BAN THEM VE GIA
TRJ
CUA TUM TIEU
•
TRONG NEN VAN HOC CAMPUCHIA
NGUYEN SY
TUAN^*
C
au chuyen ve Tum Tieu
diia
theo
tam tham kich cd that xay ra vao
the ky XVI d vung Td-bdng Khd-mum,
thupc tinh Pray-veng. Tam tham kich nay
dupc
luu
truyen treng dan gian sud't nhieu
the ky sau de. Den cud'i the ky XIX, Ok-
nha Xdn-tha Mdc
diia
vao cau chuyen nay
viet thanh truyen thd Tum Tieu. NhUng
truyen thd nay ft dUdc biet den. Nam
1915,
Bc-tum Mat-the Xom
(1852-1932),
sU tru tri d chua Kdm Prau, huyen Xit-the
Kon-dal,
tfnh Pray-veng viet lai Tum
Tieu theo the thd Pia pram-pi (the 7
chU)'".

Ria-
mia, ngUdi vd'n cung rat yeu men va
muen
Tieu trd thanh hoang hau. Vua
Ria-mia
cho phep hai ngUdi dUdc lam dam
cUdi.
NhUng tinh yeu
ciia
hp hi ba Phan, me cua
Tieu ca'u ket vdi
bo'con
Or-chun, mpt vien
quan trong vung,
ngan
can. Tum bi bpn hp
lap mUu sat hai ngay trong ngay
cUdi
cua
Tieu va Mdn Ngudn - cdn trai
ciia
Or-
chun (ba Phan da
lUa
gat va ep bupc Tieu
phai la'y Mdn Ngudn). Tha'y ngUdi yeu bi
giet, Tieu ciing tU van theo. No, ngUdi hau
gai cua Tieu ciing quyen sinh thee chit.
Hay tin Tum hi giet hai va nang Tieu vi
dau khd ma chet thee, nha vua ndi gian,

van
thi cam theng va chia se ndi dau cua
hai con ngUdi tre tudi. NhUng ngUdi khac,
nhu Ok Xa-mon, lai phan xet Tum Tieu
dudi nhan quan cua luan ly truyen thd'ng
va dao dUc Phat giao. Ok Xa-mdn cho
rang, trong cau chuyen nay, ca ba ngUdi
TS.
Nguyin Sy Tuan, Vien Nghien
ciiu
Dong Nam A
12
Nghien cim Ddng Nam A
5/2010
ba Phan, Tum, Tieu deu sai. "Ba Phan la
ngUdi me tham lam, coi, tien bac, cua cai,
dia vi, quyen
luc.la
nguon goc cua hanh
phuc".
Tieu la "con gai nhUng lai trai ldi
bd' me", da "tU bd dad dUc, nen nep truyen
tho'ng" de "chay theo sU khoai lac" ("vUa
nghe ldi, tha'y mat da yeu ngay"). Dac
biet, tac gia da "danh" chd Tum ldi phe
phan gay git nha't. Thee tac gia, Tum la
ngUdi "da theo
eifa
Phat nhUng khdng
vupt qua dupc cam do cua

ve gia tri cua Tum Tieu trong nen van hpc
Campuchia nhUng nam dau the ky XX.
1.
Cai thien va cai ac. Cd le hiem cd mot
tac pham nao ma tac gia cua no da danh
den bon trang de thuyet giang cho muc
dfch sang tac cua minh nhu Tum Tieu.
Theo Bo-tum Mat-the Xom, con ngUdi
sinh ra da la khd dau (ddi la be khd),
nhUng Cdn ngUdi cung cd the hoan toan
tranh difdc mpi khd dau, thoat dUdc mpi
benh tat neu nhu hp dUdc che chd, dUdc an
nap dudi bong cua cac dang uy vu be tren
nhu cha me. sU thiy, ton giao va cad hdn
nUa la mat trang, mat trdi Khdng chi la
ldi giao dau (qua ldi tUa), tU tudng nay cdn
dupc tai khang dinh qua ldi ket
ciia
tac
pham:
"Hdi tat ca thien nam tin nii
Sinh lam ngUdi hpc chU ma xem
Le thUdng qua bao la nhan hpc
Tu tri, tu tam ay phai ren".
"Tuyen ngdn" cua Bo-tum Mat-the
Xom cung gan giong vdi Nguyen Du doi
v6i Truyen Kieu, mac dau muc dfch cua
hai tac gia co khac nhau. Neu nhu
Nguyen Du lam cho ngUdi ta hieu ring
eng cd

