1. Adams A., Auchinachie N., Bundy A., Tatner M.F. & Horne M.F. (1988) The
potency of adjuvanted injected vaccines in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri
Richardson) and bath vaccines in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) against
furunculosis. Aquaculture 69, 15–26.
2. Agius C. & Agbede S.A. (1984) Electron microscopical studies on the genesis
of lipofuscin, melanin and haemosiderin in the haemopoietic tissues of fish.
Journal of Fish Biology 24, 471– 488.
3. Agius C. & Roberts R.J. (1981) Effects of starvation on the melano-
macrophage centres of fish. Journal of Fish Biology 19, 161–169.
4. Agius C. (1979b) The role of melano-macrophage centres in iron storage in
normal and diseased fish. Journal of Fish Diseases 2, 337–343.
5. Agius C. (1980) Phylogenetic development of melano-macrophage centres in
fish. Journal of Zoology, London 191, 11–31.
6. Agius C. (1981a) Preliminary studies on the ontogeny of the melano-
macrophages of teleost haemopoietic tissue and agerelated
7. Agius C. (1981b) The effects of splenectomy and subsequent starvation on the
storage of haemosiderin by the melanomacrophages melanomacrophages of
rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri Richardson. Journal of Fish Biology 18, 41–44.
8. Agius C. (1983) On the failure to detect haemosiderin in the melano-
macrophages of the dogfish Scylorhinus canicula (Linnaeus) after prolonged
starvation. Experientia 39, 64–67.
9. Agius C. (1985) The melano-macrophage centres in fish: a review. In: Fish
Immunology (ed. by M.J. Manning & M.F. Tatner), pp. 85–105. Academic
Press, London.
10. Ahti Haaparanta E., Valtonen T., Hoffmann R. & Holmes J. (1996) Do
macrophage centres in fresh water fishes reflect the differences in water
quality? Aquatic Toxicology 34, 253–272.
11. Akhlaghi M., Munday B.L. & Whittington R.J. (1996) Comparison of passive
and active immunization of fish against streptococcosis (enterococcosis).
Journal of Fish Diseases 19, 251±258.
12. Akhlaghi M., Munday B.L. & Whittington R.J. (1996) Comparison of passive

22. Aspan A, Huang TS, Cerenius L, So¨derha¨ll K. cDNA cloning of a
prophenoloxidase from the freshwater crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus and
its activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995;92:939–43.
23. Aspan A, So¨derha¨ll K. Purification or prophenoloxidase from crayfish blood
cells and its activation by an endogenous serine proteinase. Insect
Biochemistry 1991;21:363–73.
24. Austin B. & Stobie M. (1991) Recovery of yellow-pigmented bacteria from
dead and moribund fish during outbreaks of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus
mykiss (Walbaum), fry syndrome in England. Journal of Fish Diseases 14,
677–682.
25. Babior BM. Oxidants from phagocytes: agents of defense and destruction.
Blood 1984;64:959–66.
26. Bache`re E, Miahle E, Rodriguez J. Identification of defence e.ectors in the
haemolymph of crustaceans with particular reference to the shrimp Penaeus
japonicus (Bate), prospects and applications. Fish Shellfish Immunol
1995;5:597–612.
27. Barracco MA, Duvic B, So¨derha¨ll K. The beta-1,3-glucan-binding protein
from the crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus, when reacted with a beta-1,3-
glucan, induces spreading and degranulation of crayfish granular cells. Cell
Tissue Research 1991; 266:491–97.
28. Bell KL, Smith VJ. Occurrence and distribution of antioxidant enzyme activity
in the blood of Carcinus maenas. Marine Biology 1995;123:829–36.
29. Bernardet J.F. & Kerouault B. (1989) Phenotypic and genomic studies of
Cytophaga psychrophila isolated from diseased rainbow trout Oncorhynchus
mykiss in France. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 55, 796–800.
30. Blazer V.S. 1991. Piscine macrophage functions and nutritional influence: a
review. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, 3:77-86.
31. Blazer V.S., Wolke R.E., Brown J. & Powell C.A. (1987) Piscine macrophage
aggregate parameters as health monitors: effects of age, sex, relative weight,
season and site quality in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Aquatic

