GlAl PHAP PHAT TRiiN MOI TRI/ONG MI§N

NOI

VONG O 6 N G BAO DAN TOC THI^U S 6 NHAM G 6 P PHAN
THOC DAY TANG

TRfldNG KINH T^ B^N VONG
Trfing A Dfldng*

Mien nui Viet Nam chid'm khoang 70%
dien ti'ch dfi't tfl nhien, la dia bfin efl tru cua
dai sd' cac ddng bao dan tgc thieu so'. Mien mii
Ifi dia bfin cd nhiiu tilm nang kinh te vfi ddng
vai trd to ldn ddi vdi mdi trfldng sinh thai cua
Vidt Nam noi chung, ddng thdi c6 vi trf dfic
bidt quan trgng v l quo'c phong an ninh.
Hidn nay, tren dia bfin nfiy p h i n ldn ddng
bao cac dan tgc thidu sd' dang gap rfi't nhieu
khd khan nhfl: thieu Ifldng thflc, trinh do
dan trf thfi'p, ty Id mu chfl cao, cd sd ha t i n g
ye'u kem,... dang Ifi nhflng trd ngai ldn cho
sfl phat tridn. Hoa nhfip vdi sfl phat trien
chung cua ca nadc, nhflng vfi'n de v l sfl dung
khdng hdp ly cac ngudn tai nguyen thien
nhien; dd thi hoa dang dfin tdi sfl mfi't can
bang sinh thai, cha't ladng mdi trfldng bi
anh hadng, d i n de'n dien mao kinh te' - xa
hdi d mien nui, vung ddng bfio dan tdc thieu
sd'chaa thd hidn dadc t a m vdc cua mdt vung
nhieu tiem nfing.

Theo nghia hep thi mdi trfldng gdm cac
nhan to' ve chfi't Ifldng cua mdi trfldng ddi vdi
sfle khoe va tien nghi sinh sd'ng cua con ngfldi,
ggi tfit Ifi cha't Ifldng mdi trfldng. Cac nhfin to
dd thfldng la khdng khi, nadc, am thanh, anh
sfing, bflc xa, canh quan, t h i m my, dao dflc,
quan he chfnh tri xa hdi tai dia bfin sinh song
va Ifim viec cua con ngadi. Cdn theo Luat bao
vd mdi trfldng eua Viet Nam thi "Mdi trfldng
bao gdm cae yd'u td' t a nhien va vat chfi't nhfin
tgo bao quanh con ngadi, c6 anh hadng den
ddi sd'ng, san xufi't, sfl ton tai, phat trien cua
con ngadi va sinh vfit".
1.2. Mgt sd chUc ndng
moi trudng

chu ye'u cua

Mdi trUdng la khong gian sinh sd'ng cko
con ngudi vd sinh vat.

* Trang A DiiOng, Thac si, Pho Giam d6'c Ban Quan ly dii an Dien mat trdi - Uy ban Dan toe.

E 3 OUAN LY KINH TE

Sfii 48 (7+8/2012)


GlAl PHAP PHAT T R I ^ N MOi TRUONG MI^N NUI...


quy hiim.
Khdng khi, nhiet dd, nang Ifldng mat trdi,
gid, nfldc,... de con ngfldi hit thd, la mdi
trfldng de cay cd'i r a hoa k i t qua; cac loai
khoang san, d i u md cung cfi'p nang Ifldng vfi
nguyen lidu chd cac hoat ddng san xufi't
cdng, ndng nghiep.
Moi trUdng Id ndi chUa dUng cdc chdt phi
thdi do con ngUdi tgo ra trong cudc sd'ng vd
hogt ddng sdn xudt.

Sir 48 (7+8/2012)

NGHllH Cflu TRAP Ptfi f j ^ ^
Trong qua trinh san xufi't va tieu dung
cua cai vfit chfi't, con ngadi ludn dao thai vao
mdi trfldng cac cha't thai. Sfl gia tang dan so'
qua nhanh, qua trinh dd thi hofi, cdng
nghidp hoa ngay cfing Ifim cho khd'i ladng
cac chfi't thai tang Ieh khong ngflng, nhiiu
ndi qua tai gay d nhidm mdi trUdng nghiem
trgng.
Mdi trudng Id ndi lUu trU ud cung cap
thdng tin cho con ngUdi.
Qua cac hoa thgch, bfio tfl phfi'n hoa va
cac vdt tich cua qua trinh tien hoa trong tfl
nhien ma mdi trfldng cdn Iflu gifl lai, dfi
cung cfi'p cho chung sfl ghi chdp va Iflu trfl
lich sil dia chfi't, lich sfl tid'n hoa cua vfit cha't
va sinh v9,t, lich sfl xufi't hidn va phat trien


l O T l HfiHifeN cflu TBAO Blil

GlAl PHAP PHAT T R I ^ N MOI TRl/ONG MjgN NOI...

