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'' '' PGS, TS NGUYfeN TRONG PHUC'*'
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am 1917, trong bai viet ve C.Mac,
V.I. Lenin da neu ro: "Chu nghia
Mac la he ihong cac quan diem va hoc
thuyet cua Mac. Mac da thira ke va hoan
chinh mot each thien tai ba trao luu tu
tudng chil yeu cia the ky XIX, thuoc ba
nudc tien tien nhat ciia loai nguoi: triet hoc
CO dien Due, mon kinh te chinh tri co dien
Anh va chu nghia xa hpi Phap g^n lien vdi
cac hoc thuyet each mang Phap noi chung.
Tinh triet de va tinh hoan chinh tuyet vcfi
(ma ngay ca ke thu cua Mac cung phai thira
nhan) cua nhirng quan di6m ciia ong (ma
toan b6 hop thanh chu nghia duy vat hien
dai va chu nghia xa hoi khoa hoc hien dai,
tiic la ly luan va cuong Ilnh cua phong trao
cong nhan d tat ca cac nudc van minh tren
the gidi)'"".
Mac va Ph. Angghen ke thira va phat
then phep bien churng ciia Heghen, theo
Mac thi Phep bien chung la "khoa hpc ve

tich hang hda, san xuat hang hda, gia tri sir
dung va gia tri trao doi cua hang hda, Mac
phat hien ra gia tri thang du va bdc lot gia
tri thang du trong quan he san xuat tu ban
chil nghia. Theo Angghen, Mac da tim ra
quy luat phat trien ciia lich sir loai ngudi va
LY LUAN CHiNH TRI 8 - 2009
"Mac cung tim ra quy luat van ddng rieng
ciia phuong thirc san xuat tu ban chii nghia
hien dai va cua xa hpi tu san do phuong
thiifc dd de ra. Vdi viec phat hien ra gia tri
thang du trong linh vuc nay, thi lap tiirc mot
anh sang da hien ra trong khi tat ca cac
cong trinh nghien cun trudc day ciia cac
nha kinh te hpc tu san cung nhu ciia cac
nha phe binh xa hpi chii nghia vin deu mo
mlm trong bdng tdi. Hai phat minh nhu vay
ddi vdi mot ddi ngudi cung la dii roi. Ngudi
nao ma cd dupe mot phat minh nhu vay thi
han la da hanh phiic lam roi"''*'.
Vg chii nghia xa hpi, "Mac hoan toan
dira vao va chi dua vao nhiing quy luat kinh
te CLia su van dpng ciia xa hpi hien dai ma
ket luan rang, xa hpi tu ban chii nghia nhat
dinh se phai chuyen bien thanh xa hdi xa
hpi chu nghia""'. Mac cung dd ra sach lupc,
hinh thai dau tranh giai cap ciia giai cap vo
san; khang dinh sii' menh lich sir cua giai
cap vo san trong each mang vo san la danh
dd chil nghia tu ban, xay dung chii nghia xa

ma cdn giai phdng cac dan tdc bi ap buc,
giai phdng nhan dan lao ddng va toan the
loai ngudi. Tren con dudng di tim dudng
ciru nudc, giai phdng dan tdc, lanh tu
Nguydn Ai Qude - Hd Chi Minh da tim
tha'y d chii nghia Mac - Lenin con dudng
each mang chan chinh, con dudng cuai nudc
diing dan. • - ' • - • -
Nhirng nam 20 ciia the ky XX, Nguydn
Ai Qud'c da tiep thu ly luan Mac - Ldnin tir
cdi ngudn va ra sii:c truyen ba ly luan dd
thdng qua nhiing luan de tu tudng ciia minh
vao phong trao cdng nhan va phong trao
yeu nudc Viet Nam, giac ngd giai cap cdng
nhan va ca dan tdc Viet Nam dau tranh de
gianh ddc lap, giai phdng dan tpc, giai
phdng nhiing ngudi lao ddng cung khd, xay
dung xa hpi mdi vi nhan dan, vi con ngudi.
Theo Nguydn Ai Qude, mud'n dua sir
nghiep giai phdng dan tdc vao quy dao ciia
each mang vo san, can phai nam vung muc
tieu, ban chat va phuong thiirc tidn hanh
cudc each mang dd, dac biet d mdt nudc
thude dia, phong kien nhu Viet Nam, cae
nudc Ddng Duong va ca chau A ndi chung.
"Che dp cdng san cd ap dung dupe d chau
A ndi chung va d Ddng Duong ndi rieng
khdng? Day la van dd ma chiing ta dang
quan tam hien nay"'''. Nguydn Ai Qud'c da
LY LUAN CHiNH TRI 8 - 2009

