CHAU
MY
NGAY
NAY
SO 02-2011
47
VAN
HOA - UCH SLf
VAI NET VE VAN HOC MY LATINH
h
giua
the ky XX trd lai day,
van
hoc My
Latinh
da
that
sii
thu
hut
dUdc
sii chu y cua ddc
gia
va
gidi
chuyen
mdn
tren toan
the
gidi.
Ngiidi

chng
cac
giai
thudng
van hoc
khac
vi
nhhng ddng
gdp to ldn cua ho
cho
nen van hoc the
gidi.
Bai
viet
nay
budc
dau
phac
thao
mdt sd' van de cd
ban
ve
lich
sh, dan tdc va van hda My
Latinh
de th do soi vao
lich
sh van hoc
cac
thdi

nhhng
van
de
chinh
tri,
kinh
te, tdn
giao,
nhan chung, ngdn ngh,
cua nd. Jose
Marti
(1853-1895),
vi anh
hung
dan
tdc,
nha thd vi dai cua
Cuba
da ndi :
Nguyen
Hong Dung
TrUdng
Dai hoc
Khoa hoc
Hue
"Khdng the cd van hoc My Latinh mdt
khi
My
Latinh
chiia dUdc hinh

phhc
tap, bdi vi
lich
sh
hinh thanh
va
phat trien
cua khu
viic
nay rat
khac
vdi
hau het cac dan tdc
tren
the
gidi.
Theo
lich
sh, vao
ngay 12/10/1492,
doan thuyen tham hiem
do
Christopher
Columbus (1451-1506)
chi huy da
vudt
qua
Dai Tay
DUdng,
den mdt hdn dao

Tay
Au dang
chuyen
ddi th che dd
phong kien
sang
thdi
ky
tich
luy tu ban chu
nghia. Sud't
hdn
3 the ky (th
XVI
-
XVIII),
hai de
qud'c
Tay Ban Nha va Bd Dao Nha da
lien
tiep phai
cac dao
quan vien chinh
sang
xam
chie'm chau
My.
NgUdi
Tay
48

Nobel
1990) da. viet: "Se khdng hieu ndi
chiing
ta neu ngudi ta quen mat rang.
chung ta la mdt chudng cua
lich
sh
khong
tudng chau Au. Chau My chua
dUdc phat trien day du da. dUdc dat ten
rdi.
Cai ten ma ngUdi ta cho chung ta da.
phan quyet chung ta la mdt the'
gidi
mdi.
Da't cua sii chon
liia
cua tUdng lai:
trUdc
khi la chau My da biet rd
minh
se
la
nhu the nao
rdi".
Chi
trong may the ky, chau My da.
nhanh chdng trd thanh ndi chung
sd'ng cua nhung chu nhan thuc dan da
trang va nhiing nd le da den, da vang

luat, khoa hoc,
van
hoc
nghe
thuat cua ho. Sau dd,
khi
cdng cudc binh dinh da. tam dn ho
lap nen nhiing trUdng hoc, nha in va
bao chi de truyen ba nhiing chinh
sach,
tU tudng va ne'p sinh hoat chinh
qud'c. Chinh sii xam nhap, hda trdn
giua nen van hda da trang vdi nen
van
hda ban dia (cua ngudi da do) da
tao nen mdt nen van hda khdng thuan
nhat. Nha van
Mario
Llosa (Peru) da
goi
dd la "mdt nen van hda
lai":
"Phan
ldn
ngUdi My
Latinh
deu cd mdt hai
canh pha he theo do sdm hay muon se
xuat hien md'i day
lien

da dUdc hinh thanh
tren
nen tang cua sq ket hdp giua van
hda ngudi da trang di chinh phuc vdi
van
hda ban dia cung van hda ngudi
da den (gdc chau Phi). Dd la mdt yeu
tinh
da dUdc dn dinh trong may the
ky
qua va ngay nay nd dUdc xem nhu
la
mdt dac diem chinh cua ban sac My
Latinh
va sU ra ddi, phat trien cua
van
hoc My
Latinh
qua cac
thdi
ky da
gin
chat che vdi dac diem do.
2. Quan niem ve ranh gidi van
hoc va phan ky van hoc
Tien
trinh
van hoc My
Latinh
tren

da tao ra nhiing
thdi
ky van hoc
khac
nhau va mdi thdi
ky
deu cd nhiing he de tai, chu de
rieng vdi nhiing quan niem
nghe
thuat, khuynh hudng
sang
tac cua
chung. 0 tieu chi nay, ly luan ve van
hoc sh My Latinh khdng cd gi
khac
biet vdi cac nen van hoc tren the
gidi.
Tuy
vay, chung ta can luu y mdt sd'
van de het sdc quan trong trong ndi
ham khai niem van hoc My Latinh, la
xac dinh pham vi khu
viic
va cung td
dd
ma cd sq dinh hudng hdp ly cho
viec phan ky van hoc. Van de nay cho
den nay van con
dupe
tranh cai va cd

