BASIC
ENGLISH
GRAMMAR
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ENGLISH
GRAMMAR
Second Edition
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Librsry
of Congrcecl
Cataloging-ln-Public
Data
Azar, Betty Scrampfer, 1941-
Basic English grammar
I
Betty Schrampfer Azar.

2nd ed.
D.
cm.
1ncludes indexes.
ISBN 0-13-368317-6
ISBN 0-13-368424-5 (v. 1). ISBN 0-13-368358-3
(v.
2)
1. English language Textbooks for foreign speakers. 2. English
language Grammar Problems, exercises, etc. I. Title.
PE1128.A96 1995
428.2'4 dc20 92-2571 1
CIP
Publisher:

pearson
Bducation
10
Bank
Stren
White
Plains,
NY
10606
All rights re9e~e.d. No part of this book may be
reproduced,
in
any form or by any means,
without permission in writing
from
the publisher.
Printed in the United States of America
15
ISBN 0-33-3b8337-b
ISBN 0-33-3b8b29-5
(Val.
A)
ISBN 0-33-3b8358-3
(Val.
0)
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Contents
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION

ix

PRONOUN
+
BE
+
NOUN
6
CONTRACTIONS
WITH
BE

7
NEGATIVE WITH
BE

8
BE
+
ADJECTIVE
10
BE
+
A LOCATION
16


30
USING
THESE AND THOSE

31

ASKING QUESTIONS WITH WHATAND
WHO +BE

32
.I?'
Chapter
2
EXPRESSING PRESENT TIME (PART
I)
'17'1
.
L
FORM AND BASIC MEANING OF THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

44
USING FREQUENCY ADVERBS:
ALWAYS. USUALLY. OFTEN.

SOMETIMES. SEL.DOM. R.4REL.Y. NEW
46
USING FREQUENCY ADVERBS WITH
BE

47

54
THE SIMPLE PRESENT
.
NEGATIVE

57
CONTENTS
.
//I
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2-10
THE
SIMPLE PRESENT: YESNO QUESTIONS

6
I
2-1
1
THE SIMPLE PRESENT: ASKING INFORMATION QUESTIONS

WITH
WHERE
64
2-12
THE
SIMPLE PRESENT: ASKING INFORMATION QUESTIONS

WITH
WHEN
AND

. . BE
+
JNG:
THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE
84
SPELLING OF
-ZNG
87
THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
.
QUESTIONS

89

THE SIMPLE PRESENT vs
.
THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
92

NONACTION VERBS NOT USED
IN
THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
95


+
BE
106 THERE
+
BE
YESNO QUESTIONS
i
107

THERE
+
BE
ASKING QUESTIONS
WITH
HOWMANY
109 PREPOSITIONS OF LOCATION

11
Chapter
4
NOUNS AND PRONOUNS

NOUNS: SUBJECTS
AND


MEASUREMENTS
WITH
NONCOUNT NOUNS
150

USING
THE
156

USING
0
(NO ARTICLE) TO
MAKE
GENERALIZATIONS
160

USING
SOME
AND
ANY
161
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS:
SOMETHING, SOMEONE,

ANYTHING, ANYONE
163

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS:
NOTHING

THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE: USING
-ED
177
PAST TIME WORDS:
YESTERDAY, LAST,
AND
AGO

178
PRONUNCIATION OF
-ED: It/,
Id/,
AND
ladl

180
SPELLING OF
-ED
VERBS
183
SPELLING OF
-ED
AND
-ING:

WHAT
206
QUESTIONS WITH
WHO

209
ASKING ABOUT THE MEANING OF A WORD

212
MORE IRREGULAR VERBS
213
BEFORE
AND
AFTER
IN TIME CLAUSES

216
WHEN
IN
TIME
CLAUSES

(PAST)
AND
LV
(EUTURE)

