NG6N
NG0
soil
2010
HU"
Ttr
TRONG BAN GIAI AM
TRUYEN KI MAN LUC
Ban giai am Truyen ki mgn lye
(vilt
tit: TKML; till ki XVI) la mpt
tai li?u rat quy ddi vdi vi?c nghien
curu
Ijch sii
tilng Vi?t, nhit la tilng
Vi?t
CO.
Chinh vi the, trudc nay, vin
ban nay da dupe mpt so nha nghien
ciiu quan tam
khao
sat tir nhieu
phuong
di?n khac nhau: phuong di?n
van
ty -
phien am, phuong di?n ngii am, ngir
phap,
va
tir vyng
Rieng ve hu tu tieng Vi?t trong

nghien
ciiu
d day dya tren ban phien
am sang chir quoc ngii
ciia
Nguyen
Quang Hdng [5].
1.
Theo
each
hieu thdng thudng,
hu tir
la
nhiing tu khdng cd y nghia
tu vyng chan thyc, dimg dl dien dgt
cac y nghia ngir phap,
ho^c
quan h?
ngii phap giira cac thyc tir,
ho^c
giira
cac bp phgn cua cau,
ho^c
giira cac
PGS.TS VV
Dirc
NGHIEU
cau vdi nhau. (Cac tieu tir bieu thi
tinh
tiiai

cua thyc tu (ndi tdm lgi la nhirng tir
cd lien quan den vi?e dien dgt, bilu
thj nhiing logi y nghia ngii phap).
Tuy nhien, tren thyc tl, vi?c xac
dinh va
Igp
danh sach cac hu tir cua
tieng Vi?t hoan toan khdng don gian,
bdi
vi,
trong
tieng
Vi?t ciing nhu trong
cac ngdn ngir don
Igp
khac, ranh gidi
phan dinh giiia van de
ciia
ngir phap
vdi van de cua tir vyng
nhilu
khi rit
khdng ranh mgch. Trong cac ngdn
ngii
nay,
cd nhieu hu tir da hinh thanh
tir thyc tir bdi nhirng h do khac nhau,
trong dd, dang ke va quan trpng nhat
la qua trinh ngu phap hoa; va ngay
ca khi "da hinh thanh hu tu roi, thi

da,
dang/
duong,
dimg, hay,
hdng,
khd, khd,
khdn,
khdng,
mgt,
mdi,
mua,
rdt,
sap,
se,
thuc,
tua,
timg,
vdn,
vira,
lien, nhau.
- 79 hu tu thyc hi?n cac
chiic
nang ndi ket giiia tu vdi tu trong cym
tir hoac ndi giiia cac thanh phan cau,
giiia cac cau vdi nhau:
bdngi
(nhu),
bdng2 (vi
bang,
nhugrc

thd, thi, thira mac, thira, nhu, lien,
ngd,
nira,
d,
qua,
qud,
ra,
rang,
sang,
sau, tdi, tren, trong, trudc, tuy, tir,
tu,
tua, vd, vd, vdo, ve, vi, vdi, xdy,
xudng.
- 7 hu tir la cac tieu tu
thi
hi?n
cac y nghia tmh
thai:
dt,
bdy, ddy,
md
cho,
ru, thay, vay, vgy.
Dudi day la mpt so phan tich
cy the.
2.
NIU
nhin tir gdc dp chiic
nSng
"cd tham gia vdo cdu true cua ngir

mpt sy vgt bit ki cua mpt tap hpp sy
vgt cimg
logi,
qua dd ndi len cai chung
cho tat ca cac sy vgt
Idiac
trong tap
hpp ay). Duy cd hu tu cdc hoan toan
khdng
g^p.
Thi dy: ndo nen nhimg
vi^c
chi (tr. 30); Ldy nhiing
dieu
dy
(tr. 34); Trdi vdo chdu trong mpi
chirc
(tr. 57); mpi chdu tre yeu
(tr. 366); Moi thien (bdi tho) nen
(ti
303).
Hu tir cdc, mpt tir cd tan sd sir
dyng d
miic
cao nhit trong tilng Vi?t
ngay nay, tuy khdng hi?n di?n trong
TKML nhung khdng phai vi
thi
ma
suy ra ring vao

