KEY INDICATORS
for Asia and the Pacific
2012
Printed in the Philippines
Asian Development Bank
6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City
1550 Metro Manila, Philippines
www.adb.org
Printed on recycled paper.
KEY INDICATORS
for Asia and the Pacific
2012
Green Urbanization in Asia
SPECIAL CHAPTER:
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2012
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2012, the 43rd edition of this series, is a statistical data book
presenting economic, financial, social, and environmental indicators for the 48 regional members of the
Asian Development Bank (ADB). This issue of Key Indicators presents in Part I a special chapter—Green
Urbanization in Asia—followed by statistical tables in Parts II and III with short, nontechnical
commentaries on economic, financial, social, and environmental developments.
Part II comprises the first set of statistical tables and commentaries, which look at the Millennium
Development Goals and progress in the region toward achieving key targets. The second set of tables in
Part III is grouped into seven themes, and provides a broader picture of economic, financial, social, and
environmental developments. This publication aims to present the latest key statistics on development
issues concerning the economies of Asia and the Pacific to a wide audience, including policy makers,
development practitioners, government officials, researchers, students, and the general public. This year,
ADB also publishes the second edition of the Framework of Inclusive Growth Indicators, a special
supplement to Key Indicators.
About the Asian Development Bank
ADB’s vision is an Asia and Pacific region free of poverty. Its mission is to help its developing member
countries reduce poverty and improve the quality of life of their people. Despite the region’s many
6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City
1550 Metro Manila, Philippines
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www.adb.org
iii
Foreword
The 43
rd
Development Goals (MDGs) indicator series for the 48 regional members. The Key Indicators provides
Framework of Inclusive Growth Indicators supplements the main Key Indicators
the region will be confronted with even greater environmental challenges that are already serious,
clearly describes Asia
Glenita Amoranto, Barbara Dizon, Nalwino Billones, Eileen Capilit, Modesta de Castro, Anna
Goals (MDGs), regional trends and tables, and country tables. They also wrote the analysis of key
the economics editor for Parts II and III.
and Guia De Guzman were the copy editors. Francis Manio designed the cover. Rhommell Rico did
22
24
25
26
Summary 28
28
29
34
38
Finance, Transparency, and Accountability 38
Summary 40
40
42
viii
4
15
16
16
17
17
Table 7 The Environmental Kuznets Curve for Asia 21
Table 8 United States Imports of High-Tech Green Equipment (%) 23
25
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27
Table 12 Water Pricing 31
5
5
2
21
ADB Developing Member Economies) 22
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25
25
26
27
28
10 32
Box 1 Metros Moving People in Delhi and Shanghai 14
15
Contents
Box 3 The Environmental Kuznets Curve 20
24
34
Box 6 From Waste to Energy in Singapore 34
Box 7 Kawasaki Eco-Town 36
37
Box 9 Small-Scale Energy Systems: Garment Factories in Bangladesh 37
37
Box 11 Kampung Code River: Upgrading a Slum 39
Box 12 Restoring the Cheonggyecheon River 40
PART II
49
policies and programs and reverse the loss of environmental resources 106
Table 7.2 Target 7.B: Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010,
108
109
of at least 100 million slum dwellers 111
112
Table 8.1 Target 8.A: Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable,
117
Table 8.2 Target 8.B: Address the special needs of least developed countries 118
Table 8.3 Target 8.C: Address the special needs of landlocked developing countries
and small island developing states 120
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102
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113
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114
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116