238
USING
TODAY, TONIGHT,
AND
THIS
+
MORNING,

AFTERNOON, EVENING,
WEEK,
MONTH, YEAR
239
FUTURE
TIME: USING
WILL

242
ASKING QUESTIONS WITH
WIU

243

VERB SUMMARY: PRESENT, PAST,
AND
FUTURE

FUTURE
TIME CLAUSES WITH
BEFORE, AFTER,
AND
WHEN
258
CLAUSES WITH
IF

260
EXPRESSING HABITUAL PRESENT WITH TIME CLAUSES
AND
IF-CLAUSES

263
MORE IRREGULAR VERBS

266
MORE IRREGULAR VERBS
270
CONTENTS
V
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Chapter
7
EXPRESSING ABILITY
USING CAN

INKNITIW

293
USING TOO
+
ADJECTIVE
+
FOR (SOMEONE)
+
INFINITIVE

294
USING ADJECTIVE
+
ENOUGH

295
USING ENOUGH
+
NOUN AND MORE
+
NOUN

297
USING ENOUGH
+
INFINITIVE

299
USING BERBLB TO

8
NOUNS
.
ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS

.
.
>
.,
I-
1
MODIFYING NOUNS
WITH
ADJECTIVES
AND
NOUNS

325
WORD ORDER OF ADJECTIVES

329
EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY:
ALL
OF. MOST OF. SOME OF

334

EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY: SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
336


SUMMARY: USES OF NOUNS

355

CONNECTED NOUNS: NOUN +AND/OR
+
NOUN
357
SUMMARY: USES OF ADJECTIVES

360
SUMMARY PERSONAL PRONOUNS

363

INDIRECT OBJECTS
364

INDIRECT OBJECTS: USING FOR
367 INDIRECT OBJECTS
Wm
BUY,
GET,
MAKE

369


USING
AS

AS;
USING
LESS

389
USING
BUT

393

USING VERBS AFTER
BUT
395
THE
SUPERLATNE: USING
-ESTAND MOST

398
USING
ONE OF
+
SUPERLATIVE
+
PLURAL NOUN

405
ADJECTIVES

TO)

424
USING
MUST

427
MODAL AUXILIARIES

430
SUMMARY CHART: MODAL AUXILIARIES
AND
SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS

431
THE
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
AND
THE PAST PROGRESSIVE

434

USING
WHILE
WITH
THE
PAST PROGRESSIVE
438
WHILE
vs

PRESENT PERFECT: QUESTIONS
AND
NEGATIVES

450
USING
EVBR
WITH
THE
PRESENT PERFECT

451
THE PRESENT PERFECT: QUESTIONS WITH
HOW LONG

453
PAST PARTICIPLES OF COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS

455

Appendix
1
THE
ENGUSH
ALPHABET
AI
Appendix
2
NUMBERS


W
v//
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This
Page
Intentionally
Left
Blank
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1
Basic
English
Grammar
remains a developmental skills text for students of English as a
second or foreign language. Serving as both a reference and a workbook, it inaoduces
students to the form, meaning, and usage of basic structures in English. It provides ample
opportunities for practice through extensive and varied exercises leading to
communicative activities. Although it focuses on grammar, it promotes the development
of
all
language skills.
This second edition has a greatly expanded range of contents to provide a solid core
I
I
of basic English grammar for lower-level or beginning students. It includes numerous
new exercises
with,
at the end of each chapter, cumulative review exercises that include
additional communicative and interactive student-centered tasks.
Also available are an

clearly
and convincingly; past and present authors of other
ESLW
grammar materials who show creative and sound approaches to helping students gain
understanding and usage ability of English; colleagues who give
me
valuable feedback and
share their pedagogical insights; and publishing professionals who know how to mold and
market
educational materials. We
all
rely on one another.
Above
all,
I
am
indebted to my students, who
have
taught
me
a
great
deal about the
language acquisition process by openly sharing
with
me their learning experiences and
practical needs.
In
sum,
I

your
classmates and teacher. Write their names
in
the spaces
below.
USING
BEAND
HAVE
.
1
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1-1
NOUN
+
IS
+
NOUN: SINGULAR
NOUN
+
IS
+
NOUN
(a)
Canada
is
a
counhy.
"Smgular" means "one, not two or more."
.
;$