Mdi trfldng vfi p h a t t r i l n cd md'i quan hg nadc tren t h i gidi, nha^t Ifi cac nadc dang
ra't chat che. Mdi trfldng Ifi dia bfin vfi dd'i phfit t r i l n Ifi cac muc tidu v l phat trien kinh
tfldng cua phat t r i l n . Dd'i vdi mdi vung cu td' - xa hdi va bao vd mdi trfldng phai dfldc
the cua dfi't nadc hofic trong phgm vi ca nfldc gfin bd vdi n h a u trong xay dflng muc tieu,
ludn tdn tai ddng thdi hai hd thd'ng dd \k: hd xae dinh c h i i n \\igc, k l hogch hoa cung nhfl
thd'ng kinh t l
xa hdi vfi hd thd'ng mdi d i l u hfinh vfi quan ly thflc hidn. Ve phfldng
didn nay t h i hi$n nay mdi trfldng mien nui,
tradng.
vflng ddng bfid dan tdc thieu sd d Vidt Nam
He thd'ng kinh te - xa hdi dfl^c cfi'u thfinh thflc sfl da vfi dang bi suy thoai do vide khai
bdi cac thfinh p h i n s a n xufi't, Iflu thdng, thac tfii nguyen thidn nhien mdt each bfla
phfin phd'i, tieu dflng va tich luy, tao ndn bai nhfl: n a n p h a rflng, dfi't dai hi xdi mdn,
mdt ddng nguyen lidu, nang Ifldng, che thoai hoa,... Mdi trfldng m i l n nui, vung dong
p h i m hfing hoa, p h i thai, Iflu thdng gifla cac bfio dSn tdc t h i l u sd' d Vidt Nam khdng cdn
p h i n tfl cfi'u t h a n h he thd'ng.
kha nfing cung cfi'p du cho con ngfldi nhflng
He thd'ng mdi trfldng vdi eae thanh p h i n tai nguydn c i n thiet d l duy t r i cudc sd'ng va
mdi tradng tfl nhien va mdi tradng xa hdi. hoat ddng.
Khu vflc giao thoa gifla h a i he thd'ng tao
2. Thi^c t r a n g m d i t r i f d n g m i e n n u i
thanh mdi tradng n h a n tao. Khu vflc giao
v u n g d d n g b a o d a n t o e thie'u so' d Viet
thoa nfiy thd hidn tfi't ca cac md'i quan hd
Nam hien nay

n h i i u loai da't dfldc xem la td't nhfl dfi't do ba
zan, dfi't n a u dd da vdi,... Mdt so' vung dfi't
ndng nghiep, lam nghidp t a p trung hang
tridu hdc ta, dia h i n h bang phang cho phdp
to' chflc nhflng vung kinh td' ndng - lam edng nghidp tfip t r u n g nhfl Tay Nguyen va
mdt sd'vflng p h u can Tay Nguyen.

Mdt d i l u h i l n nhidn dd'i vdi tfi't ca eae

Do dinh ca Ifiu ddi d mien nui, dong bao

EOI OUAN Lt KINH TE

Ve phfldng didn phat tridn ndng • lam
nghiep, m i l n nui, vung ddng bfio dan tgc
t h i l u sd' d Viet Nam co nhflng diem mgnh,
ldi thd' so s a n h nhfl sau:

Khi h a u d m i l n n u i Vidt Nam Ifi ra't khac
nhau, n h a n g nhin chung la t h u a n ldi, fim
mat, v l m u a ddng cd nhiet dd tha'p, cd thd
gieo trdng dfldc nhieu logi cfiy trdng cd
ngudn gdc dn ddi va gia t r i kinh te' eao nhfl
mdt sd'loai r a u xanh, dadc lieu, lua,...