Peru
vao
van hoc cua cac nUdc My Latinh. Dd
la
mdt sai lam ldn. Cai goi la "van hoc
My
Latinh" bao gdm
hang
chuc
nen
van hoc dan tdc het sdc
khac
nhau,
mdi
nen van hoc phan anh hoan
canh
rieng biet cua mdi dan tdc". Dhng la
mdi
tac pham van hoc deu diidc xay
dUng tren cd sd cua mdt y tUdng ddc
lap va mdi nha van deu cd quan niem
nghe
thuat, phong
each
cua rieng
minh
va rdng hdn la vdn hoc cha mdi
qud'c
gia deu cd nhhng nhiem vu cu
the cua nd. Khdng ai phu nhan dUdc

Marti
da tu hao tuyen bd': "Tdi la
cdn cua chau My va tdi dn
NgUdi!".
De
trd
thanh chinh ban than minh, cd
tieng ndi rieng khdng bi chim lap, hda
lan
vao "ban giao hudng da thanh"
cua van hoc the
gidi,
van hoc My
Latinh
can phai gih diidc
tinh
thd'ng
nha't
tren cd sd ve dan tdc
tinh
va van
hda ma chung tdi da
trinh
bay d tren.
Van
hoc ban dia chng chi bao tdn va
phat
trien diidc khi dua
chac
vao

dau den nam 1820
Van
hoc My
Latinh
bdt dau bang
nhhng tac pham cha the' he nhung
ngUdi
da trang di chinh phuc. ThUc
chat,
dd la nhung ngudi chau Au viet
ve Chau My.
Phan
ldn cac tac phdm
dUdc viet trong
giai
doan nay la nhhng
ky
sq, nhat ky, thu th,
kich,
lich
sh.
Ndi
dung chu yeu cua chung la phan
anh cdng
cudc
chinh
phuc
cua ngudi da
trang, mieu ta thien nhien va con
ngudi

hien
mdt nha thd ldn la Alonso Ecxila
(1533-1594). Ecxila la dai hy trong ddi
quan Tay Ban Nha xam chie'm Chile.
Ong
da.
sang
tac ra tap thd bat hh La
Araucana
ma am hudng chinh la ca
ngdi
tinh
than dung cam cua nhhng
ngUdi
da do, nhhng ngUdi ma dng da.
true tiep chie'n da'u vdi ho. La
Araucana
dUdc xem nhu mdt ban anh
hung ca va ngay nay no la mdt tac
pham cd dien cua van hoc My
Latinh.
Th
giha the ky XVI da xua't hien
mdt
the he nha van, nha thd mdi -
nhhng ngUdi sinh ra va ldn len tai
Chau My. Rat ddng trong so ho la
nhhng ngUdi cd hai ddng mau: da
trang cung da dd. Trong the he mdi
nay cd nhieu ngudi ra't tai nang.

la
ngUdi cd cdng ldn trong viec xay
dung nen van
xudi
Brazil.
Tac phdm
cua dng da trUc tie'p chd'ng lai che do
thUc
dan, ddi
giai
phdng nd le. Nha
thd
nh
Joana
Ine Cruz (1648-1695)
cua Mexico la ngUdi cd tai nha't cua
thd
ca
thdi
thudc dia. Thd cua ba la sq
ket hdp nhuan nhuyen giha
tinh
tri
tue, nhhng tri thhc bach khoa ve ddi
sd'ng vdi ye'u td' trh
tinh
sau lang, dien
dat mdt
each
tinh

chiu
sq tac
dpng trUc tiep
cua
nhhng bien dpng
chinh
tri va
each
mang tren
khu vUc.
Va
dau the ky
XIX,
sq
phat trien
ve
kinh
te, xa hdi da nay
sinh nhhng
mau thuan
sau sac ve
chinh
tri
giha
My
Latinh
vdi Tay Ban Nha, Bo Dao
Nha. .Trong
khi
chinh qud'c mud'n

