36 WORD-BUILDING PAGE 372
h Noun + ly: friendly, costly, cowardly, neighbourly, monthly
i Verb + able/ible: eatable, manageable, excusable, acceptable, comprehensible,
defensible
These mean that something 'can be done'.
This sweater is washable. (= It can be washed.)
But not all adjectives in able/ible have this meaning, e.g.
pleasurable (= giving pleasure), valuable (= worth a lot).
j Verb + ing: exciting, fascinating • 203
k Verb + ed: excited, fascinated • 203
6 Adverbs
We form many adverbs from an adjective + ly, e.g. quickly. • 207
286 Vowel and consonant changes
2 There can be a different consonant sound.
That's what I believe. That's my belief.
Also: advise advice, descend descent, prove proof, speak speech
3 Sometimes more than one sound changes: choose choice, lend loan,
287 Words belonging to more than one class
1 Many words can be both verbs and nouns.
Verb: You mustn't delay. I hope I win.
Noun: a short delay my hope of victory
Some words of this kind are answer, attack, attempt, call, care, change, climb,
control, copy, cost, damage, dance, delay, doubt, drink, drive, experience, fall, help,
hit, hope, interest, joke, laugh, look, love, need, promise, rest, ride, run, search, sleep,
smile, sound, swim, talk, trouble, visit, wait, walk, wash, wish.
NOTE For We swim/We have a swim, • 87.
2 Some verbs and nouns differ in their stress. The verb is usually stressed on the
second syllable, and the noun is stressed on the first.
Verb: How do you trans'port the goods?
Noun: What 'transport do you use?
live

Do you speak Russian?
I don't know any Greek.
c Referring to a specific person or group of people
Debbie is married to an Italian.
There are some Russians staying at the hotel.
The Japanese were looking round the cathedral.
d Referring to a whole people
Italians are passionate about football.
The French are proud of their language.
These expressions take a plural verb.
We can also say e.g. Italian people, Russian people.
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288 Nationality words
The stress can make a difference to the vowel sounds. For example, progress as a
verb is
and as a noun
36 WORD-BUILDING PAGE 374
2 There are different kinds of nationality words.
a Many end in an: Italian, American, Mexican. We can add s to form a plural noun.
Three Italians are doing the course.
(The) Americans think they can see Europe in a week.
NOTE
a To this group also belong Greek, Czech, Thai, Arab and words ending in i, e.g. Pakistani,
Israeli.
The Greeks invented democracy.
b The language of the Arabs is Arabic.
b Some end in ese: Chinese, Portuguese. We cannot add s.
Several Chinese (people) were waiting in the queue.
When we talk about a whole people, we must use the or people.
The Chinese welcome/Chinese people welcome western tourists.

3 Here is an overview of nationality words.
Adjective Person/man A whole people
Africa African an African Africans
America American an American (the) Americans
Arab/Arabic an Arab (the) Arabs
Asia Asian an Asian Asians
Australia Australian an Australian (the) Australians
Austria Austrian an Austrian (the) Austrians
Belgium Belgian a Belgian (the) Belgians
Brazil Brazilian a Brazilian (the) Brazilians
Britain British • (2c) Note the British
China Chinese a Chinese the Chinese
Czech Republic Czech a Czech (the) Czechs
Denmark Danish a Dane (the) Danes
England - English an Englishman the English
Europe European a European Europeans
Finland Finnish a Finn (the) Finns
France French a Frenchman the French
Germany German a German (the) Germans
Greece Greek a Greek (the) Greeks
Holland Dutch a Dutchman the Dutch
Hungary Hungarian a Hungarian (the) Hungarians
India Indian an Indian (the) Indians
Ireland Irish an Irishman the Irish
Israel Israeli an Israeli (the) Israelis
Italy Italian an Italian (the) Italians
Japan Japanese a Japanese the Japanese
Jewish a Jew (the) Jews
Mexico Mexican a Mexican (the) Mexicans
Norway Norwegian a Norwegian (the) Norwegians

places supposes prizes
match matches
The ed ending •291
wait waited
Leaving out e • 292
make making insure insurance
The doubling of consonants • 293
big bigger regret regrettable
Consonant + y • 294
easy easily beauty beautiful