Sfii 48 (7+8/2012)


GlAl PHAP PHAT TRI^N MOI T R I / O N G MISN N


nhfi't cua Vidt Nam. Tuy nhidn, trong nhflng
nam gan day, chieu hfldng pha rflng lam
nadng rfiy ngfiy cfing tfing. Dieu la lung la
riing d khdi nui thadng ngudn sdng Chay (Ldo
Cai) tuy hiem trd nhang didn tfch cdn rfi't it.
2.3.2 Suy gidm tdi nguyin

ddt

OUAN Lt KINH T£ E S


f'lJiiliiHfiHlfeN cflu TBAO Bfll
Tac ddng Liou cflc cua con ngadi d che do
canh tac n h a dot pha rflng bfla bai, Ifim
nadng rfiy du canh, ke ca c h l do trdng cay
Iddng thflc vfi cay cdng nghidp ngfin ngfiy da
gay ra khdng it tai hai cho vi^c tfin pha dfi't
dai, khid'n cho tfii nguydn rflng hi suy giam
nghiem trgng. "d Viet Nam do hdu qUii ciia
viec chat pha rflng, dot rflng bfla bai, sfl
dung da't khdng ben vflng qua n h i i u thd hd
nen da't bi thoai hoa nghiem trgng, nhiiu
ndi mfi't kha nang san xua't va xu hfldng
hoang mgc hoa ngfiy cang phfit triln, nhfi't
Ifi d cac da't trd'ng ddi trge "(Le Vdn Khoa,
Nguyin Nggc Sinh, (2000. tr 114)). Hign
tfldng xdi mdn, huy hogi dat xay ra nghiem
trgng hdn ca la d cac vung ddi nui va eao
nguyen nhfl Tay Bfic, Ddng Bfic, dai nui

khdng chi bi xdi mdn, Ifim thay dd'i cae tinh
cha't v§t ly va hoa hoc mfi cdn gfiy ra hfing
loat hfiu qua dd'i vdi mdi tradng sd'ng. Dfi't bi
rfla trdi, d nhiem nadc vfi nong do tap ch^t
ldn, tinh chfi't hoa hgc cua nadc thay dd'i.
Mat khac, vdi Ifldng bfln, cat tfch tu theo cac
sdng, sud'i chay v l Ifing dgng lgi trong cac hd
chfla, bdi Ifi'p trfldc cac cac dap dang, cac ctia
la'y nfldc vao cac hd thd'ng thuy ndng vung
ha Iflu, iam anh hfldng den sfl vfin hfinh vfi
thfim chi Ifim td li^t hogt ddng cua nhieu
cdng trinh. Dfic bidt vfio mua khd, nhflng ndi
mfi't rflng trd nen r a t khfie nghiet, eae suoi
khd egn, nan thieu nfldc trd ndn t r i m trgng,
cd vung n g a dfin phai di hfing chuc cfiy sd'de
Ifi'y nadc sinh hogt nhfl vung Luc Khu d Cao
Bfing, vung Ddng Vfin, Meo Vgc d Ha
Giang,... Tinh t r a n g khan hiem nadc cfing
trd ndn nghidm trgng d Tfiy Nguydn, ndi cd 6
thang mua mfla vfi 6 t h a n g mua khd. Nhflng
nam g i n day, do phfit trien khong can ddi
cac loai cay cdng nghidp d vung nfiy, dfin den
tinh trgng k h a i thfic ngudn nadc ngam de
tadi bfla bai, Ifim eho ngudn nadc mat bi can
kidt, tut mfle nfldc n g i m .
2.3.4 Suy thodi da dgng sinh hgc
Ckc hd sinh thai vung doi nui thay doi tfl
rflng mfla nhiet ddi den cac ddng cd gid mua,
cac trang cay bui da cho Viet Nam mdt tai
nguyen ddng thflc vat phong phu n h a cac

Lu lut thadng tac ddng de'n nhflng vung
rdng ldn vfi kdo theo nhflng tai hog khfic
n h a ngap ung, pha huy nhfi cfla kdnh
madng. Ngay nay, xu hadng ndng ldn cua
khi hfiu tofin e l u do cac khi thai cd hidu flng
nhfi kinh cilng gop p h a n Ifim eho lu lut, bao,
hogt ddng m a n h hdn v l t i n so' vfi cfldng dd.
Cflng vdi bao lut, h a n han cung xay ra
lien tid'p d nhieu ndi, tuy mang tfnh cue be
tflng vung, n h a n g nd'u lien he cac hidn
tadng ta nhidn bfi't thfldng d n h i i u vung lai
vdi nhau, ta d l n h a n r a day la nhflng tin
hieu khdng thd xem thfldng.
2.4. N g u y e n n h a n c h u ye'u d a n d e n
tinh t r a n g suy t h o a i m o i trifdng m i e n
n u i v u n g d o n g b a o d a n t o e t h i e u so'
Viet Nam da va dang cd nhieu cd' gang
trong vide bao ve rflng va da dgng sinh hgc,
nhang vide suy thoai mdi trfldng vfi da dang
sinh hge vfin dang didn ra mdt each manh me
d nhieu ndi. Nguydn n h a n cd nhieu, nhang cd
t h i chia ra thfinh hai logi: nguydn nhan trflc
tiep vfi nguyen n h a n sfiu xa n h a sau;
Nguyen nhdn trUc tiip: Sfl md rdng dfi't
ndng nghiep canh tac la mdt trong nhflng
nguydn nhfin q u a n trgng n h ^ t Ifim suy thoai
mdi trfldng vfi dd't nadng Ifim r l y , khdng
nhiJng pha hoai ldp phu thflc vat rflng bdi
"nhflng sfl do dae chinh xac eho thfi'y khi dd't
dfi't rfiy, nhidt do dfi't tren mgt cd the len dd'n