Hidango (1753-1811) lanh
dao
gianh
thang ldi. Trong vong
11 nam
(1810-1821),
trh hai
nUdc Cuba
va
Puerto Rico,
cac
nude
khac
deu
gianh
dupe
dpc lap. Day
chinh
la
thdi
ky
dinh
hinh
y
thhc
he dan tdc My
Latinh,
ra ddi
trong cudc
da'u

cdi bong
cua van hoc
chau
Au. Cho
de'n
thdi
diem
nay, cd the ndi
tren
van
dan
My
Latinh
cd mat hau het cac
khuynh
hudng, trudng phai
nghe
thuat
cua
chau
Au. Tuy vay,
trong
thqc
te cac nha van My
Latinh
khdng
hoan toan
ap
dung
mdt

nay
nhieu
khi
dien
ra mdt
each
toan dien, khien
cho
nhieu khuynh
hudng
sau khi den
mien
da't mdi da
khdng
con gih
dude
tinh
chat
ban dau
cua chhng.
Nhhng
thap
ky diu cua
thdi
ky van
hoc
nay
danh
da'u sq nd rd cha chu
nghia lang

man
xuat
sac la Jose
Caro (1817-1853)
va
Juelio Arboleda
(1817-1861)
cua
Colombia,
Jose
Martin
(1814-1874)
cua
Cuba, Gomez
Aveaneda (1814-1873)
cua
Venezuela,
Theophilo
Diaz (1857-1889)
cua
Brazil.
Sau khi bat dau th thi ca, chh
nghia lang
man da bat re vao
tieu
thuyet
va
kich.
Nhhng
nha van ndi

Latinh
dan
chuyen
sang
chh
nghia hien thUc.
Nha van
Manuel
52
SO 02-2011
CHAU
MY
NGAY
NAY
Almeyda
(1830-1861) cua
Brazil
va
nha van Alberto
Gana
(1830-1920)
cha Chile la hai ngudi
khdi
dau cho
van
hoc hien thUc My
Latinh.
Tac
pham Hoi tic cua mot
ngtibi

va Don
Carmuaho
Van
hoc hien thUc da gat hai nhhng
thanh cdng rUc rd,
dude
ddc gia va
gidi
chuyen mdn chau Au danh gia cao.
Dac biet la nha van M.
Artsiz
dUdc goi
la
"Balzac cua chau My".
3.3
Van hoc
giai doan 1880-1920
Vao
nhhng thap ky cuoi the ky XIX
dau the ky XX, van hoc My
Latinh
da.
thqc sq trUdng thanh, khdng con la sU
phan chieu cha van hoc Tay Ban Nha
va chau Au. Nhhng vet
tich
ngoai lai
cudi
chng da.
dude

ddng, thhc
tinh
y thhc dan tdc, y thhc
cdng dan, dau. tranh cho sq cdng bang
va tien bd xa hdi. Dac diem khac cua
van
hoc la con gan vdi ve dac thh cua
thng
qudc gia, vi vay
tinh
dia phiidng
va
tinh
ban dia la nhhng net ndi bat
cua phan ldn tac pham van hoc. Nha
van
thudng tim kiem cac yeu td' dac
thu
dan tdc qua viec tham nhap, kham
pha sU da dang ve dia ly, van hda va
con
ngUdi.
Vung rhng gia hoang da.,
vung
binh nguyen, ngudi thd dan da
do,
ngiidi
da den, dan ddn dien la
nhhng yeu td' chh ye'u trong van
xudi.

dan da dd; Mariano Azuela (Mexico)
vdi
tac pham ndi tieng la
Nhiing ngtibi
bi
dp
bite
(1913), viet ve de tai
each
mang, "mdt ban anh hung ca tap the"
day bi trang ve cudc chie'n tranh gianh
ddc lap cua Mexico, nhhng thang ldi,
nhhng sq Ida ddi, sq that vong;
Horacio
Quirago (Uruguay) vdi nhhng
truyen
ngdn xua't sac mieu ta cudc dau
tranh day
kich
tinh
vi sq song cua con
ngiidi
trong nhhng vung rhng gia.
CHAU
MY
NGAY
NAY
SO 02-2011
53
Ve