[12,b.l01].
Nhdn den quan tren ciing budn
bdn chdn nudi lua tdm cac mgi diiu
(nguyen
van
chii Han:
DT
chi
thugmg
quan lgi
thf
muc duong tdm mieu)
[6,51].
Hdng
du
thdi
di
ngodi ddt Hoan
Chdu, Ai (Ai?) Chdu cac mgt hdm
(nguyen
van
chii Han: Chi kim tdn
HIT
tir
17
mdi du tdc Hoan Ai cdc nhdt hdm)
[6,
54].
Chiing tdi ngd ring cd
Ig

se, timg, hdng, vdn
Trir hu tir hdng, cac hu tir cdn
lgi cua
nhdm
nay:
dd
(dd),
duong
(dang),
sdp,
se, timg, vdn
dS
hi?n di?n
va dupe
sii
dyng trong ban giai am TKML
khdng khac ngay nay. Chiing deu cd
y nghia thdi gian, bilu thj
va
nhan
mgnh "sy tinh da, dang hay sg dien
ra". Thi dy:
cdn do
da
chdng cd (tr. 36);
tieng
sang tan
da Idu
(tr. 123); duong
giua dudng md dimg xem

Ngudi ta hing ndi (tr. 196). Nhung
ngay nay, tir
nay
chi cdn dupe dimg
trong mpt so
kit
cau it nhieu co dinh
va "cii" nhu: hdng mong udc, hdng
mo udc, hdng mong nhd, hdng mong
mdi,
2.2.2. Nhdm chdng, chdng, cho,
chira (chua), dimg, hay, khdn khdng,
mua
Trong nhdm nay, tat ca cac tii
deu di kem trudc dpng tir. Ve
m^t
y
nghia, trir tir hdy bieu hi?n y nghia
khuyen l?nh, dimg ciing bieu hi?n y
nghia
khuyin
l?nh, phu dinh, cac tir
cdn lgi deu
bilu
hi?n y nghia
phii
dinh.
Neu so sanh vdi hi?n nay, y nghia
va
chirc nang cua chdng, cho, chira

khdng sir dyng mua nira,
cdn
chdng,
khdn thi chi
gap
trong mpt
so
kit
cau
CO
djnh nhu: phdi chdng,
cd chdng, khdn ngudi, khdn td, khdn
xiit Trong khi dd, khao sat Truyin
ki mgn
l^tc
gidi dm, chiing ta
g$p
rat
nhieu each ndi nhu:
ddi
lira chSng
la chdng
(chdng^
khdng phdi la
chdng/khdng
cd) duyen
cii (ti:. 94); Mgt mai
sir
tinh khdn gidu
18

Ngupe
lgi,
khd, khd, tua lgi la ba hu tir cd,
nay
Ididng
cdn dimg trong tilng Vi?t
hi?n
dgi
nira.
Trong ban giai am, chiing
ta rit hay
gap
ba tu nay trong nhiing
each
dimg nhu:
-
Khd
(nen,
ddng):
kha
den dudi
mieu vua Trung
Vuong
cimg dgi
(tr.
56).
-
Khd (cd
the):
chdng

cua
mdi \a vira
khdng khac so vdi hi?n
nay. Thi dy: ngudi mdi
thde
(tr.
92);
Vira vi din
nhd
(ti 120).
2.2.5.
Nhdm
chi,
chin, mgt
Hai hu
tu:
chin \h chi cd thi
dupe
coi nhu ddng nghia, di kem trudc dpng
tir, the hi?n y nghia "chi cd/ duy chi".
Tuy nhien so vdi
nay,
chin
da trd thanh
hu tu cd va
vi
tri
ciia
nd hi?n nay
hoan

dimg vdi tu each
hu hi va cd
nghia
"chi,
chi
cd".
Thi dy:
Tayeu chi? Yeu mpt ngii
(tr.
268);
mpt bdng trong chiem bao (thdy chi
nhugide chiem
bao)
(tr. 253).
2.2.6. Hu tir chung
Mpt minh
chung
diing thanh mpt
nhdm vi nhiing
d^c
dilm
rieng bi?t
cua nd. Hi?n nay, chung da la hu tu
cd, chi thang
ho^c
mdi
g§p
lgi trong
nhirng san pham ngdn ngii xua cii
ho^c

