708
Answer Key
Skill A
Practice 1
Step 1
Research has shown that just 30 minutes of exercise a
day is enough to keep most people healthy. This does
not necessarily mean 30 minutes of har
d exercise at
the gym. It could be 10 minutes of brisk walking during
a lunch break or any other short break during your day
that you can think of. You simply need enough of
these short breaks to add up to 30 minutes over your
day. Whatever the activity is, it is vital that it make you
breathe vigorously and produce sweat. You have to
get your heart working significantly harder than when
you are resting.
Step 2
•light
exercise can lead to physical changes in the
body
- study of women who walked
- slow walkers
lost more weight
why? they exer
cised longer because talked with
friends
• weight trainers say focus on taking your time when
exercising
Step 3
Lecture

bigger, always look perfect, and have high nutritional
value. Other advantages include easier shipping and
longer shelf life in stores. All these advantages are so
important that most industries agree GM foods are
now necessary.
Step 2
• envir
onmentalists believe GM foods cause problems
in farming
- make farming too technological
- better way to make crops resistant is bio-natural
farming
• higher quantities and better quality of crops not
necessary
- make more for rich, less for poor
Step 3
Lecture
• GM foods cause unnecessary problems in farming
• Farming too technological with GM farming
• GM farming will only provide more food for already
rich countries
Reading
• Many advantages to GM foods
• Resists insects and diseases better
• Can help feed more people
• Has higher nutritional value
Chapter
2
Answer Key 709
Step 4

• Government should deal with pr
oblems on Earth
before thinking about space
- population problem ➝ better way to deal with
issues in agriculture, clean-water management,
and birth control
- resource problem ➝ spend money better way to
develop Earth’s resources or on programs to increase
recycling and reusing, and decrease consumption
Step 3
Lecture
• Space exploration not necessary
• Global problems should be tackled first
• Money should be spent on problems here on Earth,
not on space
Reading
• Space exploration necessary
• Natural resources available on other planets. If we
don’t explore other planets we may run out of
resources
Step 4
The lecture presents arguments opposed to space travel.
The reading, (1) in contrast
, presents reasons why space
exploration is urgently needed and even necessary to
ensure our future survival. In the lecture, it is clearly
stated that opponents doubt these claims. They contend,
(2) in brief, that our problems do not make space travel
necessary and insist that governments should focus on
better managing our problems here instead. The reading

• Claims poor living conditions and military spending
caused the fall of the empire
• Romans had no money and so became angry and
refused to defend the empire
Reading
• Moral decay caused the fall of the empire
• The army became undisciplined
• The cities became violent with high crime rates
Step 4
The lecturer says moral decay did not cause the fall of
Rome. This contradicts the text, which states moral
decay was the main reason. (1) For example
, the text
says 32,000 prostitutes lived in Rome. However, the
lecture explains many Romans could not even pay rent.
The text (2) also suggests soldiers lost their values, but
the lecture makes it clear that no improvements to living
conditions in cities made Romans refuse to fight. (3) In
addition, the lecture explains how hiring foreign
soldiers made armies expensive to maintain, resulting
in higher taxes and even more problems in cities. In
short, the lecture shows that problems in cities and
more spending on armies were bigger crises than moral
decay. (4) Therefore, we can conclude that moral decay
did not actually lead to the fall of Rome.
Skill B
Practice 1
Step 2
Transitions: For example, and, In this, I think
Transitions: Therefore, One place, On the other

13. (B) 14. (B) 15. (C)
16. (C) 17. (A) 18. (B)
19. (D) 20. (B) 21. (A)
22. (C) 23. (B) 24. (A)
25. (C) 26. (C) 27. (B)
28. (C) 29. (D) 30. (D)
31. environmental 32. intelligence
33. performed 34. consistently
35. damaged 36. responded
37. feelings 38. measured
39. encouraged 40. possibilities
41. resistant 42. relieve
710
Answer Key
Answer Key 711
43. restful 44. pace
45. nearby
46. (O) 47. (O) 48. (S)
49. (S) 50. (S)
Review 2
1. (A) 2. (B) 3. (B)
4. (D) 5. (C) 6. (A)
7. (B) 8. (A) 9. (D)
10. (B) 11. (D) 12. (C)
13. (B) 14. (A) 15. (C)
16. (C) 17. (A) 18. (D)
19. (A) 20. (C) 21. (C)
22. (A) 23. (D) 24. (B)
25. (D) 26. (C) 27. (C)
28. (A) 29. (D) 30. (B)

