ENGLISH TENSES
1/ Present continuous:
* Form: S + be + V-ing
* Use:
- Nói một sự việc đang xảy ra ngay tại thời điểm nói.
Eg: Don't go out. It is raining .
- Nói ai đang ở giữa quá trình làm một việc gì nhng không nhất thiết phải đang làm ngay lúc nói.
Eg: I'm reading an interesting story book.
- Nói lên sự thay đổi của những tình huống ở hiện tại.
Eg: The population of the world is rising quickly.
- Dùng với trạng từ always để nói một sự việc xảy ra quá thờng xuyên, thờng xuyên hơn ngời nói nghĩ
là hợp lý.
You are always losing things. Can't you be more careful?
- Nói về sự sắp xếp cho tơng lai ( những sự việc ta sẽ làm trong tơng lai nhng tại thời điểm nói thì đã
quyết định và đã sắp xếp làm)
They are getting married at the end of this year.
Chú ý: Thì này dùng cho những tình huống tạm thời, do vậy thờng có các trạng từ thời gian sau đi
kèm: Now, at the moment, at present/ for the time being, tonight, today, this week, this month ....
- Một số động từ không dùng ở các thì tiếp diễn: want, need, belong, suppose, consist, contain,
know, like, mean, realise, remember, prefer, mind, depend, hate, seem, believe, think( = believe),
have (means "possess" )
2/ Simple present:
* Form: S + V ( s, es)
* Use:
- Nói lên sở thích yêu ghét, nhu cầu tình cảm của con ngời ở hiện tại. I like classical
music.
-Nói lên những thói quen trong sinh hoạt hàng ngày, những sự việc lặp đi lặp lại từ xa đến nay.
My mother usually stays up late and gets up early.
- Nói lên khả năng, năng lực của ai đó ở hiện tại. He speaks English fluently.
- Nói lên quy luật tất yếu của tự nhiên, những sự việc có tính chân lí.
The earth goes round the sun.

They were playing football when it rained.
Chú ý: Nó thờng có các trạng từ thời gian đã hoàn tất trong quá khứ đi kèm: yesterday, last week, last
month, last year, last time...
4/ Past continuous:
* Form: S+ was/ were + V-ing.
* Use:
- Nói một hành động đang xảy ra tại một thời điểm tạm thời trong quá khứ.
We were sleeping at 12 o'clock last night.
- Nói hai hành động xảy ra song song trong quá khứ.
I was reading a book while he was listening to the radio.
- Kết hợp với thì QKĐ nói một hành động đang diễn ra thì một hành động khác xen vào.
We were watching TV when the light went out.
5/ Present perfect:
* Form: S + have/ has + Past Participle.
* Use:
- Nói một hành động đã xảy ra và hoàn tất trong quá khứ nhng không đề cập dến thời gian cụ thể.
I have done my home work. I have seen that film.
- Nói một hành động bắt đầu xảy ra trong quá khứ, liên tục kéo dài đến hiện tại, vừa mới hoàn tất
hoặc vẫn còn tiếp diễn ( cách dùng này thờng dùng cho những động từ không chia ở các thì tiếp diễn)
I have been a teacher for 10 years. This car has belonged to my
family for 5 years.
- Dùng trong mệnh đề điều kiện của câu điều kiện có thật ở hiện tại.
If you havent eaten anything, I will cook something for you. If it has stopped raining, we
will go out for a walk.
- Dùng trong mệnh đề chứa liên từ thời gian ( When/ by the time, after, till/ until/ as soon as) trong
câu nói về tơng lai khi nhấn mạnh một hành động hoàn tất trớc khi một hành động khác xảy ra.
When I have taken the exam, I will go on holiday.
You wont have any more cakes until you have eaten your cooked rice.
+ Chú ý:
-Thờng có các trạng từ: recently/ lately, so far/ up to now hay today, this week, this month.... khi