front of singular nouns.
In
(b):
a
comes in front of the singular noun
carntly.
A
is called "an
article."
A
and
an
have the same meaning. They are both articles.
A
is used in front of words that begin with consonants:
b,
c,
d,
f;
g,
h,
j,
k,
etc.
Examples:
a
bed,
a cat, a
dog,
afriend, a

o,
and
u
are
called
''vowe18."
All
of
the
other letters
in
the
alphabet are called "consonants."
W
EXERCISE
2:
Complete the sentences. Use an
ARTICLE,
a
or
an.
1.
A
horse is
Qn
animal.
2.
English is language.
3.
Chicago is

and
the words in the list.
animal
continent insect
city country
language
1. Arabic is
a lang~~ge
9.
A bee is
2.
Rome is
a
citv
.
10.
South America is
3.
A
cat is
an animal
.
11.
A
dog is
4.
Asia is
12.
China is
5.

a language.
-*
Arabic
is
a language.
+
Etc.
is a country.
3.
. . .
is a city.
4.
. . .
is a continent.
5.
. .
.
is an
animal.
6.
. .
.
is an insect.
USING BEAND HAVE
W
3
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1-2
NOUN
+

and
cats are animals.
-
"Plural" means "two, three, or more."
Cats
=
a plural noun
are
=
a plural verb
animals
=
a plural noun
Plural nouns end in
-8.
A
and
an
are used only with singular nouns.
Some singular nouns that end
in
-y
have a special
plural form: They omit the
-y
and add
-ies.*
Two nouns connected by
and
are followed by

sentences.
SINGULAR
1.
An
ant is an insect.
2.
A
computer is
a
machine.
3.
A
dictionary is a book.
4.
A
chicken is a bird.
5.
A
rose is a flower.
,
.
:;
j;
6.
A
carrot is a vegetable.
7.
A
rabbit is an animal.
Ants

2.
DOES
are animals
3. Spanish
7.
Thailand and Viet
Nam
8.
Thailand
,<,
9.
Butterflies
,
,
t.
'A
.
'
10. A butterfly
,
11.
An
automobile
12. Automobiles
13. London
!I
,
.
.
I

'
"
'
'
"
,.
'

1.
.
.
.
a country.
6.
. . .
cities.
1
1.
. . .
countries
in
Asia.
2.
.
.
.
countries.
7.
. . .
animals.

.
. .
streets
in
this city. 15.
.
. .
a season.
USING BEAND HAVE
H
5
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EXERCISE 8-ORAL (BOOKS CLOSED):
What are the following things?
Example:
Cows
Response:
Cows are animals.
1. English
8.
Russian and Arabic
2. England 9. Spring
3. Butterflies 10. Japan andVenezuela
4.
Chickens 1 1.
A
computer
5.
Europe 12.
A

+
NOUN
am a student. (f)
We
are students.
are a student
(g)
You
are students.
I
a student
(h)
They
are students.
a student
a
counny.
she
he
it
we
ther
I
=
pronouns
r
}
=fomsd,
are
(

In
(j):
he
(masculine)
=
Tom
In (k):
they
=Rita
and Tom
EXERCISE
9:
Complete
the
sentences. Use a
VERB:
am,
is,
or
are.
Use
a
NOUN:
a
student
or
students.
i.we
arestudents
2.

(The
teach
supplies the name of a student.)
Response:
(Yoko)
is
a student.
(The responding student indicates Yoko.)
1.
( )
6.
( )
2.
( )and( )
7.
( )and( )
3.
I
8.
They
4.
( )and1
9.
You
5.
We
lo.
( )and( )and( )
Now identify the given people as students and, in addition, tell what country or
continent they are from.