41. Bullock G.L., Conroy D.A. & Snieszko S.F. (1971) Myxobacterioses. In:
Diseases of Fishes (ed. by S.F. Snieszko & H.R. Axelrod ), pp. 60–88. T.F.H.
Publications, Jersey City.
42. Burton C.A. Techniques of lobster stock enhancement. Seafish Industry
Authority Report No. 396 February 1999; 1992. 51pp.
43. Bustos P.A., Calbuyahue J., Montana J., Opazo B., Entrala P. & Solervicens R.
(1995) First isolation of Flexibacter psychrophilus, as causative agent of
rainbow trout fry syndrome (RTFS), producing rainbow trout mortality in
Chile. Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists 15, 162–164.
44. Cain K.D. (1997) Evaluation of mucosal immunity in rainbow trout
(Oncorhynchus mykiss) challenged with infectious hematopoietic necrosis
virus (IHNV) and the characterization of a recombinant baculovirus derived
IHNV vaccine. Doctoral dissertation, Washington State Universtiy, Pullman,
WA.
45. Cain K.D., Jones D.R. & Raison R.L. (2000) Characterization of mucosal and
systemic immune responses in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) using
surface plasmon resonance. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 10, 651–666.
46. Campa-Co´ rdova AI, Hernandes-Saavedra NY, De Philippis R, Ascencio F.
Generation of superoxide anion and SOD activity in haemocytes and muscle
of American White shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) as a response to _-glucan
and sulphated polysaccaride. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2002;12:353–66.
47. Capone DG, Weston DP, Miller V, Shoemaker C. Antibacterial residues in
marine sediments and invertebrates following chemotherapy in aquaculture.
Aquaculture 1996;145:55–75.
48. Cardenas W, Dankert JR. Phenoloxidase specific activity in the red swamp
crayfish Procambarus clarkii. Fish Shellfish Immunol 1997;7:283–95.
49. Carmichael J.W. (1966) Cerebral mycetoma in trout. Sabouraudia 6, 120–123.
50. Cerenius L, Liang Z, Duvic B, Keyser P, Hellman U, Palva ET et al. Structure
and biological activity of a 1,3-beta-D-glucan binding protein in crustacean
blood. J Biol Chem 1994;269:29462–7.

study of bacterial cold-water disease in Pacific salmon and further
characterization of the etiologic agent, Flexibacter psychrophila. Journal of
Aquatic Animal Health 8, 28–36.
63. Collier LM, Pinn EH. An assessment of the acute impact of the sea lice
treatment ivermectin on a benthic community. Journal of Experimental
Marine Biology and Ecology 1998;230:131–47.
64. Combs G.F. 1992. The Vitamins: Fundamental aspects in Nutrition and
Health. Academic Press, Inc.
65. Couillard C.M. & Hodson P.V. (1996) Pigmented macrophage aggregates: a
toxic response in fish exposed to bleached-Kraft mill effluent? Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry 15, 1844–1854.
66. Crump E.M., Perry M.B., Clouthier S.C. & Kay W.W. (2001) Antigenic
characterization of the fish pathogen Flavobacterium psychrophilum. Applied
and Environmental Microbiology 67, 750–759.
67. Dalmo R.A. & Bogwald J. (1996) Distribution of intravenously and perorally
administered Aeromonas salmonicida lipopoly-saccharide in Atlantic salmon,
Salmo salar L. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 6, 427–441.
68. Dalmo R.A., Ingebrigtsen K. and Boegwald J. 1997. Non-specific defence
mechanisms in fish with particular reference to the reticuloendothelial system.
Journal of Fish Diseases. 20, 241-273.
69. Dalsgaard I. & Madsen L. (2000) Bacterial pathogens in rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), reared at Danish freshwater farms. Journal
of Fish Diseases 23, 199–209.
70. Deby C. 1991. La biochimie de l'oxygène. La Recherche. 228, 22, 56-64.
71. DeLuca D., Wilson M. & Warr G.W. (1983) Lymphocyte heterogeneity in the
trout, Salmo gairdneri, defined with monoclonal antibodies to IgM. European
Journal of Immunology 13, 546–551.
72. Destoumieux D, Bulet P, Loew D, Van Dorsellaer A, Rodriguez J, Bache`re
E. Penaeidins: A new family of antimicrobial peptides isolated from the
shrimp Penaeus vannamei (Decapoda). J Biol Chem 1997;272:28398–406.

