CƠ SỞ HÓA HỌC CỦA SỰ SỐNG
1. Các nguyên tố trong cơ thể sống
!"#$
%&'(%)%*%'%"+,-+%
!(
.$%'%,-/0+1+$+2+3+4
.$/5
6
+0%
6
+7
66
+$%
66
+$8
.
.$!(/9)+7+$+$+:+;+<+=8+7+>+4
-?"#$+2+1+0'@-ABCDE%$
FGH88%
<%*EE%-?I/
.1J)K1L'FMANB+%'%D,-+COP
@%'%Q RC
.$%K$L'FMSTB+?8F@UPF+F
,-
.2()K2L'FMSVB+8CDE%@D,
-
.0)K0LFM&B+%'%C)+%(8)
.$%8'K$%LFMS+NB8CDE%J-W+%*Q%
W%H]3eZ"_P8@Cd+PE%'Z
'Z"8\_8F@,PE%
F
.$88F%HE88FZ%]8F
Z" 8FQ%H88F(-
K8h%()k%%8" -Fl@L
2.1. Liên kết cộng hóa trị :
gFZ%]%(C_P,%P
<G(e/4aP2()COPFG2()
COP@P28FZ%]@SP1/
gFZ%]-F,%%P'Z\C_P+8FR
F%\C_P8F%F%\C_P
T
<G(e/2%P1J)8FR@%^%\C_PCOP
1J)
2.2. Liên kết ion :
5P#'\'_PcG_H80,
PS++&_Pc8@CdJ@'_Pc'%
_(-K%L$PN%A+b_Pc8@CdJ@#
_Pc'%_O'K%L
m_GF(+%%FC@%I8Fg
FF@8FZ%]8FRC_P
<G(e/0%
6
6$8
.
n0%$8K'WL
2.3. Liên kết Hydro và các tương tác yếu khác :
.gF2(/
dOc-_GO'c%+*OE%P2()
c-_(-m"CO+%COP@cFY%?8F
($COP@#CC8'8@I8F(;M(]
%E%COP@J]CD8@G\_E%+"jW
Y'\+_W%+CY_8+G%p_
mMCO+COP@#CCJQ%COP
FCO$%'%@8F(E%@H8%@({
%@$COPFRCO8'j'8@8F(E%@
$h8COPFl@$COPFl@?|COP@?jFY
%
g@-?Y%G+W%M'dZ%C
?%pE%"#gh*+@'t8_%-8h0@
%p-Q%F%
<G(e/}J'@'TNB+abNB+cJ-VB')W!
SVB
' !#()$*+$, -)+$./"(0-10
.0@%*"jQ%H@-?"/
6NB@c((%*Q%HQ ?%%p
+,%'RI$%H%@I@'
COCY+h-Z\C%?sCMj@%
6NB@c(8F^8FF%%FC@CD
FC)
SV
5@M'CJ Z]M'
<G(e/%'C'@8%m#I%(dC-CC
|'?jFRF|ZMQM"#
0@%*Y*%_Z0@_(%+CYW
88#'+Fo%_#'8'_Z%pFRZZ
0@8''RIR*%.Z##C?'RI
$1
&
G%(
02
U
6
612
.
•02
U
12G%")
sZC+'%*F?-?
4O^'hCZ"8GJM% I5']
M'I O8
<G(e/$%'M'Q'j IO#2Z'8
FsZ5
6
+0%
6
+$%
6
'O^
0%$8( C"|'+,@'R+F''RW+C"
|'W('RCM,@?M'C"|'
3. Các khí hòa tan
m]-?j%FG%/
.5G$1
1L
+"(%Z&b
$I-8%8()()%F))''(J8%Y-yI
-ICO8)"%hy-M8I&%+H8
")8)%8()()+((J%))
2.$n1$2
12
2.$.12$n1
$2
12$2
12
45 ,5,5 6, -75-5
.yINKC)")L/•")m)J")/$
N
2
SV
1
N
‚$
N
2
SV
1
U
.yIAK)J")L/8")+[")/$
A
-?"'8F Q%'Z"@+'i@(S)`')Jh
S&
:;<0-=#->5
?@A@0-1->5
B@A@0-> ->5
1.3. Các đường đa (polysaccharide)
gC8')-]I-K'')LE88")
(COP8@$C8"%%()8COP"H_p
Ch@COPo<G(e/Z%s'YW'-]8")
%Zs'SV.VB%'8")%@+TV.VB%'8C)FR%
@OGF)sZZ8(,E%#+8)
8(,E%Z#0hCOP%'8C)CO
'%-Q%FM'iT.S-]8")K%'8C).U.&V-]L$)888")
@"-]8")8&VV.SNVVV+FRJaZ'SW(i€
"
C.-> ,5D*E$-55->5
SU
F*E
Tinh bột
Tế bào thực vật
Vách tế bào
Sợi cellulose trong vách tế
bào thực vật
1.4. Vai trũ ca carbohydrate trong sinh vt
gsCW8EE%"#+#pC
I-+IRZyZ#W#s?8()#E%
(,c(8)+8)FD p8")8")8s
W8C-?8R'Z88")p]
<G(e/}Z#h8V+SB'.%%YO8
.K$2
L
b
.$2n$2.K$2
L
b
.$112
SN
F 5 ,
2.2.Glycerid/*H8'µGm"FCE%'ZCOP8)8@&COP
%(zK8)(L4C8'Z88)(
2.3. Phospholipid/
g,8C(("FCE%%'.12E%'ZCOP
8)8@COP%(z+*'12j%a@SCOP2
&
31
U
C)
C"C%)8a@'oFCOKLg)8'ZC"C8C(
%\Cc#Z#+88*oj+DF+sD
$COPC"C8C(SD%@RFl@yD%@CO.
j%%(C"CyRFl@FRCOs'iE%%(z
$C"C8C(88C(8@C'8C(R8-"cE%M'
2.4. Các lipid khác:
$")(C8"C)(88C()GFR%
@+%('R,-$M%Ys'-]o8"C))
4)(8)")("FCE%'ZCOP@%(z¶%H8
8)")8I\Ch'+)"")88')"(e
h
62 (E%COPC)
1.1. Cỏc amino acid
$V8%'%(F%@RjpQ/
%
'
&&
R
STUVWXYZ[WX\UVW]^_XW[`aWbcG1-,
0P$O'KH8áL+@'2+.02
K'%')'%G
FY'L+.$112K'%J8'%G%(L'pH8'.KL
F%'i%'%($'2+02$1128CD]E%M
%'%(ƠƠƯđƠạêăƠ--ƠằăƠ
ăẳ ẵĂắƠƠƠƯƯơƠƠƯđƠăƠƠ Ưẳă
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