother
I gave my book to Lan, who you met yesterday.
+ Comment clauses: Eg: To tell the truth, he is very kind.

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+ Adverbial clauses: Eg: After having breakfast, he went to school.
Question 17.
What are primary auxiliaries and how are they used?
- what are the syntactic features of modalities?
- According to their function of the items in the same verb phrase, we
classify verbs in 2 kinds: auxiliary and lexical verbs.
Primary verbs: be, do, have
Auxiliary
Primary
Modal
Periphrastic Perfect
Progressive Passive
can, may, must
Do
have
be 1
be 2
ought to, dare, need
- Periphrastic often used in negative interrogative sentence
- Perfect, Progressive, Passive used to add the meaning of aspect, voice of

Eg: you can go/ they must have gone out
- Used as operator: eg: she cannot do it now
- Used as proform: eg: you must go there but they must not
Question 18.
– What is the difference between the phrasal verbs and prepositional
verb?
1. Phrasal verb: a verb that consists of 2 items: the verb+ the particle
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Eg: gice up, break down, set up…
- There are 2 kinds of phrasal verb: + Intransitive phrasal verb : does not take any
object : take off, get up Eg: the plan took off at 8 o’clock
+ Transitive phrasal verb: takes object Eg: we saw off our friend/ saw them off
- If the object is not a personal pronoun, the particle can either follow or precede
the object
- If the object is a personal pronoun, the particle must follow it
- The verb and the particle cannot be separated by an adjunct:
Eg: he quickly took off his shoes
- Allow pronominal questions: eg: what did he take off?
- Allow passivisation : eg: His shoes were taken off quickly
2. Prepositional verb: a verb that consists of 2 items : the verb + the
preposition. Eg : wait for, care for, insist of…
- The preposition must always precede the object
- The preposition and the verb can be separated by an adjunct
Eg: he looked everywhere for his dictionary
- Allow pronominal questions: eg: what did he look for?
- Allow passivisation: Eg: his dictionary was looked everywhere for
- 2 kinds of preposition verbs:
+ Monotransitive preposition verbs: take one object. Eg: They look after him

she is actress
4. Pronoun concord: the agreement between personal pronoun and their
antecedents in numbers and gender. Eg: John is wearing his hat/ they are wearing
their hat
Discuss the S and V concord: the most important type of concord in
English is concord of number between S and V
* S-V concord: + number S-V concord: the verb agrees with the S in number
+ personal S-V concord: the verb agrees with the S in person
+ notional S-V concord: an agreement of verb with S according to the idea
+ proximity S-V concord: an agreement of verb whatever N or Pronoun closed
precedes it
+ coordinated S-V concord: agreement between a vern and a S that consists of 2 or
more N phrase coordinated by “and”
Question 22.
– What are possible ways of indicating subordination in a complex
sentence?
- Subordinate are perhaps the most important formal indicators of
subordination in complexs sentence.
- There are four ways of indicating subordination in a complex sentence
+ Formal indicators +Use of wh-words
+ Optional use of subordinator +Absence of subodinator
1)Formal indicators: in the sentence, we can notice subordinators which
may be
subclassified in the following diagram.
SUBORDINATORS

Simple

Compound


(After) Having finished the work, they went home.
4)Absence of subodinator : + In non-finte clauses acting as S, O, or C: He
wants him to shop talking./ Watching these films was not to my liking
+ To contigent adjectiveal clauses: They went home tired/happy
+ In case of subject-operator in version: Had you gone there you would have
met her
Question 23. – How are dependent clause classified?
Dependence clause: maybe classified either by structural type or function.
- Structural classification: + Finite clause; + Non –finite clause; + Verbless clause
- Functional classification of different clause in the superordinate clause: +Od
+ Subordinate: eg: that we need more shoes is obvious
+ Cs: eg: the point is that we are leaving
+ Oi: eg: I’ll devote whoever he is my golden thousand
+ Co: eg: I imagined him overcome with grief
* They may also function within element as: + Post modifier in Noun Phrase
+ Prepositional complementation ; + Adjectival complement + Disjunct;
Conjunct
Question 24.
– State difference types of conditional sentence?
Conditional sentence: can be classified 5 types:

Zero conditional – used
for present, real/ factual
situations

If-clause (condition)
(If + Present tense)
If I drink coffee at night
If you heat water


I would fly.

(If + Past Perfect tense)
If I had drunk coffee last
night
If I had known about his
condition

Mixed conditional- use to
talk about things which
could happen in the
present, if a certain event
had happend in the past.

(if + past perfect )
If you had taken my advic
If you had not forgot to
pay the bill

(would have + past
participle)
I wouldn’t have slept
well
I would have phoned for
you earlier
(would + infinitive)

you would not have these
problems now.
you would still have an

how subordination occurs below)
coordination occurs below
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Example: Co-ordination

Example: Subordination

Question 25.
– Discuss multi –premodification and post –modification
1. Multiple –premodification
- The items can be premodifiers:
Predeterminer + determine + postdeter + adj + particular + Ns + N_head
Eg: all the three beautiful black young dancing school girl
Prede / deter / postdeter/ color / age / participant / Ns / N_head
- Any change in set sequence will lead to change in meanings:
Eg: a beautiful black young girl # a beautiful young black girl
- Cases of premodified promodifiers:
Eg: the consumer goods prices increase control
2. Multiple- postmodification
- The items can be postmodifiers:
(pre-modification )Predete + deter+ postdeter + adj + parti + Ns + N_head +
Adv/prep +N.FCL + Rel.C (post –modification)
Eg: all the three beautiful black young dancing school girl in the
corner talking to the director who waved to you when you entered.
- Any change in set sequence will lead to change in meanings:
- Cases of premodified promodifiers:

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