tg nhd Hdn Trdi chung lam
mdt nhd
Sd
(tr.
31).
(Nhiing y nghia
khac,
chiing tdi sg trinh bay d diem
3.1.
dudi day).
2.2.7.
Nhdm
cue,
hdu
(gdn,
gdn
nhu),
rdt,
thuc
Bdn hu tir
nay
di kem trudc cac
tinh tir
ho^c
dpng tir cd thang dp danh
gia.
Ngay
nay, dupe dimg pho bien
nhit la tir
rdt;

tri
kit
hpp ngay sau dpng tii va cd y nghia
nhu sau:
Hir
tiir
19
- Lien the hi?n y nghia "ludn, ludn
ludn"
( Igy
hen chdng dimg
(tr.
429).
- Nhau the hi?n sy tuong tac ve
hanh dpng (Sdm ngdy sau vira ghe
nhau
(tr.
98);
thdy
ndi
hai nhau
(1r.
112).
2.3.
Nhiing hu tir khdng lam
thanh to phy trong cau tnic
ciia
ngii
danh tir, ngir dpng tir nhu tren day,
ma

v^
IX Thanh
vay (tr. 426).
- Md: Bieu thi y trai nhau, khdng
phu hpp, tuong phan giiia hai thanh
phan do nd noi
kit
Thi dy:
rdt nghiem
ma rdt nhdt; chd hdn
ma
chd trdch
(ti:.
97).
- Thdi
(thi):
Bieu thi
sy
tiep noi
giira hai sy vi?c, sy vi?c nay vira xay
ra xong la tilp ludn den sy vi?c kia
ho^c bieu
thi dieu sip neu ra sg chic
chan
ho^c
tit yeu sg xay ra;
ho$c
neu
"sy
kl

nhiing
kit
cau ngii phap ma nay van
dang hi?n di?n, hogt dpng trong tieng
Vi?t
lii?n
dgi nhu sau:
-Cdng cdng Thi dy: te
dua cang
Idm
thdi lung
Idng
cang
rdng
(ti
290).
- Chdng nhirng md Thi dy:
ching nhiing d chung rgng xa
khudn phep ma d chung ddt
Khiic
ph\i
den te (tr. 35).
-
Dd
lgi Thi dy: Da hiep
nude
Nguy lgi giet
nude
Yen (tr. 34).
- hoac hogc Thi dy:

ngir, so vdi nay, trong sd cac hu tir
neu tren, cd mpt
logt
(35 tu) da trd
thanh tir co, va cd ca nhiing tu chiia
(nhiing) nghia cd nay khdng cdn dimg
niia. Cac hu tir cd va nghia co dd,
ho^c
la da bien mit hin khdi ddi song ngdn
ngii
lii?n
nay,
ho^c
la chi cdn dl lai
bdng dang cua minh trong mpt
kit
cau
nao
dd (hd, ngd, khdn, chdng ),
ho^c la
chi ddi khi
dupe
dimg trong
nhirng
loi
ndi "gia co" nao dd (song
le,
phuong chi, ru ).
20 Ngon
ngijf

thi),
lien
(ludn,
ludn
ludn),
ludng
(todn
nhiing
Id),
md chd, mgc (de, de md),
mua (dimg, cho), ngd
(nhdm,
di), nira
(hon),
nhdn (den, tdi), phuong chi
(hudng
ho),
ru,
songle,
toy,
thira
(cua ),
thira
mgc,
tua
(nen,
phdi), vd, vay, xdy.
Trii y nghia
va
chiic nang