nghia Mac ve co sd ljch sir ciia nd, cimg cd
nd bang dan tdc hpc phuong Ddng""".
Nhiing nam 20 ciia the ky XX, Nguydn Ai
Quoc da tha'y rang d Viet Nam "cudc dau
tranh giai ca'p khdng didn ra gidng nhu d
phuong Tay ndu ndng dan gan nhu chang
cd gi thi dja chii cung khdng cd vdn lieng gi
ldn; ndu ndng dan chi sd'ng bang cai tdi
thidu can thid't thi ddi sd'ng ciia dja chii
cung chang cd gi la xa hoa; ne'u thp thuyen
khdng biet minh bi bdc lot bao nhidu thi
chii lai khdng hd biet cdng cu de bdc Idt
cua hp la may mdc; ngudi thi chang cd
cdng doan, ke thi ching cd tordt. Ngudi thi
nhan nhue chiu sd phan ciia minh, ke thi
vira phai trong su tham lam ciia minh. Su
xung dot ve quy^n lpi ciia hp dupe giam
thidu. Dieu dd khdng the chdi cai ducjc""^'.
Vdi sir phan tich vd thuc trang cac giai
cap va da'u tranh giai cap d Viet Nam nhu
vay, Nguydn Ai Qude nhin nhan khdng chi
a Viet Nam ma ca Ddng Duong, Trung
Qude va An Dp, ca chau A, phuong Ddng
va cho rang: "chii nghia dan tdc la ddng lire
ldn CLia da't nudc. Chinh nd da gay nen cudc
ndi day chd'ng thud' nam 1908, nd day cho
nhiing ngudi culi bid't phan ddi, nd lam cho
nhiing ngudi "nha qud" phan ddi ngam
trudc thud' tap dich va thud' mudi. Cung chu
nghia dan tdc da ludn ludn thuc day cac nha

chien chd'ng thuc dan Phap va de' qud'c My
xam lupc, gianh ddc lap va thd'ng nhat hoan
toan. Chinh chii nghia Mac da khoi day
chu nghia dan tpc va tinh than yeu nudc
Viet Nam, phat huy sd'c manh cua quan
chiing nhan dan, phat trien khdi dai doan
ket toan dan tdc gianh ddc lap va phat tridn
da't nudc. Hd Chi Minh va Dang Cdng san
Viet Nam da that sir dai bieu cho tinh than
va sire manh cua dan tdc, trong dd cd sure
manh ciia giai cap cdng nhan va nhan dan
lao ddng. ,
Mac va Ldnin da quan niem ro rang ve
thdi ky qua dp ldn chii nghia xa hdi sau khi
each mang v6 san nd ra va giai cap cdng
nhan nam chinh quyen. Mae quan niem ve
qua dd chinh trj vdi sir thid't lap va vai trd
ciia chuydn ehinh vo san. Ldnin dd cap
nhidu hon ve qua dp kinh te. Thdi ky qua
dp theo cae dng la thdi dai chuydn chinh vd
san, la sir tdn tai cua nhieu giai cap, tang
ldp xa hdi va vin didn ra da'u tranh giai cap
vdi ndi dung va hinh thiirc mdi, la su tdn tai
va phat trien cua nhieu thanh phan kinh td'
dan xen nhau, nhidu che' dp sd hiiu tu lieu
san xua't. Thdi ky qua dp didn ra rat dai
trong ljch sir va phai trai qua nhidu chang
dudng, budc di khac nhau.
Sau thang lpi cua Cach mang thang Tam
nam 1945, Viet Nam da bat dau ky nguyen

mdi thoat khdi ach thuc dan, phong kien het
sire lac hau va dat nudc dang bj chia cat lam
hai mien. "Trong nhung didu kien nhu the,
chiing ta phai diing nhung phuang phap gi,
hinh thirc gi, di theo tdc dp nao dd tidn dan
ldn chil nghia xa hdi? Chung ta phai nang
cao sir tu dudng ve chu nghia Mac - Lenin
dd diing lap trudng, quan didm, phuong
phap ciia chii nghia Mac - Lenin ma tdng
ket nhung kinh nghiem cua Dang ta, phan
tich mdt each diing dan nhirng dac diem
ciia nudc ta. Cd nhu the, chiing ta mdi cd
the dan dan hidu dupe quy luat phat tridn
eua each mang Viet Nam, djnh ra dupe
nhiing dudng ldi, phuong cham, budc di cu
the CLia each mang xa hdi chii nghia thich
hpp vdi tinh hinh nudc ta""".
LV LUAN CHiNH TRI 8 - 2009
Dai hdi HI (thang 9-1960) va Dai hdi IV
(thang 12-1976) cua Dang da de ra dudng ldi
each mang xa hdi chii nghia d mien Bac va
ca nudc. Cdng cuoc xay dung chii nghia xa
hdi 0 nudc ta da dat dupe nhiing thanh tiru
nhat djnh, ddng thdi cung bdc Id nhiing
khuyet tat, yeu kem. Dd cung chinh la nhirng
yeu ciu khach quan phai tien hanh ddi mdi,
bat dau tir ddi mdi tu duy ly luan, nhan thiirc
rd hon vd chii nghia xa hdi va nhirng quy luat
khach quan ciia thdi ky qua dp.
Dai hdi VI ciia Dang (thang 12-1986) da

