Định nghĩa, vị trí và chức năng của giới từ
1. Định nghĩa:
– Giới từ là từ dùng để nối danh từ hay đại từ với từ đứng trước nó.
2. Vị trí:
– Giới từ thường đặt trước danh từ hoặc đại từ.
Ví dụ: She went to school at the age of six
He usually visits me on Sundays.
– Giới từ cũng có thể đứng sau động từ (trừ sau “but” và “except”) và động
từ phải để ở dạng V-ing.
Ví dụ: They succeeded in escaping.
– Trong những trường hợp dưới đây (dùng đại từ quan hệ), giới từ có thể
đặt trước đại từ hoặc đặt ở cuối câu:
To whom were you talking to?
Who were you talking to?
The people with whom I was travelling
The people I was travelling with
– Giới từ có thể là một từ riêng lẻ như: at, after, before, during, until, in, on,
to,by,...
– Giới từ cũng có thể là một cụm từ như: in spite of, on account of, in front
of, for the sake of….
Chú ý: lược bỏ “to” và “for” trước tân ngữ gián tiếp. So sánh 2 câu dưới
đây.
I gave the book to Tom.
I gave Tom the book.
→ Tân ngữ gián tiếp có thể đặt trước và giới từ “to” bị lược bỏ.
→ Chúng ta có thể sử dụng cấu trúc này với các động từ sau: bring, give,
hand, leave, lend, offer, pay, promise, send, show, sing, take…
I showed the map to Bill = I showed Bill the map
They sent $5 to Mr Smith = They sent Mr Smith $5.
→ Tương tự, chúng ta cũng có thể lược bỏ “for”. Cấu trúc này có thể được
sử dụng với các động từ sau: build, buy, cook, fetch, find, get, keep, leave,

By the end of July, I’ll have read all those books.
Before signing this contract, he had to consider a lot.
Most people work from 9 to 5.
Bake it for two hours.
– Giới từ chỉ nơi chốn: in, on, at, above, under, below…
Ví dụ:
They arrived in Spain.
You can do this sort of work at home.
She put the letter under her pillow.
We camped beside a lake.
– Giới từ chỉ nguyên nhân: for, from, by, on, of…
The streets are lighted by mistakes.
Thank you very much for your help.
He trembled from fear.
He died of tuberculosis many years ago.
– Giới từ chỉ mục đích: for, to, at…
What do you want the paper for?
I’ve sent a letter to you.
– Giới từ chỉ thể cách: by, with, …
We can learn English by listening to the radio.
She cut the bread with a sharp knife.
– Giới từ chỉ phương tiện: by, in…
He goes to school by bus.
She goes to work in her own car.
– Giới từ chỉ sự tương quan: by, next to, on, under, below…
They live below us.
Tom is in front of Mary.
My house is next to a cinema.
B. Nghĩa của một số giới từ thông dụng
About

4. một hoạt động: at work; at school; at play
5. hướng tới, hướng vào: Look at someone; wave at someone
Before
1. trước khi, trước: before two o'clock; before Christmas
2. đứng trước: S comes before T in the alphabet.
Behind
1. đằng sau, phía sau: The little girl hid behind her mother.
2. muộn: I am behind in my work.
3. nguyên nhân, nguồn gốc: Who was behind that idea?
Below
1. bên dưới, thấp hơn: below freezing; below sea level
2. phía dưới: Footnotes are provided below the text.
Beside
1. bên cạnh: I sit beside her in class.
Besides
1. ngoài: We study other languages besides English.
Between
1. Giữa hai điểm trong không gian: Toronto lies between Montreal and
Vancouver.
2. Giữa hai điểm thời gian: between Christmas and New Year's Day
3. trong một nhóm hai người: The money was shared between two people.
Beyond
1. trên: The mountains lie beyond the horizon.
2. vượt quá: That was beyond my expectations.
But
1. trừ: I have read all but the last chapter.
Note: But thường được sử dụng như một liên từ hơn như một giới từ.
By
1. gần: a house by the sea
2. vượt qua: He waved as he drove by the house.

1. ở một nơi nào đó: in London; in Europe
2. trong một địa điểm: in the room; in the building
3. vào tháng, năm: That happened in March, in 1992.
4. trong một khoảng thời gian nhất định: I will return in an hour.
5. bằng: write in pencil; speak in English
6. tình trạng, điều kiện: in doubt; in a hurry; in secret
7. thành viên của…: He is in the orchestra; in the navy
8. mặc: the boy in the blue shirt
9. về, có liên quan đến: lacking in ideas; rich in oil
Inside
1. bên trong: They are inside the house.
Into
1. vào bên trong We stepped into the room.
2. thay đổi tình trạng: The boy changed into a man.
Like
1. giống: That looks like him.
2. như thể: It looks like rain.
Near
1. gần: near the school; near the ocean
Of
1. vị trí: east of here; the middle of the road
2. sở hữu: a friend of mine; the sound of music
3. một phần của một nhóm: one of us; a member of the team
4. đo lường: a cup of milk; two meters of snow
Off
1. Not on; away from: Please keep off the grass.
2. At some distance from: There are islands off the coast.
On
1. trên (chạm vào nhau): on the table; on the wall
2. ngày xác định: That happened on Sunday, on the 6th of June.

Within
1. trong vòng: within twenty minutes; within one kilometer
Without
1. không có: Do not leave without your coat; without money
Danh từ đi với giới từ
• Noun + for…
A cheque for (a sum of money):
- They sent me a cheque for £75.
A demand for/a need for…..:
- The firm closed down because there wasn’t enough demand for its product
A reason for…:
- The train was late but nobody knew the reason for the delay.
• Noun + of…
An advantage/ a disadvantage of…:
- The advantage of living alone is that you can do what you like.
Nhưng chúng ta thường nói: “there is an advantage in doing something”
There are many advantages in living alone.
A cause of…:
- Nobody knows what the cause of the explosion was.
A photograph/ a picture/ a map/ a plan/ a drawing of…:
- She showed me some photographs of her family.
• Noun + in…
An increase/ a decrease/ a rise/ a fall in …:
- there has been an increase in the number of road accidents recently.
• Noun + to…
Damage to…:
- The accident was my fault, so I had to pay for the damage to the other car.
An invitation to…(a party, a wedding):
- Did you get an invitation to the party?
A solution to (a problem)/ a key to (a door)/ an answer to (a question)/ a

Bài tập 2: Hoàn thành câu sử dụng một trong các danh từ dưới đây và một
giới từ thích hợp
Cause, connection, invitation, map, reason, damage, contact, key, pictures,
reply
1. On the wall there were some pictures and a…………………the world.
2. Thank you for the…………………………..your party next week.
3. Since she left home two years ago, she has had little ………………….her
family.
4. I can’t open this door. Have you got a……………the other door?
5. The ……………….the fire at the hotel last night is still unknown.
6. I wrote to Jim last week, but I still haven’t received a
…………………….my letter.
7. The two companies are completely independent. There is
no……………………….them.
8. Jane showed me some old………………..the city as it looked 100 years.
9. Carol has decided to give up her job. I don’t know her……………….doing
this.
10. It wasn’t a bad accident. The…………………..the car wasn’t serious.
Xem đáp án
Bài 1:
1. What caused the explosion? What was the cause of the explosion?
2. We’re trying to solve the problem. We’re trying to find a solution to the
problem.
3. Sue gets on well with her brother. Sue has a good relationship with her
brother.
4. Prices have gone up a lot. There has been a big increase in prices.
5. I don’t know how to answer your question. I can’t think of an answer to
your question.
6. I don’t think that a new road is necessary. I don’t think there is any need
of a new road.