lam nd le, du nhin nhan d gdc dp nad va
bing ba't cU ly dd gi thi ciing la mpt tdi ac.
Tri tdi nhUng ke gay ra dieu ac bing
met
hanh dpng khong the ac hdn cung la mpt
Nguyen
SyTiid'n
- Bdn them ve gid
tri ciia
Tum Tieu trong nen van hoc
13
tpi ac, chang the bien minh. The nhUng
tac gia lai
cd^
tinh nhin nhan nd d mdt gdc
dp khac: lam dieu ac nhan danh cai thien:
Mucn dan tha'y luat hinh nghiem ngat
Bao nhau song lay dUc cho toan
Chd hpc thoi bat nhan bac ac
Ludi gUdm kia chang ket tpi oan.
Hdn the, tac gia con bien minh them
rang dd ddn gian la "vi nudc vi dan":
"NgUdi vi
nUdc
vi dan tri
nUdc
/ Luat mUdi
dieu nghien cUu them sau". Nhu
the
ma

khd cUng. Hp se quen ngay nhUng thuyet
giang luan ly nay de de'n hien thiic sdng
dcng khi dpc
nhUng
cau thd day hinh anh
va bieu cam:
Ldi Tieu lap treng riing hdn dim
Tdc em day may tham bdng benh
Mdi em nd ndng nan hda trai
NgUc em tran len ca mei
anh"^'.
Va ngUdi dpc chi con tha'y vi mot sac
dep me hdn cua nang Tieu ma vi no, Tum,
mpt chang trai dang nap bdng
eifa
Phat
da dUt ad ra di, bd lai sau
lUng
minh canh
eifa
chua ngan nam quyen ru. NgUdi dpc
cung tha'y rat ro vi tinh yeu ma Tieu, mdt
Cd gai doan trang hien thuc dam bd ngoai
tai nhUng ldi ran day
ciia
me cha vdn day
quyen uy de chay theo tie'ng gpi tinh yeu.
Cae hdn, vi tinh yeu ma Tieu dam lieu
linh
budc qua ngUdng

giad
ly nha Phat,
thing phdng tuc, tap quan, thang quyen
lUc
cua cha me, thing quyen
lUc
toi
thupng cua nha vua. Ndi mpt each tdng
quat thi tinh yeu da thang ca than quyen
va the quyen. De m6i la cai thien dfch
thuc - "thien
can
d tai ldng ta". Va ngay ca
cai chet cua Tieu ben canh Tum khi chang
bi sat hai cung la
sii
chien thing cua tinh
yeu. Tinh yeu da chien thang nei sd hai
(bing cai chet, Tieu se dUdc s6'ng ben canh
Tum mai mai). Vdi Tum Tieu, sU ling
dpng trong long dpc gia chinh la qua trinh
hanh dpng co y thUc cua hinh tUdng nhan
vat, nd phan anh quy luat cua sU van
dpng kh6ng
ngUng
cua con ngUdi va xa
14
Nghien ciiu Ddng Nam A 5/2010
hdi.
Chfnh vi the, cai chet cua Tum va

thd Campuchia da di dUdc mpt budc tien
dai tu the gidi than linh de'n the gidi cua
loai ngUdi va tU the gidi ngUdi vdi tU each
la
Idai
den cen ngUdi ca the, c6 ddi sd'ng va
quan he rieng
ciia
nd. Ve van de nay,
chung ta tha'y, tU Truyen thd dau tien
mang ten "Ld-b6c Angkor Voat" (1609),
cac truyen
Banh-nhg-xa
Xe-ra-xa, Pre Xa-
mut cua
Ok-nha Khd-leng
Nong (dau the
ky
XVII 1)
den Truyen Ndng Ca-cdy cua
Ang Uudng (1815), cac nhan vat chinh
deu la cac vi than linh day quyen phep.
Den truyen M6-ra-na Mia-da cua Thom
Banh-nha Uk (1877) thi con ngUdi da
dong vai tro nhan vat trung
tam**''.
Mac
dau vay, "con ngUdi" trong truyen nay chi
mdi dUdc "cha'm pha" b mUc dp "loai".
Nhung den Tum Tieu, con ngudi mdi

phat trien theo
hUdng tU
ngon ngii mang
phong each "bac hoc" (Sangskrit,
Pa-li)
chuyen sang ngon Khmer, mpc mac, gan
gui vdi dan chung "binh dan". Dac biet, la
mdt nha sU nhUng tac gia da sif dung mpt
ngdn ngU rat tran tuc va tUdi rdi cupc ddi.
Tuy d6i luc nhu6'm mau nhue
due
nhUng
phai ndi rang Xom da m6 ta moi tinh cua
Tum va Tieu het sUc s6ng dpng va tran
day sUc sdng. NhUng cau thd sau day mac
du dUdc chuyen sang Viet ngU rat hay
nhung cung chUa lot ta
dUdc
tinh than
nguyen ban: Tum sung
sUdng
pha niem sd
hai / Gat Tum ra mat lanh trach chang /
Rifng mdn mdn kia ai nd pha / Ma phan,
ngiic
day, tay dUa
ngang*'".
Cai hay trong
each
mieu ta khong chi