A
contraction
=
two words that
she
+
is
+
she's
(b)
She's a student.
are
pushed together.
he
+
is
+
he's (c) He's
a
student.
it
+
is
-+
it's (d) It's a city.
Contractions of a
subject
pronoun
+
be

called an "aposnophe"
(').
WriE
an apostrophe
above
the
line. Do
not write
an
apostrophe
on
the
line.
CORRECT:
/;*
u
~&&t
USING
BEAND
HAM .
7
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EXERCISE
1
1
:
Complete the sentences. Use
CONTRACTIONS
(pronoun
+

like
my
classmates.
friendly.
7.
I
have
three
books.
on my desk.
8.
My
bro&
is twenty-six years old.
married.
9.
My sister
is twenty-one years old.
single.
10.
Yoko andAli
are students.
in
my class.
11.
Ilikemybwks. interesting.
12.
I
like
grammar.

Am
and
not
are not contracted.
Not
makes a sentence negative.
Not
can be contracted
with
fa
and
are:
(b)
Tom and
Ann
"'O
"Of
teachers.
[aren't
]
CONTRACTION:
fa
+
not
=
h't
CONTRACTION:
an
+
not

animals. They
5.
Arabic a country. It
6.
I
a professional photographer.
I
: >
.?.
.
3,
,
1,.i
8
II
,
.I
'8
:
'
,
Ms.
Black
Mr.
Rice
Ann
a
7.
Ann
a gardener. She

NOUN
+
BE
+
(a) Aball is
(b) Balls are
(c)
mar^
is
(d)
Mary
andTom are
PRONOUN
BE
+
(e)
1
am
(f)
She
is
(9)
They are
ALmCTIvE
round.
mund
intelligent.
intelligent.
ADJECnVe
hungry.

*T
STUDENT
A:
Make the faces
happy, sad,
and
angry.
Show your drawings to
Student
B.
STUDENT
B:
Identify
the
emotions that Student
A
showed
in
the
drawings. For
-
example:
She
is
angry.
He
is
sad.
They
are

2.
Ice isn't hot. It
3.
Mr.
Thomas isn't rich. He
4.
My hair isn't long. It
5. My clothes aren't dirty. They
6.
Flowers aren't ugly. They
7.
Cars aren't cheap. They
8.
Airplanes aren't slow. They
9.
Grammar isn't difficult. It
10.
My sister isn't short. She
11.
My grandparents aren't young. They
12.
The dormitory isn't quiet. It
13. The door isn't closed. It
14. Guns aren't safe. They
15. Lemons aren't sweet. They
o+@+g$=@
LEMON SUGAR WATER
1
LEMONADE
USINGBEAND

STUDENT
B:
It's round. It's flat.
round (a ring, a coin, a circle drawn on the board)
square (a box, a desk, a figure drawn on the board)
flat (a coin, a desktop)
full
(a pocket, a hand)
enipty (a pocket, a hand)
wet
(a
street on a rainy day, a licked fmger)
dry (indoors on a rainy day, an unlicked finger)
dirty (a hand or a piece of paper rubbed on the floor)
clean (a hand or a piece of paper not rubbed on the floor)
long (a suing, a strip of paper, someone's hair)
short (a string, a strip of paper, someone's
hair)
heavy (a desk, a pile of books)
light (a piece of paper, a pen)
loud (a knock on a door or desk top, one's speaking voice)
soft (a knock on a door or desk top, one's speaking voice)
quiet (no sound at
all
in
the classroom)
EXERCISE 16:
Make sentences by using
is
or

4.
Balls and oranges
5.
Sugar
12
CHAPTER
1
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6.
An
elephant
,
'.
but a mouse
L.
-
7.
A
rain
forest
,
but a desert
8.
A lemon
L
9.
A joke
tL
.
10. Good

diamond cheap.
7.
Diamonds expensive.
8.
Apples expensive.
9.
The earth flat. It round.
10. My pen
heavy. It light.
11. This room dark.
It
light.
12. English grammar
hard. It easy.
13.
This exercise dficult.
It
easy.
14.
My classmates
friendly.
USINGEEAND
HAVE
H
13
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A
turtle slow.
Airplanes slow.
They fast.

sleepy?
13. friendly?
4.
tired? 14. lazy?
5.
old? 15. hardworking?
6.
young?
16. famous?
7. happy? 17. sick?
8. homesick? 18. healthy?
9.
married?
19. friendly?
10,
single? 20. shy?
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