dai chu
trUdng khac
phuc
tinh
chat
ban dia, dem den cho
van
hoc My
Latinh
tinh
dan tdc phd'
quat;
ve
nghe
thuat,
chu
nghia hien
dai
chu
trUdng
dd'i mdi
ngdn tii,
van
dieu
trong
thd va cau
true
van
xudi,
md

tien
cua Jose
Marti
danh
dau cho sq
ra
ddi cha chu
nghia hien
dai la tap
thd
Itmaclio
(1882), tiep theo
la cac
tac pham
Thdi
dai
hoang
kim
(1886),
Nhiing
vdn tha
gian
di
(1891)
va
Nhiing
vdn tha til do
(1892).
Sau Jose
Marti,

da cho nen van hoc cac
.giai
doan
sau
cat
canh.
3.4.
Van hoc
giai doan 1920-1960
Th
sau
nhhng
nam 1920,
tren
van
dan
My
Latinh,
chu
nghia hien thqc
van
la
khuynh hudng
sang
tac chu
dao, khdng nghng
dupe
md
rdng
de

tac
giai
doan
nay,
dac
biet
la
truyen ngan
va
tieu
thuyet,
dupe
xem la
budc
dem tao da
cho
thdi
ky
hoang kim
cua van hoc
My
Latinh
giai
doan tiep theo.
Dac
diem
chinh
cua van
xudi
nhhng thap nien

vdi
"chh
nghia
hien
thqc huyen
ao" va
"thqc
tai ky
dieu".
Cd ba
khuynh hudng
chu yeu
trong
van
xudi
la
khuynh hudng xung
dot giha
van
minh
va
hoang
da,
khuynh
hudng
ve
cudc
ddi va sd
phan
ngudi

(Venezuela)
vdi cac
tieu thuyet
Ndng
Barbara
(1929),
Bdt
ciia Chua
(1934),
Canaima(1935), Cong
ram
trong
gid
(1953);
Enrique
Amorin
(
Uruguay)
vdi
cac
tieu thuyet
Ngiidi nong
ddn
Aguilar
(1934),
Con
ngtia
vd
chiec
54

la
Jonge
Icazar
(Ecuador)
vdi
tieu thuyet
Ndi
huyet
mp
ngtibi
da do
(1943); Ciro Allegoria
(Peru)
vdi cac
tieu thuyet
Ran
vang
(1935),
Bdn chd doi
(1939), Thi'gidi
nay
rpng
ldn vd
thupc
ve ke
khac (1941);
Adalberto Ortiz (Ecuador)
vdi
tieu
thuyet Juyungo (1934);

(El
Salvador)
vdi
tap
truyen
ngan
Nude dtia (1926);
Tomas
Carrasquilla (Colombia) vdi tieu
thuyet Tong trdn
xit
Yolambo (1928);
Joan
Bosch (Dominica)
vdi
tieu thuyet
Con
la
Manosa (1936); Mariano Azuela
(Mexico)
vdi cac
tieu thuyet Thdi
tai
hoa
(1924), Bong
chi
Pantoja (1937);
Martin
Luis Guzman (Mexico)
vdi cac

Yanez
(Mexico) vdi tieu
thuyet Dong niidc (1947)
Mdt
hien tUdng
het she
quan
trong
trong
van
xudi giai
doan
nay la sq
xuat hien
mdt
each
viet
mdi,
each
nhin
nhan
mdi ve
thqc
tai, ma sau
nay
trd
thanh
mdt
trao
luu van hoc,

Rulfo
(Mexico).
Nha van M.
Asturias
dupe
trao
giai Nobel
nam 1967, cho
"nhhng
sang
tac
chda
dam ban sdc dan tdc va
truyen thdhg
da dd". Ong da ket hdp
cac
yeu td
huyen thoai
- tdn
giao
-
chinh
tri de tao ra mdt
each
viet mdi,
khde
hoa the
gidi
ngUdi
da do