Thi
dy: Bui vdi khdm lau cdi (tr. 145).
- Hu tir chung. Ngoai y nghia
va
each
dung da neu d dilm 2.2.6. ben
tren, chung cdn cd nhiing y nghia va
each dimg khac niia. Cy
thi
la xem
[13]:
.
a) Dimg
dk.
chi thdi gian va
dia
dilm (ling vdi gidi tir vu trong Han
van).
Thi dy: chung nhd thira d
chung cd thira ddi (tr. 146).
b)
Thi
hi?n y nghia
ciia
chi ti-ong
Han
van
khi chi cd quan h? hgn dinh
cho tiianh to chinh
la

dinhi
trong
Hap van xem [1
lb],
va the
hi?n
y "sau
khi
da
cd mpt mpt hanh dpng d trudc
da
kit
tinic
".
Thi dy: Da ma ben di
quan (bd quan) trd vi (tr. 145).
Da
ma
canh tdn trd het (tr. 36).
- Hu tu hod (tdt
cd,
vd). Thi dy:
khdp hoa cira chdng cd loai sot vdy
(ti
174).
- Hu tir
hgrp
(nen). Thi dy: Hpp
(nen) udng ldy thang (thudc) tien
thyre

wa
chd
(chu:,
thdil).
Thi
dy: khuyin lam
sir
nhdn
ma
chd
(ti
97).
nhiiTig
cimg vdy xem ma
chd
(ti
249).
Hu tiir., 21
- Hu tir mgc (di, di md): Hu tu
nay
chi nguyen nhan
ho^c
co sd
ciia
hanh dpng. Thi dy: Cdo nuong
hiim
m^c
ra oai (tr. 146). xin
liiu
ndt

dupe d$t
trudc tir chinh trong
kit
ciu chinh
phy, bieu thi y nghia sd hiiu
(ciia)
ho^c
y nghia tuong duong vdi nghia
ciia
gidi tir ve.
Thi
dy: mimg
thiia
ve md
Ig thiia
s\r
vgy; ( ) Lgi qua
thira chdn dy (tr.
151).
- Hu tu thira mgc: Neu nguyen
nhan, li do dl giai thich cho hanh
dpng (tuong duong vdi sd di trong
Han van, xem
[lib]).
Thi dy: Theo
nghia thita
m^
theo
chdng
vgy

hdng
hdu, ludng, phuong chi (huong chi,
huong hd), song le, tdy (bang), vay!
la
nhiing hu tir ma nay van cdn cd
thi
hieu dupe.
3.2. Ben cgnh cac hu tir cd neu
tren, la nhiing hu tir
din
nay van ton
tgi va hogt dpng rat tich eye trong
tilng Vi?t hi?n dgi, nhung trong ban
giai am,
m§t
ngii nghia va ngii phap
cua chiing vira cd nhiing dilm tuong
ddng, lgi vira cd nhiing diem khac
bi?t, nhieu khi rat
Idn
so vdi hi?n nay.
Nghia cd, each dimg co, kha nang
ket hpp tu khac
Ig
tdn tgi cimg vdi
(nhiing) y nghia, chiic nang dupe
dimg nhu trong tilng Vi?t hi?n dgi
chinh la nhiing khac bi?t dd.
Thi
dy:

(thi dy: Thua mgt trgn bdi cd co
tren
(ti
30)), ti-ong TKML, khi
kit
hpp
vdi dpng tir, bdi
dupe
dime vdi nghia
cd, bieu thi "noi chon xuat phat cua
sy vi?c, hanh dpng dupe ndi
din".
Thi dy: con gdi
d^p
bdi thdn Ddng
md ra (ti 72) chdng biet bdi ddu
md lgi (tr. 75).
Bdi dupe dung tuong
ling
vdi
tu tiing va tir do trong Han
van
xem
[lib].
c) Hu tir mgt
22
Ngdn ngiir sd 11 nam
zuiu
Trong ban giai am, tir mgt \a so
tir, cd the

trudc (= chi
thay xau hd vdi cac bgc hien nhan
ngay trudc) (tr. 271).
d) Hu tir
nhiing
Y nghia
"toan,
toan la"
ciia nhiing
trong Truyen ki mgn luc gidi dm
la
mpt diem khac
Ig
so vdi hi?n
nay.
Vdi
y nghia nay,
nhirng
cd kha nang:
- Ket hpp vdi danh tir. Thi dy:
nhiing (= todn la) khdch danh lgi
(ti
169) nhiing (=
todn
la
nhirng)
thgr
hen
(tT.
249);