Box 1 Millennium Development Goals 49
94
125
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
Labor Force and Employment
Table 2.11 Imports of Goods and Services (% of GDP) 173
174
Table 2.13 Growth Rates of Real GDP (%) 175
Table 2.14 Growth Rates of Real GDP Per Capita (%) 176
177
178
179
180
181
182
Table 2.21 Growth Rates of Real Exports of Goods and Services (%) 183
Table 2.22 Growth Rates of Real Imports of Goods and Services (%) 184
185
186
187
Prices
Table 3.1 Growth Rates of Consumer Price Index (%) 193
Table 3.2 Growth Rates of Food Consumer Price Index (%) 194
Table 3.3 Growth Rates of Wholesale/Producer Price Index (%) 195
196
Money and Finance
Table 3.5 Growth Rates of Money Supply (M2) (%) 197
Table 3.6 Money Supply (M2) (% of GDP) 198
Table 3.7 Interest Rate on Savings Deposits (% per annum, period averages) 199
Table 3.8 Interest Rate on Time Deposits of 12 Months (% per annum, period averages) 200
Table 3.9 Lending Interest Rate (% per annum, period averages) 201
202
203
Table 3.12 Bank Nonperfoming Loans (% of total gross loans) 204
Capital Flows
232
233
Table 4.19 Aggregate Net Resource Flows from All Sources
234
External Indebtedness
235
Table 4.21 Total External Debt of Developing Member Economies (% of GNI) 236
Table 4.22 Total External Debt of Developing Member Economies
(% of exports of goods, services, and income) 237
238
Table 4.24 Total Debt Service Paid by Developing Member Economies
(% of exports of goods, services, and income) 239
Tourism
240
241
242
Transport
Table 5.1 Road Indicators: Network 247
248
Table 5.3 Road Indicators: Safety 249
Table 5.4 Rail Indicators 250
Electricity
251
252
253
254
Energy
258
157
Figure 2.4 Real GDP Growth, 2010 and 2011 (%) 158
159
159
159
159
160
160
161
161
162
Figure 3.1 Percentage Growth of Money Supply, 2010–2011 (annual percentage change) 187
188
Figure 3.3 Nominal and Ex-post Real Interest Rates on Short Term Treasury Bills, 2011 188
Figure 3.4 Bank Non-performing Loans, 2009–2011 (% of total gross loans) 188
190
Figure 3.6 All Items and Food Price Indices, 2011 (annual percentage change) 191
211
212
212
212
213
Contents
213
213
214
127
131
133
256
189
191
Box Table 3.3 Food Weights in CPI 191
Millennium Development Goals 283
Regional Trends and Tables 293
Statistical Partners
would not have been possible without
quality of life of people around the region.
Da Afghanistan Bank
Armenia Central Bank of Armenia
Australia Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences
Bureau of Resources and Energy Economics
Reserve Bank of Australia
Reserve Bank of India
Indonesia Bank Indonesia
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources
PT Pertamina (Persero)
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
Ministry of Finance
Korea, Republic of Bank of Korea
Ministry of Strategy and Finance
Ministry of Finance
Malaysia Bank Negara Malaysia
Ministry of Finance
Maldives Monetary Authority
Bureau of the Treasury
Department of Budget and Management
Department of Energy
Central Bank of Samoa
Economic Policy and Planning Division, Ministry of Finance
Singapore Economic Development Board
Ministry of Finance
Ministry of Manpower
Monetary Authority of Singapore
Solomon Islands Central Bank of Solomon Islands
Sri Lanka Central Bank of Sri Lanka
Taipei,China Central Bank of China
Council for Economic Planning and Development
Ministry of Finance
Thailand Bank of Thailand
United States Census Bureau
World Bank
Data for the MDG indicators, regional trends and tables, and country tables are obtained mainly from two sources:
to impute the missing data.
Fiscal Year
.
Afghanistan 21 March 2011–20 March 2012 2011
Hong Kong, China
India
Myanmar
Singapore
Australia
Measurement Units
kg kilogram
km kilometer
kt kiloton
Abbreviations and Acronyms
ADB Asian Development Bank
BRT bus rapid transit
CIF cost, insurance, and freight
CNG compressed natural gas
2
carbon dioxide
CPI consumer price index
EFB empty fruit bunches
EKC Environmental Kuznets Curve
FDI foreign direct investment
PLI price level index
PM
10
PPP purchasing power parity
TB tuberculosis
US United States
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