When I arrived at the station, the train had left for five minutes.
When he returned from the Front, the girl in his neighbourhood had got married.
I didnt know who he was because I hadnt met him before.
That was the most interesting film I had ever seen.
8/ Past perfect continuous:
* Form: S + had been + V-ing
* Use:
- Nói một hành động xảy ra trớc một hành động khác trong quá khứ, liên tục kéo dài đến hành động
đó và vẫn còn tiếp diễn .
When I got up it was raining. It had been raining for a few hours.
They had been playing football for 20 minutes when it rained.
- Nói một hành động vừa mới kết thúc trớc một hành động khác trong quá khứ ( ngời nói thờng có
dấu hiệu để khẳng định điều mình nói).
Her eyes were red. She had been crying.
When I got up, the sun was shining but the ground was wet. It had been raining.
- Nói một thói quen, một hành động lặp đi lặp lại suốt một khoảng thời gian nhng kết thúc trớc một
hành động khác trong quá khứ.
My father retired last year. He had been working as a driver for 25 years.
Chú ý: Thì quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn chính là quá khứ tơng đơng của thì hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp
diễn.
9/ Near Future:
Form: S + be going to + V
*Use:
- Nói lên một kế hoạch của ai đó trong tơng lai.( Tại thời điểm nói, ngời nói đã quyết định làm)
We are going to leave for Ho Chi Minh city in a few days.
Where are you going to spend your hoplidays this summer?
- Dự đoán một hành động sẽ xảy ra trong tơng lai thông qua những tình huống ở hiện tại.
Look at those black clouds. It is going to rain.
I feel dizzy. I am going to be ill.
Chú ý: Thì này thờng có các trạng từ thời gian trong tơng lai đi kèm: Tomorrow, next week, next year,

What will you be doing at 8 oclock tonight?
- ở thể nghi vấn nó có thể đợc dùng để hỏi về kế hoạch của ai đó trong tơng lai.
Will you be passing the post office on your way home ?
Will you be using your car tonight?
No, you can have it.
12/ Future perfect:
Form: S + will have + Past Participle.
*Use:
- Nói một hành động sẽ hoàn tất trớc một thời điểm trong tơng lai. Thời điểm này có thể quy định
băng một mốc thời gian cụ thể hoặc bằng một hành động khác.
By the time we meet again in 10 years' time, I'm sure you will have changed a lot.
Dont phone me at 4 am tomorrow. I wont have got up by then.
How much money will you have saved by the end of this year.
13/ Future perfect continuous:
Form: S + will have been + V- ing
*Use:
- Nói một hành động sẽ xảy ra trớc một hành động khác trong tơng lai, liên tục kéo dài đến hành
động đó và vẫn còn tiếp diễn.
By the end of this year, I will have been living in this city for 10 years.
When the clock strikes at 9 oclock, we will have been studying English for two hours.
How long will you have been teaching by the end of this year?
/ Use the correct tense and form of the verbs in brackets.
1/ Now I remember your (ask) me to bring sandwiches to the picnic. Your complaints about my
(forget) things seem justified. I'm sorry. Asking - forgetting
2/ (Attend) the dance proved to be an (embarrass) experience for me, especially since I don't know
how to dance. I felt like a fish out of water. I wanted (hide) some place or (get) out of there, but my
friend wouldn't let me (leave). Attending – embarrassing- to hide- to get - leave
3/ After I decided (have) a garage (build) next to the house, I hired a carpenter (do) the work.
to have - built
4/ A: Alex, you (know) where Ms Rodriguez is? I (look) for her for the past hours. Do you know