vaccine against Streptococcus iniae infection in farmed rainbow trout.
Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 56, 175±183.
84. Ellender RD, Najafabadi AK, Middlebrooks BL. Observations on the primary
culture of hemocytes of Penaeus. Journal of Crustacean Biology 1992;12:178–
85.
85. Ellis A.E. & de Sousa M.A.B. (1974) Phylogeny of the lymphoid system. 1. A
study of the fate of circulating lymphocytes in the plaice (Pleuronectes
platessa L.). European Journal of Immunology 4, 338–343.
86. Ellis A.E. (1980) Antigen-trapping in the spleen and kidney of the plaice,
Pleuronectes platessa (L.). Journal of Fish Diseases 3, 413–426.
87. Ellis A.E., Munro A.L.S. & Roberts R.J. (1976) Defence mechanisms in fish:
fate of intraperitoneally introduced carbon in the plaice (Pleuronectes
platessa). Journal of Fish Biology 8, 67–78.
88. Evans J.J., Shoemaker C.A. & Klesius P.H. (2000) Experimental
Streptococcus iniae infection of hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops X
Morone saxatilis) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) by nares inoculation.
Aquaculture 189, 197±210.
89. Evenson O. & Lorenzen E. (1996) An immunohistochemical study of
Flexibacter psychrophilus infection in experimentally and naturally infected
rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fry. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 25,
53–61.
90. Fabacher P.L. & Baumann P.C. (1985) Enlarged livers and hepatic
microsomal mixed function oxidase components in tumor-bearing brown
bullhead from a chemically contaminated river. Environmental Toxicology
and Chemistry 4, 703–710.
91. Faisal M. and Hetrick F.M. (Eds) 1992. Annual Review of Fish Diseases.
Pergamon Press Ltd, USA. Volume 2.
92. FAO. FAO yearbook, Fishery statistics, Aquaculture production 2000. Rome:
FAO, 2000;90/2.
93. FAO. Total production 1950–2000. FAO Fishstat database http://www.fao.

Norway.
105. Gabaudan J., Verlhac V., Gadient M. and Hofmann P. 1993. Stability and
utilization of vitamin C derivatives in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).
Presentation at the EIFAC Workshop on Methodology for Determination of
Nutrient Requirements in Fish., 29.06-01.07 1993.
106. Gallone A., Guida G., Maida M. & Cicero R. (2002) Spleen and liver
pigmented macrophages of Rana esculenta L. A new melanogenic system?
Pigment Cell Research 15, 32–40.
107. Ganz T. Biosynthesis of defensins and other antimicrobial peptides. In: Marsh
J, Goode JA, editors. Antimicrobial peptides. Ciba foundation symposium 186.
Fair Haven (NJ): Wiley & Sons Publishers; 1994, pp. 62–71.
108. Gatesoupe FJ. The use of probiotics in aquaculture. Aquaculture
1999;180:147–65.
109. Ghiretti-Magaldi A, Milanesi C, Tognon G. Haemopoiesis in Crustacea
Decapoda origin and evolution of haemocytes and cyanocytes of Carcinus
maenas. Cell Di.erentiation 1977;6:167–86.
110. Grant A, Briggs AD. Use of ivermectin in marine fish farms: some concerns.
Mar Pollut Bull 1998;36:566–8.
111. Gross PS, Bartlett TC, Browdy CL, Chapman RW, Warr GW. Immune gene
discovery by expressed sequence tag analysis of hemocytes and
hepatopancreas in the Pacific White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, and the
Atlantic White Shrimp, L. setiferus. Dev Comp Immunol 2001;26:565–77.
112. Hall M, So¨derha¨ll K, Sottrup-Jensen L. Amino acid sequence around the
thiolester of a-2-macroglobulin from plasma of the crayfish Pacifastacus
lenuisculus. FEBS Lett 1989;254:111–4.
113. Hall M, Wang R, van Antwerpen R, Sottrup-Jensen L, So¨derha¨ll K. The
crayfish plasma clotting protein: a vitellogenin-related protein responsible for
clot formation in crustacean blood. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999;96:1965–70.
114. Hambrey J, Lin CW. Shrimp culture in thailand. http://www.
aquafind.com/articles/shmcul.html; 1996.