Nguoi
Trung Ngd
cd khen rang (tr. 75).
f)HutiiraV • .' •
Tir nay de chi
miic
dp. Trong
ban giai am, rdt cd each dimg gidng
nhu hi?n nay; thi dy: rat nghiem
md rat nhgt (tr. 97), nhung cung cd
each dimg rat khac
Ig
so vdi nay. Cy
till la:
- Nd cd
thi kit
hpp vdi danh tu.
Thi dy: ddi d rdt dinh nui
Phugmg
hodng
(tr.
166);
Nhdn
chi
niii Phupng
hoang rit dmh (tr. 175). Qudn di
chon
rat nha ben Tay (tr.
173).
- Cd the dung sau

(nhu
vita neu d diem 3.2. tren day) tat nhien
chilm da so (89/ 125 tir = 72%). Dd
la nhirng hu tir nhu: ben, dd, duong,
(dang),
hay, md, mdi, thi
(thdi),
timg,
vira,
chd, dimg, rdt Thi dy:
Dem dy ben cimg
ndm
(tr. 96).
tieng
sang tan da Idu
(tr.
123).
duong
giua
dudng md dung
xem
[lib].
phuc Di Thdnh vay hay vg
Dl Thdnh vay
(a.
426).
rdt
nghiem vak
rdt
nhgt

trdch
(tr.
97)
dimg de dn ndn ngdy sau (tr. 166).
Loi
rat
cuong
thdng
(tr.
195).
4.
Tir nhirng phan tich trinh
bay
ben tren, chiing tdi thay cd the di tdi
mpt sd nhgn xet sau day:
4.1.
Ldp hu tir
ciia
tieng Vi?t the
hi?n trong
Truyen
ki mgn
luc
gidi dm
la
ldp hu tir da kha phdt triln ca ve
so
lupng Ian
nang
lye

ndi
chung,
mat
Ichac
la de dap
ling
nhu cau cd
mpt h? thong cac cdng cy ngir phap,
quan h?
cii
phap, cau tnic
cii
phap
de
phye
vy cho vi?c
thi
hi?n (viet)
cac dien ngdn bing
van
xudi. Vao
thdi ki ra ddi
ciia
TKML, ngdn ngii
viet
van
xudi Vi?t,
d^c
bi?t
la cii

thuyit
dgi bdophyi mdu
dn
trgng
kinh,
Thien tdng khod
hu
ngir liic gidi nghia
trudc dd) chinh
la
nhiing budc di
khdi dau cho vi?c chuan bi de hinh
23
tiianh nen
van
xudi Vi?t cimg vdi
cii
phap
van xudi
Vi?t.
4.2.
Nhiing dilm khac bi?t noi
bgt
de
nhgn
ra hon ca d cac hu tir trong
Truyen
ki mgn luc la:
a.
Nhutig

dd hi?n van ton tgi
va hogt dpng trong
tieng
Vi?t
ngay
nay
(bdng,
rdt,
bdi, nhiing, mgt, rdng ).
c. Trong so cac hu tu cdn lgi den
nay, cd mpt so van giii y nguyen y
nghia, chiic nang cua chiing, nhung
mpt so khac, nhieu hon,
da
cd nhiing
thay ddi va/ hoac phat trien bang eon
dudng bo
sung,
md rpng y
nghia,
chirc
nang (day la con dudng
chii
yeu),
ho^
thu h?p y nghia, chiic
nSng ciia
chiing
lgi,
ho|Lc

ty nhien trong
qua trinh tilp
xiic,
vay mupn dl
lam
giau tu vyng;
m^t
khac, ciing dong
|l
lu^
I
IIL-fiJ!^~i.'-»f-
24
Ngon ngiir so 11 nam
^viv
thdi la
de
bd sung,
hoan
thi?n
h?
thong
tir lam cdng cy ngu phap cua tilng
Vi?t. Thi dy, doi chieu ban giai am
vdi ban Han van, ta thay rit rd cac
tuong
ling
xem
[1
lb]:

Trong qua trinh "giai am" (dich)
tir
van
ban Han
van
sang tilng Vi?t
(viet bing
chii:
Ndm),
cd nhieu y nghia
cua hu tir trong nguyen ban Han
van
da dupe dich gia - ngudi Vi?t - cd
ging tim each the
lii?n
bing y nghia
tuong duong
ciia
tir ngii tilng Vi?t.
Ket qua
la:
ngoai nhung hu tir tilng
Vi?t tuong duong vdi hu tir tilng Han
dupe sir dyng, cdn cd nhiing thyc tii
tieng Vi?t cd y nghia tuong duong
ciing dupe su dyng, dan dan dan den
qua trinh ngii phap hoa cua chiing,
Ichien
chiing trd thanh hu tir
ho^c