23/ I think that people (become) tired of the poor quality of television.Programmes,though they
(improve)lately
24/ I (consider) buying a house but I now (change) my mind.
25/ They admitted to (be) members of the gang .
26/ We regret (inform) you that your application (turn) down.
27/ It is essential that he (arrive) before six.
28/ I'd rather (live) in Ancient Greece than Ancient Rome.
29/ It's bound ( rain) tomorrow.
=> to rain
II/ Choose the word or phrase (A,B,C or D) which best completes each sentence
1/ Her parents were very ............ because she was out so late that night.
A responsible B sorry C worried D overcome
2/ After alot of difficulty, he.......... to open the door.
A managed B succeeded C obtained D realised
3/ I have been looking for this book for months, and............. I have found it.
A at last B in time C at the end D at present
4/ My employer's ........... of my work does not matter to me at all.
A meaning B belief C opinion D expression
5/ The purpose of the examination was to............ the student's knowledge of the subject.
A try B inspect C prove D test
6/ I'll have to............. to you, otherwise he will hear.
A shout B say C whistle D whisper
7/ As soon as the firebell rang everyone walked quickly downstairs and out of the building, ..............
gathered in the car park.
A while B then C before D to
8/ There's ............. to be frightened of the dog; he's quite harmless.
A a fear B no fear C no need D any reason
9/After closing the envelope, the secretary ............ the stamps on firmly .
A licked B sucked C stuck D stuck
10/ The teacher........... them the answer to the question.

A full B clear C empty D uncrowded
25/ You may not have to stay the night but take a toothbrush just in ............
A case B time C order D preparation
III/
1/ The translation and interpretation of works and speechs from one language to (1) takes great skill.
It (2) takes great dedication and many years of (3) for a person to be comfortable with translating and
interpreting. Knowing two languages to perfection (4) important. I plan to attend a special school
records last week, but through special permission. I received an extension (7) five days. The first
course I (8) to take is a brief introduction to the art of translation. The teacher will give us a clear
explaination of (9) translation and interpretation are. Their definitions are basically the same except
that interpretation is (10) while translation is written. At the end of the year, we will receive an
invitation to the United Nations. It will be most intersting to watch the interpreter's participation in
this session.
2/ Two days ago I took my final exam, and (1 it ) was pretty difficult. The (2paper) are being marked
now. My teacher (3 told ) me that I would probably (4 pass ) I hope so. If I (5 pass). I'll get a
certificate (6 it ) will be very useful. I (7 will) be able to get (8) job.
3/ Everyday thousands of people jog why has jogging- running slowly for long distances- become
popular? Donald Robbins, who is forty-two years old (1 and ) works in an office, began jogging (2 a )
few years ago because he felt (3 he ) was too fast. At first he (4 could ) only run about 100 yards, and
(5 it ) took him almost three months to (6 be ) able to run a full mile (7but ) two years later, he ran in
(8 a ) Eastern marathon race-over twenty-six miles (9should ) you jog, too? If you decide (10) be sure
to ask your doctor (11 for ) advice.
Does jogging cost much? No, (12 it ) costs almost nothing. But most agree (13 that ) good running
shoes are very important. (14 they ) protect your feet and legs from (15 the ) shock of running on
halhard surfaces (16 if ) you start jogging it could make your heart (17 stronger) and also help you to
feel better about yourself.
4/ Man probably could not live without the help of animals. The (1 role ) of animals in the balance of
nature ranks as their most important service to (2 man ).
Animals also serve man by (3 supplying ) him with many foods and other useful products.
Without animals, man (4would ) have no meat, milk, eggs, or honey; or wool, fur, or silk.