sanh cu the, gan giii: "Than anh nhu sU tif
/ Con em khac nao hang da / Su tif dUdc
ndi d tdt / Chang bad gid lai muon rdi ra".
Hdac:
"Anh nhu cdn vdi / Em khac nad
cay mia / Dudc mat ngpt chang chiu ddi
chan / Voi co bao gid bd mia ". Con ndi ve
n6i budn rau cua Tieu khi phai xa Tum,
thi:
"ThUc
an nUdc
uong kh6ng tUdng den
/ Thit ldn, thit ga, thit vit day bat / De
nguoi ngat, an chang dUdc /N6i budn ve sU
chia li lam bee ldng". Nhung khi cin, thi
tac gia cung het sUc y nhi, bdng bay: "Em
tiia
dda hda thdm / Anh khac nao con ong
mat / Em la ben dd /Anh nhU con thuyen
xuoi
ngUdc.
Bo-tum Mat-the Xom
Cling thfch diing cac thanh
ngU,
tuc
ngU
va sif dung chung mot each "dac dia":
banh ldn hdn khuon", "chin
trUdc
khi

4.
Mot budc tien mdi ve
each
thifc ket
ca'u. Vdi Tum Tieu, Truyen tho
Campuchia da co
nhUng
budc thay ddi ve
each thiic ket ca'u. TrUdc day, mpt truyen
thd dUdc viet theo nhieu the thd khac
nhau. M6i the thd dung de bieu dat nhUng
npi dung khac nhau. Vi du: the Brah-ma-
kit (5-6-5-6) dung trong viec dan do
khuyen ran, mang tinh chat tha thiet tinh
cam; the Ka-ka-te (4-4-4-4-4-4-4) dung
de thuat lai cac cau chuyen; the Phu-
chu6ng-li-lia (6-4-4) dung de dien ta cac
cupc hanh trinh hoac luc dUa tien nhau;
the Pum - n61 (6-4-6) dung trong cupc
tranh luan d6'i thoai
'^'.
Cac the thd nay
khdng
chi
dUdc sif dung de the hien npi
dung cu the
ciia
tUng trUdng doan ma con
dam nhiem vai tro chuyen canh hay to
chUc,

gia, thich boat dpng hdn la suy tU, thich
hdat dpng gifla trdi hdn la thu minh vad
phdng hep ".
Danh gia mpt each tdng quat, c6 the
noi,
Tum Tieu tfl khi ra ddi da tao nen
mot
.so'phan
rieng, vUdt qua gidi ban, vUdt
qua muc tieu giao ly ma tac gia vdn da
kh6ng he da'u diem, de trd thanh mpt tac
16
Nghien cifu Ddng Nam A 5/2010
pham danh da'u mpt
sii each
mang that sU
cua Truyen thd Campuchia, kh6ng chi d
sii
ket thuc mang tinh bi kich nhu nhan
xet cua Td-rang Nghia" ", ma cen dUa den
cho ngUdi dpc sU cam thong, chia se ve
moi tinh thuy chung cua doi trai tai gai
sic vdi nhflng cau thd me hdac ldng ngUdi.
Va quan trpng hdn no con chuan bi nhUng
tien de de tham gia vao dUdng hien dai
h6a nen
van
hpc Campuchia sau
nay,
tren

DUc Trung
(chu bien), Nxb. Giao
due,
H. 1998.
4.
Trong cong trinh
nay.
Ok Xa-mon chi ket
tpi ba nhan vat: ba Phan, Tum, Tieu
(nhif
da noi), con vua Ria-mia khong he difdc
nhae
tdi.
5.
Tum Tieu, ban dich cua Phung Huy Thinh,
Nxb.
KHXH, 1987, tr. 58
6. Chuyen viet ve mpt
moi
tinh rat manh liet
va tham khoc: Kdom-pi dem long yen say
dam mpt co gai. Hai ngifdi bo trdn de'n
sinh song d mot viing da't xa xoi. Khi da
trd nen giau co, ngu'di chdng da giet chet
ngifdi vp da mpt thdi chung song luc ban
vi de song vdi mpt ngifdi dan ba khac, bd
lai ngifdi con gai bd vd.
7 Nguyen van cau 425 trong nguyen ban:
"ddm
hon

1 de'n
cbifdng
10, theo
cac the Ka-ka-te, Brah-ma-kit,
Phii-
chu6ng-li-lia, Pum-nol, B6n-t6-la-ka, tif
chifdng 75 den chifdng 80 lai difdc viet
theo the Pia
pram-mudi,
v.v
11.
Xem Td-rang Nghia: Vdn minh Khmer.
Phnom Penh, 1972, tr. 15 (ban tieng Khmer)
12.
Chiing tdi quan niem rang sU ra ddi cua
van hpc hien dai Campuchia khong phai
theo con difdng phu dinh (tat nhien la
phai bien chUng va tflng
bifdc)
nen van
hpc truyen thong de tie'n tdi mot nen van
hpc hien dai ma do sU tac dpng cua nhieu
yeu to' ben ngoai,
nhif
anh
hifdng
cua van
hpc Phap, sU doi hoi cua mot xa hpi mdi
vdi nhflng dieu kien mdi (ldp ngifdi sang
tac mdi, cong chung mdi, dieu kien in