Ltd, Oxford.
125. Holmblad T, So¨derha¨ll K. Cell adhesion molecules and antioxidative enzymes
in a crustacean, possible role in immunity. Aquaculture 1999;172:111–23.
126. Holt R.A. (1987) Cytophaga psychrophila, the causative agent of bacterial
cold-water disease in salmonid fish. Doctoral dissertation, Oregon State
University, Corvallis.
127. Hose JE, Martin GG, Tiu S, McKrell N. Patterns of hemocyte production and
release throughout the molt cycle in the penaid shrimp, Sicyonia ingentis.
Biological Bulletin Marine Biological Laboratory Woods Hole 1992;183:185–
9.
128. Huang C-C, Song Y-L. Maternal transmission of immunity to white spot
syndrome associated virus (WSSV) in shrimp (Penaeus monodon).
Developmental and Comparative Immunology 1999;23:545–52.
129. Huang J, Song XL, Yu J, Yang CH. Baculoviral hypodermal and
haematopoietic necrosis-study on the pathogen and pathology of the explosive
epidemic disease of shrimp. Mar Fish Res 1995;16:1–10.
130. Huang TS, Wang H, Lee SY, Johansson MW, So¨derha¨ll K, Cerenius L. A cell
adhesion protein from the crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus, a serine
proteinase homologue similar to Drosophila masquerade. J Biol Chem
2000;275:9996–10001.
131. Inouye K, Miwa S, Oseko N, Nakano H, Kimura T, Momoyama K et al. Mass
mortalities of cultured kuruma shrimp Penaeus japonicus in Japan in 1993:
electron microscopic evidence of the causative virus. Fish Pathol
1994;29:149–58.
132. Itami T, Asano M, Tokushige K, Kubono K, Nakagawa A, Takeno N et al.
Enhancement of disease resistance of kuruma shrimp, Penaeus japonicus,
after oral administration of peptidoglycan derived from Bifidobacterium
thermophilium. Aquaculture 1998;164:277–88.
133. Itami T, Asano M, Tokushige K, Kubono K, Nakagawa A, Takeno N et al.
Enhancement of disease resistance of kuruma shrimp, Penaeus japonicus,

144. Kanost MR. Serine proteinase inhibitors in arthropod immunity. Dev Comp
Immunol 1999;23:291–301.
145. Kartause Ittingen, Switzerland.Wenk C., Fenster R. and Völker L. (Eds)
(1992) Ascorbic acid in domestic animals. Proceedings of the 2nd symposium.
9-12 October 1990,
146. Karunasagar I, Pai R, Malathi GR, Karunasagar I. Mass mortality of Penaeus
monodon larvae due to antibiotic-resistant Vibrio harveyi infection.
Aquaculture 1994;28:203–9.
147. Keith IR, Paterson WD, Aidrie D, Boston LD. Defence mechanisms of the
American lobster (Homarus americanus): vaccination provided protection
against ga.kemia infections in laboratory and field trials. Fish Shellfish
Immunol 1992;2:109–19.
148. Kelly-Reay K. & Weeks-Perkins B.A. (1994) Determination of the
macrophage’s chemiluminescent response in Fundulus heteroclitus as a
function of pollution stress. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 4, 95–105.
149. Kent M.L., Groff J.M., Morrison J.K., Yasutake W.T. & Holt R.A. (1989)
Spiral swimming behavior due to cranial and vertebral lesions associated with
Cytophaga psychrophila infections in salmonid fishes. Diseases of Aquatic
Organisms 6, 11–16.
150. Kitao T, Yoshida T, Anderson DP, Dixon OW, Blanch A. Immunostimulation
of antibody-producing cells and humoral antibody to fish bacterins by a
biological response modifier. J Fish Biol 1987;31:87–91.
151. Klein J. Homology between immune responses in vertebrates and
invertebrates: does it exist?. Scand J Immunol 1997;46:558–64.
152. Klesius P.H. & Sealey W.M. (1995) Characteristics of serum antibody in
enteric septicemia of catÆsh. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 7, 205±210.
153. Klesius P.H., Shoemaker C.A. & Evans J.J. (1999) EfÆcacy of a killed
Streptococcus iniae vaccine in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Bulletin of the
European Association of Fish Pathologists 19, 1±3.
154. Klesius P.H., Shoemaker C.A. & Evans J.J. (2000) EfÆcacy of single and