Nhting
vi
than
Ngd
(1949),
Mat
ciia nhiing ngUdi
bi
chon
vui
(1960),
Co gdi lai
(1963), Chiec
gtidng
soi
ciia Lisa
Sal
(1967). Alejo
Carpentier
la nha van da
chng
Asturias khai
pha ra con
dudng
de
xam
nhap
vao
"hien
thqc

trong
sq ky
dieu
cua y
thhc
dupe
luu
gih
trong viec chng
tdn tai cua
nhieu
CHAU:MY
NGAY
NAY
SO 02-2011
55
nen van hoa d chau My.
Sang
tac cua
ong
the hien mot sU tdng hdp giha ly
tri
va ban nang, cai
nhin
duy ly va cai
nhin
huyen thoai, cai thqc tai va cai
huyen
ao. Cac tac pham quan trong
nhat cua dng la

thd
ca My
Latinh.
Xet trong
tinh
lich
sh cu the cua nd, nhhng thanh tuu cua
thd
ca
giai
doan nay gan vdi
khai
niem
chu
nghia
tien
phong (avent-
gardisme), dupe du nhap vao th chau
Au.
Nhhng phan nhanh cua
khai
niem
nay nhQ vi lai,
dada,
lap the, sieu
thqc,
da tao nen mdt nen thd ca My
Latinh
hien dai. Tuy cd rat nhieu diem
rieng

doan nay la
Cesar
Vallejo
(Peru),
Pablo Neruda
(Chile),
Ernesto
Cardenal (Nicaragua), Nicolas
Guillen
(Cuba),
Carlos Augusto Leon
(Venezuela),
Alfonso
Reyet
(Mexico),
Luis
Borges (Argentina) va dac biet la
nh
thi si Gabriel
Mistral
(Chile)
dude
tang
giai
Nobel nam 1945.
Giai
thudng
danh gia nay cua ba dupe xem nhu cai
mdc ghi nhan ve nhhng thanh tUu cua
thd

va vung da't My
Latinh.
3.5.
Van hoc
giai doan 1960-2000
Th
sau nhhng nam 1950, van hoc
My
Latinh
budc vao mdt
giai
doan het
she rUc rd, tda
sang
tren toan the
gidi.
Tinh
chat phat
trien
van hoc cua
giai
doan nay vha the hien d sd'
liidng
vha d
chat lupng. Th nhhng diem chung
nha't toat len th nen van hoc My
Latinh,
ngudi ta nhan tha'y
ring,
nd

tieu
thuyet My
Latinh.
Khao
sat nhhng tac pham ldn cua nhhng
nam nay, chhng ta nhan tha'y cac nha
56
SO 02-2011
CHAU
MY
NGAY
NAY
van
My
Latinh
eta dat tdi
trinh
dd til
duy
nghe
thuat cao nhat. Su uyen bac
cua cac nha van da the hien d nhiing
khai
quat
nghe
thuat vdi nhiing hinh
tudng cd tdm phd quat rdng ldn. Viec
cac nha van sd dung nhieu phudng
thdc
nghe

quan thd
sau
Sq pha trdn phdi hdp
giua hien thqc va hoang dudng de tao
nen cai nghich ly da trd thanh md
thdc chinh trong cau true tac pham.
"Chu
nghia hien thuc huyen ao" My
Latinh
da cd anh hudng rdng ldn tren
van
dan qudc te. Cac nha van ndi
tieng
cua khuynh hudng nay, ngoai
Alejo
Carpentier (Cuba),
Miguel
Asturias (Guatemala) da. tao
dude
danh tieng td nhiing thap ky trUdc,
con
cd Julio Cortazar (Argentina),
Carlos
Fuentes
(Mexico),
Mario
Llosa
(Peru), Gabriel Garcia Marquez
(Colombia).
Julio Cotazar

nay tuy cd nhung diem rieng biet,
nhUng
khdng hoan toan tach biet, ma
cd
the ket hdp chhng trong chng mdt
qua
trinh
dien dat. Nhhng tieu thuyet
ndi
tieng nhat cua dng la Tro
chdi
nhdy
6 (1963),
Cudn sdeh
cua
Manuel
(1973).
Carlos
Fuentes
(Giai
thudng
Cervantes
1987) la mdt trong nhhng
nha van hang dau cua My
Latinh,
la
"nha
each
tan vi dai va ly thuyet gia
cua nen my hoc mdi". Ong quan niem

la
Mien
dat
trong lanh nhdt
(1958),
Cdi
chet
cua
Artemino Cruz
(1962),
Thay
da ddi
thit
(1967),
Terra
Nosta
(1975),
Christopher Unborn
(1977).
Mario
Llosa cung la nha van
thudc nhdm dhng dau cua van hoc My
Latinh.
Tac pham cua dng chha dung
mdt
trinh
dd
nghe
thuat rat cao, vdi
each

