Answer Key
793
construction of the stadium itself, providing thousands
of local construction jobs. Once regular season play
begins, an army of local workers is required to man the
stadium facilities, for everything from concessions and
ticket sales, to security and administration. The economic
benefits expand throughout the district of the stadium
as
fans pour into the area from far and wide. These fans
support local parking decks, restaurants, bars, shops, and
often hotel facilities. This contributes to the prosperity
of local businesses and provides a general boost to the
overall property value.
All of this revenue is of course taxed by the municipal
authorities. Combine this with the millions of dollars in
tax revenue that ticket sales can generate over the life
of a sports team, and we have a clear benefit for all
members of the community.
These benefits are easy to see, but the intangible benefits
may be greater still. A professional sports team with
regularly televised broadcasts is often the hallmark of
what people generally perceive as a “major” city. Thus,
the spor
ts team becomes a kind of advertisement for
the significance and prosperity of the city itself, attracting
new business from the outside.
Some may say that the costs of new sports stadiums
are an undue burden on cities, but all of the long-term
benefits must be taken into account before passing
hasty judgment on the economic effects of professional

team is a profit-seeking business, and they should not
expect free money from the public. Further, the speaker
argues that benefits such as jobs and tax revenues are
not actually benefits if all relevant factors are taken into
account, such as the kinds of jobs, and the comparison
of the situation without the sports team.
(3)
However,
the reading proposes that the benefit to the city’s image
is invaluable, ultimately attracting new residents and
businesses and contributing to the city’s long-term
growth.
(4)
In spite of this fact, the speaker maintains
that the city would benefit more from investing this
money elsewhere, such as in education and infrastructure.
Practice 3
Step 1
In 1989, scientists in Utah made a controversial
announcement. They claimed that they had carried
out an experiment in which the results could only be
explained by nuclear fusion. In their experiment, they
filled a glass container with heavy water which had a
small amount of salt dissolved in it. Into the container,
they inserted two electrodes: one was platinum and one
was palladium. The platinum electrode was connected to
the positive charge of a car battery, while the platinum
electrode was attached to the negative charge. This
pr
ocess created an excess amount of heat---more than

concur with current theory
- in time, scientists have reproduced the original findings
- measurement equipment has become more reliable
Step 3
Reading
• “Cold fusion” claims do not fit current nuclear fusion
theories
• Scientists were unable to reproduce the results of the
original experiment
• Positive results can only be explained as error
Lecture
• Science relies on reexamination of theories when
evidence is presented to contradict them
• While results weren’t reproduced immediately after
the announcement, in time, scientists have reproduced
the same results
• No skeptic has been able to identify an error that
explains all positive results
Step 4
The debate surrounding the possibility of cold fusion,
(1)
that is
, nuclear fusion occurring at room temperature,
is centered on the scientific process. The reading attacks
the scientists’ interpretation of their results. When they
found that excess heat was generated in an amount
that could not be explained by chemical reactions, the
scientists concluded that nuclear fusion was taking place.
The reading states that because such an interpretation
does not concur with current theory, it should not be

eaters is based on skeletal remains that were found to
have been broken and burned. It can be demonstrated
from these findings that flesh was removed from the
bones, but that does not prove that the meat was
actually ingested
. A more plausible explanation, and one
that coincides with the beliefs of the Pueblo peoples,
is that these ar
e the remains of suspected witches who
wer
e put to death. The custom was to kill the suspected
witch by burning the body and tearing apart the remains
in order to remove and destroy the witch’s “evil” heart.
This explains the broken bones and burn marks. It also
explains why the corpse was ripped apart. While the
Mastering-Books_5 2006.5.29 2:13 PM Page 794
Answer Key
795
practice was brutal, it does not imply cannibalism. Any
claim that the Anasazi people were cannibalistic is based
not on fact, but on inference. The refusal of some to
consider other plausible explanations is unscientific and
irrational.
Step 2
Evidence supports the claim that cannibalism took
place in Anasazi society.
- Evidence does not implicate anyone in particular
- Fossilized fecal matter proves ingestion took place
- Pot resin on bones rules out witch slaughter
explanation

Furthermore, fossilized fecal matter shows
traces of human flesh. While the reading states that
Native American culture would not condone such
activities, the speaker maintains that the evidence does
not implicate anyone in particular in the act. She goes on
to offer a plausible explanation that has been presented:
that a group of foreigners engaged in cannibalism in
order to terrorize the Anasazi.
(4)
Thus, the peaceful
reputation of this culture need not be tarnished by the
evidence of cannibalism.
Skill B
Practice 1
Step 2
Introduction: (C), (B), (D), (A)
Transitions: thus, finally
Body: (F), (C), (D), (A), (E), (B)
Transitions: by, also, in fact, as a result, furthermore
Conclusion: (E), (D), (B), (C), (A)
Transitions: because, consequently, clearly, instead of
Practice 2
Step 2
Introduction: (B), (A), (C)
Transitions: for this reason, in short
Body: (D), (B), (A), (E), (C)
Transitions: that is, while, however
Conclusion: (B), (D), (A), (C)
Transitions: further, in effect, therefore
Practice 3

Review 2
1. (C) 2. (B) 3. (A)
4. (D) 5. (B) 6. (D)
7. (A) 8. (C) 9. (D)
10. (D) 11. (B) 12. (A)
13. (B) 14. (C) 15. (A)
16. (A) 17. (C) 18. (D)
19. (D) 20. (A) 21. (C)
22. (C) 23. (B) 24. (A)
25. (C) 26. (A) 27. (D)
28. (A) 29. (A) 30. (B)
31. tarnish 32. dynamic 33. pecuniary
34. welfare 35. remuneration 36. undertake
37. discourse 38. exempt 39. touchy
40. burden 41. up 42. in
43. into 44. on 45. top
46. (B) 47. (D) 48. (E)
49. (A) 50. (C)
Mastering-Books_5 2006.5.29 2:13 PM Page 796
Answer Key
797
Focus A
- Verb Forms
Exercise 1
The reading introduces the idea of supply and demand.
In particular, the passage explains
that a person’s salary
depends
on public demand for his or her talent. In other
words, a person with a rare talent should ear

The reading passage describes
important space
achievements in the 20
th
century, including NASA’s lunar
missions. In the lecture, the professor emphasizes the
point that US astronauts are the only humans who
have walked on the moon. He gives several interesting
statistics related to lunar programs developed
by other
countries. In particular, the professor discusses
Russia’s
lunar program. He points out that although Russia has
sent rockets to the moon, no Russian cosmonauts wer
e
ever sent to land on the moon. He also mentions that
China is developing plans to send humans to the moon,
though those plans will not materialize for a long time.
In order to stay healthy, I walk whenever I can. This often
means that I have to plan my day carefully so that I can
leave enough time to get where I need to go. For example,
if I take the subway to my university, it takes about thirty
minutes to get from my apartment to my classroom.
However, if I get off the subway one stop early in order
to walk for exercise, it takes forty-five minutes to get to
my classroom. Therefore, I have to leave my apartment
fifteen minutes earlier than normal so that I can exercise
for fifteen minutes by walking to class. By walking to
class, I can also enjoy the added benefit of relaxing in
the fresh air rather than being cramped and pushed

Mastering-Books_5 2006.5.29 2:13 PM Page 797