organs of carp (Cyprinus carpio). Cell and Tissue Research 242, 491–498.
164. Landolt M.L. 1989. The relationship between diet and the immune response
of fish. Aquaculture, 79: 193-206.
165. LaPatra S.E., Lauda K.A., Jones G.R., Walker S.C. & Shewmaker W.D.
(1994) Development of passive immunotherapy for control of infectious
hematopoietic necrosis. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 20, 1–6.
166. Le Grusse J. and Watier B. 1993. Les vitamines: données biochimiques,
nutritionnelles et cliniques. CEIV Eds, Produits Roche, France.
167. Le Moullac G, Ha.ner P. Environmental factors a.ecting immune responses in
crustacea. Aquaculture 2000;191:121–31.
168. Le Moullac G, Le Groumellec M, Ansquer D, Froissard S, Levy P, Aquacop.
Haematological and phenoloxidase activity changes in the shrimp Penaeus
stylirostris in relation with the moult cycle: protection against vibriosis. Fish
Shellfish Immunol 1997; 7:227–34.
169. Le Moullac G, Soyez C, Saulnier D, Ansquer D, Avarre JC, Levy P. E.ect of
hypoxia stress on the immune response and resistance to vibriosis of the
shrimp Penaeus stylirostris. Fish Shellfish Immunol 1998;8:621–9.
170. Lee DO’C, Wickins JF. Crustacean farming: Blackwell Scientific Publications;
1992 392pp.
171. Lee S, Wang R, So¨derha¨ll K. A lipopolysaccharide- and beta-1,3-glucan-
binding protein from hemocytes of the freshwater crayfish Pacifastacus
leniusculus: purification, characterization, and cDNA cloning. J Biol Chem
2000;275:1337–43.
172. Lehmann J., Mock D., Sturenberg F.J. & Bernardet J.F. (1991) First isolation
of Cytophaga psychrophila from a systemic disease in eel and cyprinids.
Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 10, 217–220.
173. Li M.H., Johnson M.R. and Robinson E.H. 1993. Elevated dietary vitamin C
concentrations did not improve resistance of channel catfish, Ictalurus
punctatus, against Edwardsiella ictaluri infection. Aquaculture 117, 303-312.
174. Li Y. and Lovell R.T. 1985. Elevated levels of dietary ascorbic acid increase

and estuarine sediments. Environmental Management 19, 81–97.
185. Lorenzon S, De Guarrini S, Smith VJ, Ferrero EA. E.ects of LPS on circulating
haemocytes in crustaceans in vivo. Fish Shellfish Immunol 1999;9:31–50.
186. Lumsden J.S., Ostland V.E. & Ferguson H.W. (1996) Necrotic myositis in
cage cultured rainbrow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), caused by
Flexibacter psychrophilus. Journal of Fish Diseases 19, 113–119.
187. Lundin CG. Global attempt to address shrimp disease (draft).
Marine/Environmental Paper No. 4. Land, Water and Natural Habitats
Division, Environment Department, The World Bank; 1996. 45pp.
188. Macchi G.J., Romanol A. & Christiansen H.E. (1992) Melanomacrophage
centres in white mouth croaker Micropogonias furneri, as biological indicators
of environmental changes. Journal of Fish Biology 40, 971–973.
189. Mackmull G. & Michels N.A. (1932). Absorption of colloidal carbon from the
peritoneal cavity in the teleost Tautogolabrus adspersus. American Journal of
Anatomy 51, 3–47.
190. MacLean L.L., Vinogradov E., Crump E.M., Perry M.B. & Kay W.W. (2001)
The structure of the lipopolysaccharide O-antigen produced by
Flavobacterium psychrophilum (259-93). European Journal of Biochemistry
268, 2710–2716.
191. Maeda H, Akaike T. Oxygen-free radicals as pathogenic molecules in viral
diseases. Proceedings of the Society of Experimental Biology and Medicine
1991;198:721–7.
192. Maeda M, Kasornchandra J, Itami T, Suzuki N, Hennig O, Kondo M et al.
E.ect of various treatments on white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) from
Penaeus japonicus (Japan) and P. monodon (Thailand). Fish Pathol
1998;33:381–7.
193. Manning, M.J. (1994): Fish in “Immunology: A Comparative Approach” Turner
J.R. (Ed) . John Willey & Son, Chichester UK.
194. Marquis H. & Lallier R. (1989) Efficacy studies of passive immunization
against Aeromonas salmonicida infection in brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis

distribution of penaeidin antimicrobial peptides are regulated by haemocyte
reactions in microbial challenged shrimp. Eur J Biochem 2002;269:2678–89.
205. Muzquiz J.L., Royo F.M., Ortega C., De Blias I., Ruiz I. & Alonso J.L. (1999)
Pathogenicity of streptococcosis in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss):
dependence on age of diseased fish. Bulletin of the European Association of
Fish Pathologists 19, 114±119.
206. Nair MR. History and present status of white spot Baculovirus and other
shrimp diseases in India. World Aquaculture 2000; 31:10–3.
207. Navarre O. and Halver J.E. 1989. Disease resistance and humoral antibody
production in rainbow trout fed high levels of vitamin C. Aquaculture 79, 207-
221.
208. Obach A. & Laurencin F.B. (1991) Vaccination of rainbow trout
Oncorhynchus mykiss against the visceral form of coldwater disease. Diseases
of Aquatic Organisms 12, 13–15.
209. Olivier G., Evelyn T.P.T. & Lallier R. (1985) Immunity to Aeromonas
salmonicida in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) induced by modified
Freund’s complete adjuvant: its nonspecific nature and the probable role of
macrophages in the phenomenon. Developmental and Comparative
Immunology 9, 419–432.
210. Overstreet RM, Stuck KC, Krol RA, Hawkins WE. Experimental infections
with Baculovirus penaei in the white shrimp Penaeus vannamei Crustacea
Decapoda) as a bioassay. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society
1988;19:175–87.
211. Pacha R.E. (1968) Characteristics of Cytophaga psychrophila (Borg) isolated
during outbreaks of bacterial cold-water disease. Applied Microbiology 16,
97–101.
212. Parihar MS, Javeri T, Hemnani T, Dubey AK, Prakash P. Responses of
superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and reduced glutathione
antioxidant defenses in gills of the freshwater catfish (Heteropenustes fossilis)
to short-term elevated temperature. J Therm Biol 1997;22:151–6.

Journal of Morphology 206, 273–281.
223. Raa J. The use of immunostimulatory substances in fish and shellfish farming.
Reviews in Fisheries Science 1996;4:229–88.
224. Ratcli.e NA, Rowley AF, Fitzgerald SN, Rhodes CP. Invertebrate immunity—
basic concepts and recent advances. Int Rev Cytol 1985;97:183–349.
225. Relf JM, Chisholm JRS, Kemp GD, Smith VJ. Purification and
characterization of a cysteine rich 11.5 kDa antibacterial protein from the
granular haemocytes of the shore crab Carcinus maenas. Eur J Biochem
1999;264:350–7.
226. Roberts M.L., Davies S.J. and Pulsford A.L. 1995. The influence of ascorbic
acid (vitamin C) on non-specific immunity in the turbot (Scophthalmus
maximus L.) Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 5: 27-38.
227. Roberts R.J. (1975) Melanin-containing cells of the teleost fish and their
relation to disease. In: The Pathology of Fishes (ed. By W.E. Ribelin & G.
Migaki), pp. 399–428. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, WI.
228. Roberts R.J. (1976) Experimental pathogenesis of lymphocystis in the plaice
(Pleuronectes platessa L.). In: Wildlife Diseases (ed. by L.A. Page), pp. 431–
441. Plenum, London.
229. Roberts R.J. (2001) Fish Pathology, 3rd edn. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
230. Robertsen B, Engstad RE, Jørgensen JB. _-glucan as immunostimulants in fish.
In: Stolen JS, Fletcher TC, editors. Modulators of fish immune responses 2nd
edn, revised. Fair Haven (NJ): SOS Publications; 1994;1:83–99.
231. Roitt I. 1988. Essential Immunology. 6th Edition. Blackwell Scientific
Publications. Roitt I., Brostoff J. and Male D. 1989. Immunologie
Fondamentale et Appliquée. 2nd edition. MEDSI/McGRAW-HILL Eds.
232. Rosenberry B, editor. World shrimp farming 1999. San Diego (USA): Shrimp
News International; 1999.
233. Rosenberry B, editor. World shrimp farming 2001. San Diego (USA): Shrimp
News International; 2001.
234. Rucker R.R., Earp B.J. & Ordal E.J. (1953) Infectious diseases of Pacific