thanh, van kien chinh
tri
Nhhng yeu td nay
dupe
dng sh dung
rat kheo, tao nen mdt phong
each
ddc
dao chi rieng dng mdi cd. Nhhng tieu
thuyet ndi tieng cha Llosa la
Thanh
phd
va
nhiing
con cho (1962),
Ngoi
nha xanh
(1966),
Pantaleon
vd
nhting
vi khach
mdi (1973), Di
Hulia
vd nhd
van quen
(1977),
Cupc chien tranh
den
tan

tap giha cai
sdng
va
cai
chet,
giha ky he va sU lang quen,
giha ngudi
sdng
va ngudi
chet,
giha
thdi
gian va khdng gian, giha cai
nha't
thdi
va cai
vinh
hang The
gidi
nghe
thuat cua Marquez thudng tap trung
vao
cudc
sdng
ndng thon va dia
phUdng cd quanh, nhhng ndi bi tac
ddng cua sU hien dai, sU pha hoai
khdng thiidng tiec cua van minh dd'i
vdi
nhhng gia tri truyen thd'ng. 6 dd,

te ve
thd
d nhhng
thap
ky cudi the ky XX
cua thd My Latinh la ket qua
sang
tao
manh
liet,
khdng nghng nghi cua cac
nha thd trong
sud't
the ky, gan vdi
nhhng tim tdi ve hinh thhc, ngdn ngh,
am dieu, hinh tudng thd. Cd ba
khuynh
hudng ndi bat trong tho giai
doan nay la khuynh hudng
nhap
cudc,
gan vdi nhhng va'n de chinh
tri,
xa hdi;
khuynh
hudng tham dd tiem thhc,
nham kham pha nhhng bi an sau
tham cua tam hdn con ngUdi va
khuynh
hudng gan vdi thUc tai, vdi

dinh, cd sU
gan ghi vdi Neruda - khdng mong lung
58
SO 02-2011
CHAU
MY
NGAY
NAY
rudm ra ma tinh khie't mach lac. Thd
cua dng "trong
sang
nhu pha le, bdi
cau true cua dng dat tdi sh hai hda, la
mdt sh len an dd'i vdi sh chia re: bao
lUc
va sol mat dn dinh cua My Latinh".
Thudc the he nhhng nha thd trudng
thanh vao cac
thap
ky
50-60
cua the
ky
XX, Octavio Paz (Nobel 1990) va
Derek Walcott (Nobel 1994) la nhiing
nghdi xua't chiing
nha't.
Thd cua O. Paz
tham dUdm
chat

hda My Latinh. Thd Walcott "thanh
cdng mdt
each
rhc rd bdi nd diidc dha
tren mdt
nhan quan
lich
sh va la sh
ket hdp cua sU dan than day tinh
chat
da van hda" (Danh gia cua Vien Han
lam
Van hoc Thuy Dien).
Nam the ky hinh thanh va
phat
trien
cha van hoc My Latinh da ghi
nhan
nhhng ddng gdp to ldn cua nd
cho van hda khu vUc va van hda the
gidi.
Phat
sinh trong mot bd'i
canh
lich
sh dac thh, van hoc My Latinh da
phan
anh
chan
thhc

ho da trd thanh nhhng tac gia
hang
dau the
gidi,
la niem tu hao cua
nhan
dan My Latinh •
Tdi
lieu tham khao:
1.
Octavio Paz (1998), Tha va tieu ludn. Nxb Da
Nang.
2.
M.V.
Llosa (1992), Mot nen van
hoa
lai. Bao Van
nghe,
so'
26.
3.
M.
Scorza
(1981), Ve van
hgc My Latinh.
Bao Van
nghe,
so'
15.
4.

Erendia
vd
ngiidi
bd bdt
lUcfng",
Tap chi Van hoc.
so 2.
8. Nguygn Trung Due (1993). Tii sii
nhieu ngudi
ke
trong "Ky
sii
mot cdi chet dtfdc bdo trudc",
Tap chi
Van
hoc,
so'
2.
9. Nguyen Trung Due (1995), Ludn
thuyet "Cdi thiic
tai
ky
dieu My Latinh cua Carpentier",
Tap
chi
Van
hoc, so'8.
10. Nguyen Trung Due (1998),
Octavio Paz,
thd

Vien
thong
tin
Khoa hoc
Xa
hpi,
Ha
Noi.
14.
Poust
J. Alice (1998), Latin
American
Studies a
Dictionary
of Cultural and Critical Theory,
Blackwell
Publishers
Inc.,
Massachussett,
USA.