nghidm trgng, nhiiu ngadi phai sd'ng dfla
vfio rflng, ddi sd'ng rfi't thfi'p them- vfio dd
ngheo ddi do nhiiu nguydn nhan, trong dd
ed nguyen nhfin thid'u rudng, thie'u vdn d i u
tfl, nen nhflng ngfldi nghdo thfldng phai dd'n
sinh sd'ng d nhflng ndi khdng thufin lgi, phai
dfla vfio tai nguydn thien nhien de sinh
sd'ng. do dd da tac ddng mdt p h i n khdng nhd
trong vide Ifim cho tfii nguyen thidn nhien
ngay cang suy giam n h a n h chdng.
Chinh sach dd'i mdi kinh te' vi md dfi dem
lai dien mgo hoan tofin mdi cho nen kinh td'
Viet Nam trong nhflng nfim gan day. Tuy
nhidn, do nhu e l u thflc td' phuc vu eho phat
trien kinh te' ngay cfing tfing, cac khu cdng
nghiep, eac thfinh phd', thi trfi'n, thi tfl ngfiy
eang md rdng vfi phat trien, trong khi ngudn
tfii nguyen thidn nhidn thi cd hgn. Do dd,
mdi trfldng d Viet Nam, nhieu ndi cd sfl suy
thoai vdi mfle bao ddng, dgc bidt Ifi suy thoai
da^t, rflng, ngudn nfldc vfi da dgng sinh hge.
3. Kieu nghi nhufng giai p h a p phat
trien m o i trifdng m i e n nui viing ddng
bao dan t o e t h i e u so' d Viet N a m giai
doan 2012-2020
Nhfl dfi phan tich, sfl khai thfic qua mfle
cua con ngfldi ddi vdi ta nhien Ifim egn kidt
tai nguyen, nha't la nhflng tai nguyen khdng
tai tao dfldc, da vfi dang de dda tadng lai cua
chinh ehung ta. Do dd, nghien cflu dfla ra

t h i l u sd chl c6 t h i dat dfldc khi mdi ngfldi
dan hinh t h a n h cho minh mgt nhan thflc
mdi. Do la s a phfit trien hien nay va nha't la
nhflng nfim dau cua the ky 2 1 , khdng ehi la
nhflng ehi so' v l kinh td' GDP hay GNP, ma
d6 la cac chi so' tong hdp; kinh te phat trien
b i n vflng; mdi tradng sd'ng e6 chfi't ladng td't.
Con ngadi vfi xa hdi la bg phan dac thfl cua
tfl nhien, sfl tdn tai va phat trien eua con
ngfldi vfi xa hgi khdng t h i tfich rdi gidi tfl
nhien. Nhan thflc dd bao dam cho ngfldi dfin
d mgi m i l n da't nfldc c6 t h u nhap vfi mfle
sd'ng tfldng dfldng nhau, khdng cdn khoang
each chenh lech qua xa gifla ddng bfing vfi
m i l n nui, gifla cac vung, cac nhom dan efl
vdi nhau. Di nhidn, day khdng phai Ifi sfl cao
bfing mfi dfiy Ifi sfl p h a t trien theo chieu sau.
Moi ngfldi, moi vung d i u cd m a t bfing kinh
te thd'ng nha't trong da dang va phat triln
kinh te phai dfldc lufin chflng day du vfi
chinh xac v l m a t mdi trfldng sd'ng.
V l van hoa xa hdi, bao dam cho ddng bao
cac dfin tdc t h i l u so' c6 mfle hadng thu van

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GlAl PHAP PHAT TRigN MOl T R U O N G M I ^ N NOI...

NGH|£N cflu TRAO Bdi P l T T l

Bd'n la, xdy dung phong trdo qudn
bdo vi mdi trUdng.