been looking for a house for over nine months
now. Yesterday, they finally found a house that they
really liked. They have decided
to move in next
month, after all of the furniture has been bought.
They both work in the same hospital. Stephen is a
doctor and Sarah is a doctor, too. Both of them work
very hard, and have little time for organizing their new
house. As a result, they hired a decorator to buy all the
furniture and decorate the house. In a few weeks,
they hope everything will have been/will be organized
and they are looking/look forward to living in their
new home.
Exercise 2
1. When I traveled around Europe, it was one of the
best times of my life. I had just finished university and I
decided/had decided I wanted to see some more of
the world. It was amazing to see so many different
cultures in such a small area. While I was traveling
through Germany, I met some people who, like me,
were from America. We had a great time, so we
decided to travel together for the rest of the holiday.
It was so much fun. We made a promise that sometime
in the future we would return and do it again,
together.
2. Dublin City is home to the world’s tallest sculpture.
The Dublin Spire is
over 120 meters in height and
was completed in January 2003. When the structure
was first being built in 2002, there were delays

risk, there comes greater excitement. The pleasure is
far greater than with normal, everyday sports. Of
course, you have to pay more with these activities,
but they are usually worth the extra cost. If you want
your life to have more entertainment, then these fun
pastimes are a great idea.
Chapter
2
Answer Key 713
Focus C
Exercise 1
IC
1. A lot of information are on the Internet.
C
2. We decided to leave the restaurant, as the
menu was not impressive.
IC
3. All of this food are healthy for you.
IC
4. A number of students has failed the exam.
C
5. The nurses waited over an hour for the doctor,
who never arrived.
IC 6. The Philippines have a population of over
eighty-six million people.
IC 7. After the day in the park, they was all very
relaxed.
IC 8. Brian and I am deciding where to go on vacation.
IC 9. Each nation have donated food and supplies
to help with the problem.

➠ I really like steak. I like chicken, too.
2. Simon jogged to the park. And stayed ther
e for
an hour.
➠ Simon jogged to the park, and he stayed there
for an hour.
3. It is usually warm in summer. Sometimes stormy
as well.
➠ It is usually warm in summer. Sometimes, it is
stormy as well.
4. I saw Ann last week. While walking to class.
➠ I saw Ann last week while I was walking to class.
5. The question easy
. I didn’t know the answer.
➠ The question was easy but I didn’t know the
answer.
6. Nancy works quite hard. But doesn’
t work as
hard as Cindy.
➠ Nancy works quite hard, but she doesn’t work
as hard as Cindy.
7. Tara has a young daughter. Her name Jessica.
➠ Tara has a young daughter. Her name is Jessica.
8. Now that I in Spain. I really want to go back to
America.
➠ Now that I am in Spain, I really want to go back
to America.
9. You can’t enter the competition. It too late
.
➠ You can’t enter the competition. It is too late.

➠ There is so much suffering in the world. There is
also so much unhappiness.
Exercise 2
CS
1. When the rain stopped, the sun finally came out.
F 2. Switzerland is a beautiful country. So too, Ireland.
F 3. Many countries in South America have excellent
soccer teams. Such as Brazil.
RO 4. The tour was not very successful we didn’t
enjoy it.
CS 5. When the opera was over, the audience stood
and clapped in approval.
CS 6. Though I waited over an hour for my friend,
she never arrived.
F
7. I asked my friend to help me with my resumé.
Didn’t help me.
RO
8. The builder did a bad job on my house I didn’t
pay him.
CS 9. When we went to London, we took a lot of
photographs.
CS
10. After the movie ended, everybody left.
F
11.Was very unhappy with the results. I decided
to study harder.
F
12. The town had never looked so clean. Worked
so hard to tidy it.

question.
IC 12. They didn’t want spend more time there than
was necessary.
C
13. To review the project again was suggested by
the director of sales.
IC
14.I knew that finishing the job would be more
difficult than to starting it.
IC 15. The easiest solution was that replace the broken
part with a new one.
C
16. They realized that waiting another day would
put them behind schedule.
Answer Key 715
Exercise 2
1. Dave and Casey agreed to share the prize
money.
➠ (that) Dave and Casey agreed that they would
share the prize money.
2. They decided that they would sell the house.
➠ (to) They decided to sell the house.
3. He expected that she would not flunk the
course.
➠ (to) He expected her not to flunk the course.
4. Andrea realized to paint the wall would take too
long.
➠ (that) Andrea realized that painting the wall
would take too long.
5. Everyone expected that the company would