Muiswinkel WB, editors. Techniques in fish immunology. Fair Haven, NJ:
SOS Publications; 1990, pp. 137–54.
244. Sequeira T, Tavares D, Arala-Chaves M. Evidence for circulating hemocyte
proliferation in the shrimp, Penaeus japonicus. Dev Comp Immunol
1996;20:97–104.
245. Shelby R.A., Shoemaker C.A., Evans J.J. & Klesius P.H. (2001) Development
of an indirect ELISA to detect humoral response to Streptococcus iniae
infection of tilapia, (Oreochromis niloticus). Journal of Applied Aquaculture
11, 35±44.
246. Shoemaker C. & Klesius P. (1997) Streptococcal disease problems and
control: a review. In: Tilapia Aquaculture 2 (ed. by K. Fitzsimmons), pp.
671±689. Northeast Regional Agricultural Engineering Service, Ithaca, NY.
247. Sichel G., Scalia M., Mondio F. & Corsaro C. (1997) The amphibian Kupffer
cells build and demolish melanosomes: an ultrastructural point of view.
Pigment Cell Research 10, 271– 287.
248. Simmen MW, Leitgeb S, Clark VH, Jones SJM, Bird A. Gene number in an
invertebrate chordate, Ciona intestinalis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
1998;95:4437–40.
249. Sindermann CJ, Lightner DV. Disease diagnosis and control in North
American marine aquaculture 2nd edn, revised Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1988
431pp.
250. Sindermann CJ. Disease in marine aquaculture. Helgolander
Meeresuntersuchungen 1984;37:505–32.
251. Sindermann CJ. Environmental quality and aquaculture systems. Proceedings
of the US Japan Meeting on Aquaculture (13th) held in Mie, Japan on October
24–25, 1984: National Marine Fisheries Service; 1988 54pp.
252. Smith P, Hiney MP, Samuelsen OB. Bacterial resistance to antimicrobial
agents used in fish farming: a critical evaluation of method and meaning. Ann
Rev Fish Dis 1994;4:273–313.
253. Smith VJ, Chisholm JRS. Antimicrobial proteins in crustaceans. Adv Exp Med

biochemistry of its activation and role in arthropod cellular immunity, with
special reference to crustaceans. In: Brehelin M, editor. Immunity in
invertebrates. Cells molecules and defence reactions. Fair Haven (NJ):
Springer Verlag; 1986, pp. 208–25.
265. So¨derha¨ll K. Fungal cell wall _-1,3-glucans induce clotting and phenoloxidase
attachment to foreign surfaces of crayfish haemocyte lysate. Developmental
and Comparative Immunology 1981;5:565–73.
266. So¨derha¨ll K. Prophenoloxidase activating system and melanization—a
recognition mechanism of arthropods—a review. Dev Comp Immunol
1982;6:601–11.
267. Soderhall K, Hall L. Lipopolysaccharide-induced activation of
prophenoloxidase activating system in crayfish haemocyte lysate. Biochem
Biophys Acta 1984;797:99–104.
268. Soderhall K, Smith VJ, Johansson MW. Exocytosis and uptake of bacteria by
isolated haemocyte populations of two crustaceans: evidence for cellular co-
operation in the defence reactions of arthropods. Cell Tissue Res
1986;245:43–9.
269. Song L, Liu JJ, Chan LC, Sung HH. Glucan induced disease resistance in tiger
shrimp (Penaeus monodon). Developments in Biological Standardisation
1997;90:413–21.
270. Song YL, Hsieh YT. Immunostimulation of tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon)
hemocytes for generation of microbiocidal substances: analysis of reactive
oxygen species. Dev Comp Immunol 1994;18:201–9.
271. Song YL, Liu JJ, Chan LC, Sung HH. Glucan-induced disease resistance in
tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon). Fish Vaccinol 1997; 90:413–21.
272. Sottrup-Jensen L. _-Macroglobulins: structure, shape, and mechanism of
proteinase complex formation. J Biol Chem 1989; 264:11539–42.
273. Spazier E., Storch V. & Braunbeck T. (1992) Cytopathology of spleen in eel,
Anguilla anguilla, exposed to a chemical spill in the Rhine River. Diseases of
Aquatic Organisms 14, 1–22.

283. Stuck KC, Overstreet RM, Lotz JM. E.ects of antibiotics on the growth and
survival of larval Penaeus vannamei in a small-scale experimental system In:
Aquaculture ’92: Growing Towards the 21st Century; 1992. p. 212.