Tfch cflc t h a m vfi'n vdi cac nhfi hogch dinh
chinh sach vfi cac dia phfldng xay dflng cac
lufit tuc, hadng adc v l sLt dung tai nguyen
thien nhien mdt each cd hieu qua, lam nen
tang cho vide giao due y thflc v l sinh thai va
nang cao trach nhidm bao vd mdi tradng dd'i
vdi ddng bao cac d a n tdc thieu sd'. Cdng tac
giao due y thflc ve mdi trfldng phai thflc hidn
thadng xuydn va lien tuc, c i n phai xay difng
v l mat ndi dung, quy thdi gian va hinh thflc
giao due thich hdp vdi tflng loai dd'i tadng
trdng xa hgi.

C i n tuyen truyen, giao due cho ddng bao
eac dan tgc thieu sd' vfi nhfin dfin sinh sd'ng d
m i l n nui thd'ng nhfi't nhfin thflc rfing bao ve
mdi tradng la sfl nghiep cua toan dfin. Sfl
nghiep nay chi c6 t h i thflc hien t h i n g ldi vdi
sfl t h a m gia t a giac cua ddng dao quan
chung nhan dan, tao thanh mgt phong trao
rdng ldn, thadng xuyen va lau dfii.

Ba Id, tdng cUdng vd da dgng hod ngudn
lUc tdi chinh cho bdo vi mdi trUdng miin nui.

cua khoa hgc va cdng nghd eung vdi nhu e l u
vfi n h a n thflc cua con ngfldi dang tgo ra


GlAl PHAP PHAT TRI^N MOl TRUONG MI^N NOI..,

nguy cd cd the xay ra cudc khung hoang mdi
trfldng toan ciu, de doa sfl sd'ng cua lofii
ngfldi. Do dd, xfiy dflng y thfle mdi trfldng Ifi
mgt trong nhflng ye'u td' n i n tang ehu ye'u
Ifim thay doi nhfin thfle vfi h a n h vi cua con
ngfldi hfldng tdi muc tieu phfit tridn, gdp
p h i n tai hofi nh^p gifla con ngfldi - xa hdi va
tfl nhidn dfi trd thfinh va'n d l ca'p bach cua
thdi dai.

kinh t l - xa h^i m i l n nui, vung ddng bao
dfin tdc t h i l u sd' ndi ridng c i n tfnh to^n va
g i n ch§t chg vdi chid'n Iflgc bao vd mdi
trfldng d l phat t r i l n mdi tradng m i l n nui
vflng dong bfio dfin t^e t h i l u sd'd Vidt Nam./.

Tri thflc cua con ngadi v l thd' gidi v i n 11
cai cd gidi hgn so vdi cai vd hgn cua t h i gidi
vat chfi't, mdi tradng, sinh thai. Tuy nhidn,
nhflng tri thflc mfi con ngfldi da bid't, du cho
phdp con ngfldi nhfin thfle dfli?c r i n g ngfiy
nay vfi'n d l khung hoang mdi tradng, sinh
thai da vadt ra khdi gidi hgn qud'c gia, khu
vflc vfi mang tinh toan e l u . Do dd, chi cd con
ngadi, dinh cao cua sfl tien hoa cua gidi tfl
nhien, vdi tinh flu trgi la cd y thflc va h i l t
lao ddng san xufi't cai tao the gidi tfl nhidn


Le van Khoa Chu bidn (1997), Mdi trUdng va
phdt triin bin vOng d Miin nui, Nxb Giao
dye, 1997.
Le Vfin Khoa, Nguyen Ngoc Smh (2000),
Chiin luge vd chinh sdch mdi trUdng, Nxb Dai
hoc Qudc gia Hfi Noi, 2000.
Pham Vfin Boong (2002), y thtic sinh thdi vd
vdn di phdt trien Idu bin, NXb Chinh tri quoc
gia, Hd Ngi, 2002.
Pham Thi Ngoc Trim (1997), Mdi trUdng sinh
thai vdn di vd gidi phdp, NXb Chinh tri quoc
gia, Hfi N6i, 1997.
Lugt Bdo vi mdi trUdng ndm 2005.
Tai lieu Hoi thao "Trao doi thong tin, kinh
nghidm ve bao v? moi trUdng khu vUc miln
mii phia Bfic", Vu H%C3%B4n_Vi%El%BB%87t_Nam, ngfiy 10
thang 11 nfim 2011.
/>ex.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=
710:rng-gia-tr-cuc-sng-t-thiennhien&catid=41 :thong-tin-sc-khe-thang•6-nm2011&Itemid=4, ngay 06 Thdng 7 nSm 2011.
/>ngfiy 3 thfing 6 nfim 2009.

5048(7+8/2012)