can do surprising things.
One strange (1 mind ) was that of Edgar Cayce, who was the son (2 of ) a farmer in Kentucky, and
knew (3 little) or nothing about science or medical matters. When he was young, he (4 was ) ill and
lay in bed unconscious. Doctor, of (5 course ) did their best for him and tried to (6 make ) him better,
but he remained unconscious for a long time. Then he suddenly (7 got ) to speak clearly.
He described the cause of his (8 illness) and explained all the things that must have been done to
make him better.He knew the name of all the medicines he must take. Everyone was surprised, of
course. How did a farmer's son know all this?
8/ In addition to reducing pollution, public transport (1 saves ) valuable city space. Buses and trains
carry more people in each (2 vehicle ) and, if they operate on their own rights of way, they can safely
run (3 at ) much higher speeds. In other (4 words ) , they not only take (5 less ) space but also occupy
it for a (6 shorter ) time.
Public transport also plays an important role in (7 urban ) areas of the Third World. In many cities
in Asia and Africa, buses make 50 to 80 percent (8 of ) all motorised trips. Buses are sometimes
hopelessly overcrowded. It is not uncommon to see several riders clinging the outside. Yet most Third
World cities have (9 lower ) public transport use per person than (10 that ) in Western Europe.
9/ My home is in the air. I do an enormous amount of travelling. It is a fast life and (1full ) of work,
but I like it and that is the only way (2 for )me.Everything is tiring-music,travelling-but what can I
do?I am not (3 taken) to complaining.It is hard to imagine now(4 that ) I will ever very long in one
place.My home town is on the Caspian Sea.There is sea, wind, sun and (5much ) many tourists and
hotels. I have my own flat with four or five rooms, but I am seldom there.It I am there for a day or
two.I prefer to (6 stay) with my mother or grandmother. They live in a small house, (7 but) it is very
comfortable and my mother cooks for me. I like good simple food. I have no wife, no brothers or
sister and my father (8 died) when I was seven. He was an engineer and I don't (9 remember ) him
very well. He like music very much and wanted me to (10 become ) a
musician.
10/ Books are witten to provide knowledge and good books enrich the mind. By putting (1 ourself)
under the influence of superior mind, we (2) of superior mind, we (2 improve ) our metal powers.
Through good (3 books ) we learn that people are everywhere the (4 same ), in all ages, and in all (5
country ) .This knowlegde improves our love (6 to ) others and helps us to live in peace with them.

started V-ing time ago
7/ How long+ have not +S+ done sth? = When did S+ V?
How longis it since S + V-ed?
8/ S haven't been to +a place . = It+ be +one's first visit to a place
FOCUS ON IV IT +BE + THE MOST....
9/ S+have never V(p.p)+such +adj +noun. =This is +superlative adj =noun + S +have never
V(p.p)
10/ S + have never V(p.p) comparative adj +noun . =S +be +supelative adj +noun +S =have ever
V(p.p)
FOCUS ON V S+ BE+ SUPERLATIVE + & NO OTHER +NOUN
11/ S +be superlative adj +noun = No other +noun +be +as adj as +S
FOCUS ON VI COMPARISIONS
12/ Comparision of superiority = Comparision of inequality
13/ Superiority =No noun be compacative
14/ S1 +be +less +adj +than S2 =S2 +be +not +as +adj +as S1
15/ S + adv +V = S +V +adverbin comparative form
16/ S +V =measurement = S +V +as ...as +measurement
ex: The flagpole is four meters in high = The flagplole is as high as four meters
17/ S +V +number =S +V +as ... as number
ex: I weigh 70 kilogrammes = I weigh as much as 70 kilogrammes
18/ S +be +noun/adj = S +be +as adj as +S
ex: It's bell clean = It's as clean as a bell
19/ S1 +S2 +be +adj = S1 +be +as adj as +S2
S1 +S2 +V +adv = S1 +V +as adv as +S2
20/ S + be +but +S +be = S +be +comparative adj than +S +to be
S +V + but +S +V =S +comparative adv than +S +V
FOCUS ON VII DOUBLE COMPARATIVES
21/ S2 +V2 +comparative adv/adj +S1 +V1
= T he +comparative adj/adv +S2 +V2,The comparative adj/adv +S2 +V2
22/ Sth =increases with sth = The more.......the more