Thiin tdng khod hu
l\ic
gidi nghia,
tinh hinh ciing tuong ty nhu
vgy.
Dieu
nay
cimg vdi tiiyc tl hogt dpng
ciia
d the
lii?n
ring: nd ciing nhu nhieu
hu tii khac cd chiic nang noi dpng
tir vdi cac thanh to phy
(ciia
dpng
tir) "cd nguon goc
la
dpng tir
va diu
dang cdn it nhilu giur lgi dupe tinh
chat dd"
[lib,
4]. Thi dy:
Giri
minh
a chung
chdn rgr
man
(tr. 49). Hdi

trai qua qua trinh
ngii phap hoa de roi
dupe
su dyng
vdi tu
each ciia
gidi tir trong chieu
hudng chung nhu vgy.
CHU THICH
Con sd ndy khdng the ndi
Id tuy$t
ddi vi nd cdn
14 thuQC
mpt phdn vdo
vi^c
xac djnh
hutird
nhung trudng hgp cd the
cd nhung khd nang quyet
dinh
khdc nhau.
Nhdm tir ndy, cd nhd nghien ciru
khdng coi
Id
hu
tir,
nhung a day, chimg
tdi khdng dgt vdn de thdo
lugn
li

h?.,.
cua tiing
Vi?t
img vdi kit cau trong Hdn vdn
Id
thien
hg chi tam ; nhimg vi trong tiing
Vi$t,
dinh ngir cho danh
tir
phdi dimg sau danh
tir nen vdn viet tieng
Vi^t
thi ki XVI da
Hir
tiir
25
phdi
ddo
trgt
tir
vd dimg chung nhu
mgi
chi
td
di
bdo hi?u
chung -
danh tir
-

\. Nguyin Tdi Can, Mpt so chimg
tich
ve ngon ngii,
van
ty va
vin
hoa,
Nxb
DHQG,
H, 2001.
2.
Hodng Hong
Cam,
Tun hieu tinh
chat
CO
trong Tan bien truyen ki mgn
lye,
T/c
Hdn
Ndm,
So
3,
1996.
3.
Trdn
Trgng
Duong,
Khao sat
h?

tr.
140-151.
5.
Nguyin
Quang
Hdng
(phien
dm,
chii
gidi),
Truyen ki mgn lyc giai
am,
Nxb
KHXH,
H,
2001.
6.
Nguyen Quang
Hdng
(cha
bien),
Di
van
chiia
Dau,
Nxb
KHXH,
K,
1997.
7.

-14.
9. VU
Dirc
Nghieu,
Dien bien trong y
nghia, chiic
nSng ciia
nhom tir "khong,
chSng,
ching" tir
the
ki XV
din
nay,
Khoa
hpc,
Dgi hoc Tdng hgp HdNgi So
2,
1986,
tr 55 - 61.
\0.
Hodng
Thi
Ngg:
a) Chir Nom va tilng
Vi?t
qua
ban giai am Phgt thuyit phy mau dgi bao
an
tr(?ng

Vai nhgn xet
ve cac hu
tir
tilng
Vi?t
the ki 16 (Tu
li$u
nit
tir Truyin Id mgn luc gidi
dm),
T/c
Ngdn
ngu.
So
9,
2006
tr.1-9.
c)
Stankievich
N.
V.,
Hifn
tugng
giao thoa tir ngir phap tilng Han sang ngir
phap tieng
Vift
(qua
cii lieu
"Khod hu
luc

e) Stankievich
N.
V.,
Nhgn xet
sa bp ve mpt vai
d^c
diem ngon ngir
trong van xudi
thi
ki XIX dau till ki
XX,
T/c
Ngdn
ngir.
So I,
1982,
tr.26 -
33.
12.
Nguyin Trdi, Quoc am thi tgp,
Trong
Nguyen Trai toan tgp, (Ddo Duy
Anh phien dm chu
gidi),
Nxb KHXH
H, 1976.
n