USING PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES
33
prefix mal- means bad, evil, or wrong can help you significantly narrow down your
choices in the following question:
➥ To malign means
a. to arrange.
b. to speak badly about.
c. to charm, enchant.
d. to cast an evil spell.
With your knowledge of prefixes, you can eliminate choices a and c, leaving you
with a 50–50 chance of choosing the correct answer. If you recall any context in
which you have heard the word malign before, you may be able to choose the cor-
rect answer, b. To malign is to say evil, harmful, and often untrue things about
someone; to speak ill of.
HERE’S A HINT
NUMERICAL PREFIXES
Probably among the most easily recognized of the prefixes are the numerical pre-
fixes; that is, those that can tell something about the number represented by the
word. Take a look at some words that contain numerical prefixes: bipartisan (two
parties), triage (responding to the needs in order of priority, traditionally in three
orders of priority), and trilogy (a series of three plays). Among the most common
number related prefixes are:
un-, mono-: one (unique, unity, monotonous, monopoly)
bi-: two (bigamy, bilateral, bicameral, bicycle)
tri-: three (trivial, trident, trinity, triple)
quad-, quar-: four (quadrant, quarter, quart, quartet)
deci-: ten (decade, decathlon, decimal, decibel)
cent-: hundred (century, centipede, centennial)
mil-: thousand (millipede, millennium, millimeter)
Following is a list of the prefixes. For each prefix, we have provided two exam-
ples of words that use that prefix. With a few exceptions, these examples are not

intercept (to stop someone or something between its starting point and desti-
nation), intervene (to come, occur, appear, or lie between two points of time
or things)
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mal-: bad, abnormal, evil, wrong
malfunction (to fail to function properly), malpractice (wrongdoing, especially
improper or negligent treatment of a patient by a physician)
mis-: bad, wrong, ill; opposite or lack of
misbehave (to behave badly), misspell (to spell incorrectly)
multi-: many, multiple
multimedia (the combined use of several media), multiple (having several or
many parts or elements)
neo-: new, recent, a new form of
neonatal (of or relating to a newborn child), neologism (a new word or phrase)
non-: not
nonfiction (the genre of literature that includes all types of books other than fic-
tion), nonsmoker (someone who does not smoke)
poly-: many, much
polygamy (the system of having more than one wife at a time), polysyllabic (hav-
ing three or more syllables)
pre-: before
precaution (something done in advance to avoid risk), predict (to forecast, make
known in advance)
re-: back, again
rebuild (to build again after destruction), replace (to put back in its former posi-
tion; to take the place of)
sub-: under, beneath, below
subdue (to overcome, bring under control), submarine (a ship that can operate

examples that you can apply to new words when you encounter them.
ON YOUR OWN
GO TO PLACES WHERE ENGLISH IS SPOKEN
The more you listen to English being spoken, the more you will understand. Visit a
local park or museum where you will hear English around you. Go to the movie the-
ater to see a film in English, or rent a film in your native language and watch it with
English subtitles. Try watching the evening news. Listening well will improve your
English vocabulary.
U
J
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SUFFIXES
Suffixes are syllables added to the end of words to change or add to their meaning.
They often change a word’s part of speech, thereby also changing how the word
functions in a sentence. Suffixes tell you whether a word is a person, place, or thing
(a noun); an action or state of being (a verb); or a modifier, which is a word that
describes (an adjective or adverb).
HERE’S A HINT
PARTS OF SPEECH
The following table offers a quick reference guide for the main parts of speech.
Part of
Speech Function Examples
noun names a person, place, cloud, Helen, car, Elm Court,
thing, or concept brush, valor
verb shows an action, occurrence, go, jump, feel, imagine, interrupt
or state of being
adjective describes nouns and pronouns; white, oblong, ancient,
can also identify or quantify; exhilarating

an unfamiliar word, but it can help you determine the function of the word, zero
in on its meaning, and eliminate incorrect answers on an exam. For example, if you
know that the suffix -ity means state of being, you know that a word with this end-
ing is probably a noun describing a state of being, such as equality (state of being
equal). Similarly, if you know that -ish is a common suffix for adjectives, you can
eliminate answer choices that do not match that part of speech.
Select the best answer to the question.
➥ Squeamish means
a. to scream or squeal.
b. recurring illness.
c. extremely shy.
d. easily disgusted.
Choices a and b are definitions for other parts of speech—a verb and a noun,
respectively. Only choices c and d define adjectives, and only choice d is correct.
Squeamish means easily sickened, disgusted, nauseated, or shocked.
HERE’S A HINT
MOST OF THE TIME, BUT NOT ALWAYS
While prefixes and suffixes are fundamental components of your vocabulary, it’s
important to remember that they are tools to use in conjunction with other vocab-
ulary skills.
For example, most words that end in -ish are adjectives describing a character-
istic. However, vanquish and varnish both end in -ish, but they are both verbs, not
adjectives. Thus, as you come across vocabulary words with common prefixes and
suffixes, use your knowledge of prefixes and suffixes, but look for other clues to
meaning as well, including context (see Chapter 2) and word roots (see Chapter 4
and Appendix B) to be sure you are on the right track.
J
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HERE’S A HINT
MEMORIZING PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES
You may try to save time by memorizing a difficult vocabulary word for each prefix
or suffix. However, you can quickly and accurately learn the most common prefixes
and suffixes by remembering examples of words you already know, such as coop-
erate and dismiss. Because the words are already so familiar to you, you don’t have
to worry about forgetting their meaning and you will be able to recall them easily
even while under the pressure of an exam.
◗ Adjective Suffixes
-able, -ible: capable or worthy of; tending or liable to
dependable (worthy of being depended on, trustworthy), incredible (not credi-
ble; unable to be believed, improbable)
-al, -ial, -ical: having the quality of, relating to, or characterized by
practical (of or relating to practice or action; useful), ethical (of or relating to
ethics or morals)
-an, -ian: related to, characteristic of
humanitarian (relating to, or characteristic of a humanitarian), vegetarian
(relating to vegetarianism)
-ic: pertaining or relating to, having the quality of
dramatic (of or relating to drama, theatrical), realistic (of or relating to the rep-
resentation of things as they really are)
-ile: having the qualities of
fragile (easily broken, damaged, or destroyed; frail), servile (pertaining to or
befitting a slave; abjectly submissive, slavish)
-ish: having the character of
childish (characteristic of, pertaining to, or resembling a child), foolish (devoid
of good sense or judgment; exhibiting folly, in the manner of a fool)

●
Remember that you use prefixes and suffixes every day, all the time. Do not
feel intimidated by the long lists in this chapter or in Appendix B. You
already know much of this material.
●
Remember that prefixes and suffixes alone do not create meaning; rather,
they change or add to the meaning of the root word. Use as many
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vocabulary skills as you can to determine meaning, including prefixes and
suffixes, word roots (covered in the next chapter), and context.
●
Allow for exceptions. Although most words ending in -ist are nouns defin-
ing a kind of person (one who does), not every -ist word is only a noun. Elit-
ist is an example of an adjective with this ending. Check prefixes, word
roots, and context if possible to confirm meaning.
●
Use your knowledge of prefixes and suffixes to eliminate incorrect answers.
The more you narrow down your choices, the better your chances of choos-
ing the correct answer.
●
Once you have narrowed down your answer choices, determine the part of
speech of each remaining choice. Does it match the part of speech of the
definition according to the suffix?
●
If you know the prefix or suffix but still aren’t sure of a word’s meaning, try
to recall another word with a similar root. Plug in that meaning with the
prefix or suffix and see if it makes sense.
PRACTICE QUESTIONS