42/ No matter how +adj +S +may be
+adv +S+ may V
FOCUS ON XI NO MATTER HOW/WHAT /WHERE
42/ No matter how +adj/adv +S +V
43/ No matter what +S +V
44/ No matter where +S +V
FOCUS ON XII PROUD&PRIDE
45/ S +be proud of= S+ pride +oneself +on +V-ing
S+ take pride in
FOCUS ON XIII WRONG 7 CONTRARY TO
S+ think +but +S +be +wrong
=Contrary to +noun(phrase)... +S +V
FOCUS ON XIV NOTHING BUT
46/ S + insist on +sth
 Nothing but sth +would satisfy sb
- S + don't like anything.....
FOCUS ON XV SOON& NOT LONG BEFORE
47/ S +V +soon = It + be +not + long before
FOCUS ON XVI STRUCTURE WITH CONJUNCTION ''ONCE''
48/ S+will +V +and then +S +will V = Once +S +have P2 S +will V
FOCUS ON XVII STRUVTURE WITH ''HARDY''AS ADVERB
49/ S +no +noun = S +hardly +V +any +noun
FOCUS ON XVIII SURPRISE &FANCY
50/ What a surprise to do sth + Fancy +doing sth
FOCUS ON XIX NO SOONER .... THAN &HARDLY .... WHEN
- Immediately after
- Just after = Hardly +had +S+P2 + when V-ed
- The moment = Scarcely +had +S +P2 +when V-ed
- As soon as (when) = No sooner +had +S +P2+ than V-ed
FOCUS ON XX STRUCTURE WITH "PREVEN'T"

FOCUS ON XXIII WOULD RATHER & WOULD PREFER
58/ Would rather verb than verb (present)
- Would rather be V- ing than V- ing (present continous)
- Would rather have P
II
than have P
II
(simple past)
- Would rahter S did sth (present)
- Would rather S had P
II
(Simple past)
NOTE
* WOULD SOONER = WOULD RATHER
* RATHER THAN = SO AS NOT TO VERB
* SO AS TO = IN ORDER TO = TO VERB = WITH A VIEW TO VING(NOUN)
* WOULD RATHER NOT VERB = HAVE NO DESIRE TO VERB STH0
59/ S + prefer sth to sth
- S + prefer + Ving
- S + prefer + Ving + to + Ving (conditionV
1
# V
2
)
- S + prefer + ving + to + being P
2
(condition : V
1
= V
2

* To be sory
ct
S + said sadiy
FOCUS ON XXV CONNECTED STATEMENTS
AND CORRELATIVE CONJUNTIONS
69/ S
1
+ V
1
+ and +S
2
+ V
2
s
1
+ v
1
+ and + S + be , too
do
does
did
and + so +be /do/dose/did + S
2
70/ S
1
+ V
1
(neg) + and + S
2
+ V

2
+ and + S
2
+ V
2
S + V + either .........or
73/ S + spend + time + doing smt
74/ S + spend + money + on + noun/ - Ving
75/ Doing smt + takes sinb + time
76/ It + takes + smb + time + to do smt
FOCUS ON XXVII PITY , SORRY & WISH
77/ It is a pity + someone + do / dont do smt (did/ didn'tdosmt)
78/ S is sorry
79/ Someone + wish + (that) S + didn't /did smt (had done smt)
FOCUS ON XXVIII REGRET& WISH, IF ONLY
80/ S + wish (if only) - S + Ved/were
- S + had + P
2
S + regret
(*)
+ Ving
- S + wouldV
81/ Have not regrets on / over/ about Ving
FOCUS ON XXI V OWN & BELONG TO
82/ Whose + be + noun?
83/ Who + do/ does + the + noun + belong to?
84/ Who + owns + the + noun?
85/ Who + is + the owner + of + the + noun?
86/ S + be + the owner + of + nounnoun belong to + smb
FOCUS XXV ON BE SURE & IT + ADJ + THAT + CLAUSE

to
witha view to Ving sth
FOCUS ON XXX HAD BETTER & IT IS TIME
98/ You'd better + do /not do smt
99/ You shouldn't + do smt
100/ You ought to do sth
101/ I + advise + you +to do / not to do smt
102/ It is advisable + that + you + do/don't do smt
103/ It is time for sb to do sth
104/ It is time + S + Vedsth
105/ It is about time + S + Ved sth
106/ It is high time + S + Ved sth
107/ It is time + S