tudng Hd Chf Minh va chiing minh gia tri
khoa hpc, tfnh each mang ciia ly luan, tu
tudng dd. Trai qua hon 20 nam ddi mdi trdn
nen tang chii nghia Mac - Ldnin va tu tudng
Hd Chi Minh, vdi sir sang tao, phii hpp vdi
thuc tidn, Viet Nam da tidn nhiing budc dai
vdi nhiing bien ddi sau sic, nhiing thanh
tiru to ldn cd y nghia lich sir. Ciing vdi
nhung thanh tuu ve tang trudng, phat tridn
kinh te, van hda, giao due, thuc hidn chinh
sach xa hdi, cai thien dang ke ddi sd'ng vat
chat va tinh thin eua nhan dan, giu viing dn
djnh chinh trj va tang cudng siic manh qude
phdng, an ninh, md rdng quan he ddi ngoai,
chiing ta cdn dat dupe thanh tuu quan trpng
vd ly luan, "nhan thirc ve chii nghia xa hdi
va con dudng di ldn chu nghia xa hdi ngay
cang sang td hon""*", trudc het la vd muc
tidu va md hinh eiia chd' dp xa hdi chu
nghia d Viet Nam. Dai hdi X xac djnh md
hinh 8 dac trung cua chii nghia xa hdi Viet
Nam la: xa hdi dan giau, nudc manh, cdng
bang, dan chii, van minh; do nhan dan lam
ehu; cd nen kinh te phat trien cao, dua trdn
lire lucmg san xuat hidn dai va quan he san
xuat phil hpp vdi trinh dp phat trien cua lue
lupng san xuat; cd ndn van hda tidn tien,
dam da ban sic dan tpc; con ngudi dupe
giai phdng khdi ap biirc, bat cong, cd cuoc
sd'ng a'm no, tu do, hanh phuc, phat trien

lam sang td hon nhung chang dudng, budc
di cu the; nudc ta da hoan thanh chang
dudng dau ciia thdi ky qua dp (1996) va
dang d chang day manh cdng nghiep hda,
hidn dai hda dat nudc. Cung ein khing
djnh, thuc tidn ciia cdng cudc ddi mdi da
ehiing minh kha nang va ndi dung bd qua
chd' dp tu ban chu nghia. Qua dp len ehu
nghia xa hdi bd qua che dd tu ban chii
nghia, tire la bd qua vide xac lap vj tri thd'ng
trj cua quan he san xua't va kien triic thupng
ting tu ban chii nghia, nhung tiep thu, ke
thira nhiing thanh tuu ma nhan loai da dat
dupe dudi chd' dd tu ban chii nghia, dac biet
vd khoa hpc va cdng nghe de phat trien
nhanh lire lupng san xuit, xay dung ndn
kinh td' hidn dai.
Giira thd' ky XIX, Mac va Angghen da
du bao sir phat tridn manh me cua dai cdng
nghiep, ciia khoa hpc cdng nghe dudi chii
nghia tu ban, sir phat tridn ciia thj trudng
the'
gidi. "Tu do budn ban, thj trudng the
gidi,
sir ddng ddu eua san xuat cdng nghiep
va nhung dieu kien sinh hoat thfch irng vdi
nen san xuat ay thi nhiing sir each biet dan
tdc va nhung sir ddi lap giira nhan dan cac
nudc cung ngay cang mat di", "sir thdng trj
ciia giai dp vd san se cang lam cho nhihig

(6),(15),(19),(20) Mac va Angghen: Sdd, t.4,
tr.613,
623-624, 627, 624.
(7),(8),(9),(10),(11),(12),(I3),(14) H6 Chi Minh:
Todn tap, t.l, NXB Chinh trj quoc gia. Ha Ndi,
2000,
tr.33,
35, 63, 465,465, 464,466, 467.
(16) H6 Chi Minh: Sdd, t.4, U.272.
(17) H6 Chi Minh: Sdd, t.8, tr.494.
(18) DCSVN: Van
Icien
Dai hgi dai bieu todn
quoc ldn thi( X, NXB CTiinh trj qude gia. Ha
Noi,
2006, U.68.
Ly LUAN CHiNH TR| 8 - 2009