the opera.
5. These days, I take cooking lessons, and I also
started a yoga class.
6. I was very hungry; however
, I had no money to
buy food.
7. We began our vacation in Paris. Then, we traveled
around the rest of Europe.
8. He won the cooking competition; therefore, he is
the best chef.
9. He is a fantastic lecturer; however
, he often arrives
late for class.
10. We lost that particular game, but
we won the
whole competition.
11. They won an expensive meal for two, so they are
going to a restaurant this weekend.
12. I encourage my students to read first; then
, they can
practice speaking.
13. They are big soccer fans; however
, they have never
been to a game.
14. I spend a lot of time studying French, but I don’t
seem to be improving.
15. I have the most experience with cameras; therefore,
I should take the photographs.
16. They had two choices. They could quit, or they
could work twice as hard.

hand, others may want to test how brave they are;
ther
efore, they put on a parachute and jump out of
a plane. Either way, there must be something special
that makes people want to jump.
Answer Key 717
Reading
Businesses
1. (A) 2. (C) 3. (A)
4. (D) 5. (C) 6. (B)
7. (B) 8. (D) 9. (C)
10. (D) 11. (A)
12. Proprietorship (C); Partnership (E);
Corporation (B), (F)
Crystals
13. (C) 14. (D) 15. (A)
16. (A) 17. (B) 18. (C)
19. (C) 20. (B) 21. (D)
22. (A) 23. (C)
24. (B), (C), (E)
Listening
Campus Life
1. (C) 2. (C) 3. (C)
4. (C) 5. 1 (A), 2 (D), 3 (C), 4 (B)
6. (D)
Art
7. (A) 8. (B) 9. (D)
10. Bayeux (C), (D); Bradford (A), (B)
11. (B) 12. (D)
Health

The Ministry of Education announced a new scholarship to help students who don’t have a lot of money.
The woman disagrees with this scholarship. First, she believes that the scholarship discriminates against
students whose parents are wealthy. In fact, her mother earns a lot of money, so the woman will not be
able to get the scholarship. Second, she believes that because the scholarships are not given based on
academic performance, they reward lazy students who don’t work as hard to earn high grades. In sum, she
would like the scholarships to be awarded based on grades, so she would be able to get one.
Question 4
The reading talks about Vikings and their ships, called drakkars. These ships were very long and strong.
They were used to transport up to 150 warriors on raids all across Europe. The speaker mentions that the
drakkars were actually often used for travel on small rivers rather than just on the sea. This way, the Vikings
could raid smaller villages. She also explains that noblemen usually owned these ships. In addition, she
details how drakkars were usually about 30 meters long with about 25 oarsmen. Last, she mentions that
the largest drakkar ever found was about 70 meters long and was probably owned by a king!
Question 5
Sample response 1:
In this conversation, the woman describes a problem she has with work and school. She is worried about
having enough time to study for exams while working at a restaurant four nights a week. The man suggests
two ways for her to deal with the problem. First, he suggests that she only work on weekends. I think this
is the best idea. The woman says that she likes to relax and hang out with her friends on the weekend, but
I think her job and education are more important. After she finishes university, she will get a better job and
have a lot of time for her friends.
Sample response 2:
In this conversation, the woman describes a problem she has with work and school. She is worried about
having enough time to study for exams while working at a restaurant four nights a week. The man suggests
two ways for her to deal with the problem. In my opinion, his second suggestion, that she ask to only work
two nights per week, is better. This way, she will have more time to study and earn high grades, but she
will still have time to relax and see her friends on the weekend. If she didn’t have time to relax, she might
get too stressed to perform well in class.
Question 6
The lecture provides information about the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. In particular, the professor talks

in school or business, the new resident must speak the language of the new country. If they do not, they will not
be able to communicate. If they cannot communicate with others, they will not have the opportunity to succeed.
Their social life will be poor, which will limit their chances of enjoying their time in a new place.
Similarly, to lead an enjoyable life, it is important to be socially active and have good friends. A new resident must adapt
to the customs of that country in order to feel comfortable around other residents. If he or she is uncomfortable around
other people, it will be difficult to make friends. Without friends, a new resident will not enjoy an active social life.
Finally, I think that part of the joy of life is learning about new cultures. New residents to a country should take
advantage of their chance to do this. Though adapting to new languages and customs can be difficult, it is also very
rewarding. Learning new customs can teach a person new ways of thinking about life. They can be exposed to new
music and art, too. Such new ideas can help people solve problems in new and different ways that they might not have
thought of without trying to adapt to the new culture.
In conclusion, then, I believe that all the benefits of following the customs of a new country certainly outweigh the
difficulties involved.