+ was/ were Ving sth (continuous)
108/ It is time + S
(0)
+was / were +P
2
sth (passive)
Note
* Every time = When
* At no time = Never + Under no circumstances = In any circumstances
* This is the first time = S + have never + P
2
+ before
* Have a good time = enjoy oneself
Other uses of " time"
* By the time S + V
(s, os)

119/* S + suggest Ving
decide To V Object
reccmmend Ving
S' + suggest
decide that S
(o)
+ should be P
2

recommend
It + to be suggested
decided that S
(0 )
+ should be P
2
recommended
FOCUS ON XXII INVERSION
Not once
Nover(before)
Only when
Only after
At no time
Oly later
Only with
Not + Noun ............. + Inversion
Only by
Never before
Underno circumstances
On no account
Only then

request
demand
command
decide
insist
stipulate
decree
suggest
prefer
propose
arrange
agree
order
STRESS
A. Vowel length
Rule 1: In every English word with more than one syllable, one syllable is stressed the most.
Examples: pizza comedy
Lemon committee
Rented
Rule 2: Stress vowels are extra long.
Rule 3: Most unstressed vowels are reduced ( extra short). A reduced vowel is called schwa.
Examples: Oklahoma Arizona Manitoba
Stressed syllables: rhythm.
In the following words, the stressed syllables are in bold letters. Practice saying these words:
Sofa around solution beautiful
Oven event arrangement horrible
picture arrange it's awful open it
II. Two _ syllable names and phrases
Rule: If you leave out verbs, 90 percent of two- syllable words are stressed on the first syllable.
Two-syllable personal names are also likely to be stressed on the first syllable.


PUT THE VERBS GIVEN IN BRACKETS INTO THEIR APPROPRIATE TENSE OR
FORM .
1. The accident ........( report ) ............( cause ) by a reckless motorist .
2. When I get my degree , I ............( study ) at this school for four years .
3. I don't know why you always ............( talk ) in class , boys .=> are
4. I didn't do the test well . I ............( prepare ) it very carefully at home .
5. Who was that girl you .................( talk ) to when I ..........(pass ) you in the street ?
6. Today is the first anniversary of Grandpa Max's death , and I ..........(think)about him all day . How
fortunate I .............(be) ........(.have) a Gradpa like him !
7. – I found that everything I said on the phone had been reported to the police .
- Your phone .........(tap).
8. This time next year I propably .................(live) on the other side of the world .
9. By the time the war was over , thousands of innocent people ...........(kill ).
10. My uncle would rather that I ...........( not, leave ) yesterday .
11. When I see my sister again , she ..........( finish ) all her exam .
12. The weather .............(be) bad , they couldn't but ..............( cancel) the camping trip .
13. It's great pity you ............(not , come ) to Brighton with us last Sunday . As you ...............(never
see ) the see before, it ...............(be ) a new experience .
14. The cup , which is old , certainly (lose) .............its origional color .
15.When my grandmother died , I cried .I would like ( be) ............... able to to tell her I ( love) ..........
her just one more time before she died .(Lose) ............a grandma like her (be) ...............very sad .But
I think that (never have)................my grandma (be) ............even sadder.
16. I had to walk home yesterday .I had no money for my fare . You (tell) me ! I (lend) you the
money .
17. I ( hope) it (stop) raining by five o'clock this afternoon .
18. The robber who (watch) him (run) to the tree (sit ) down under its branches and(begin) to attack
him.
19. It's your own fault , Tom . You (aks ) for an estimate before an estimste before letting the start .
20. It has been suggested that the government (assist) ...............the poor in improving their living