:::}:}.s
nvimssmrn'mmv^
C
ulg
vdi nhieu each ti ep can
^jpn
hpc mdi,
each
tiep can
van hpe tfl van hda dang ngay
cang te ra ed nhieu flu diem trong viec
kham pha nhflng sac thai van hda phong
phfl dflde the hien trong tae pham van
hpc;
hay giai ma nhflng phfl hieu, bieu
tflpng van hda, ham an muon van ldp
nghia trdm tfch ngan nam trong van ban
van hpc cu the; hoac qua ldp be mat cua
ngdn ngfl tac pham, tren cd sd so sanh
hien thflc va lich sif, cd the di sau kham
pha ndi ham tam ly van hda va hat nhan
van hda tiem dn trong tac pham. Tfl dd'i
chieu tdng the tren nhieu binh dien,
nhieu gdc dp, nha nghien
eflu
ed the
danh gia het cai hay cai dep cua tac
pham van hpe va y nghia quan trpng cua
nd ddi vdi cudc sd'ng cua nhan loai.
Thd Dfldng
vdi

sau vao
If
giai tfl duy nghe thuat
ciia
cac
nha thd ddi Dfldng.
Tfl duy nghe thuat la mpt loai hinh tfl
duy tham mi cua mpt cdng ddng (ke cd
cua mpt tac gia), dflpc sinh ra trong dieu
kien lich sfl cu the. Tfl duy nghe thuat
bao gdm ca npi dung va phfldng thflc
chiem linh cung nhfl
each
thflc the hien
hien thflc cudc sdng. Cd' nhien tfl duy
phai gan lien vdi ngdn ngfl, va khdng
chi
ngdn ngfl, nd cdn ham chfla nhflng quan
niem triet hpc, tap tue tdn giao, phong
each dao dflc va hflng thfl tham
mi ,
trd
thanh san vat eua lieh sfl, cd the bien ddi
va phat trien tuy theo thdi dai. Tuy
nhien, trong trfldng ki lieh sif, tfl duy
nghe thuat cd tfnh dn dinh tfldng dd'i,
da ngflng tu lai va thdm thau vao tam li
van hda dan toe, cau thanh mpt loai vd
thflc tap the trong tdng sau cua ket cau
van hda dan tdc. Nd chang nhflng bao

duy
phfldng Ddng la tfnh cu the va
tlah
tfldng trflng treng tfl duy thd Dfldng.
1.1 Tinh cu the cua
tii
duy thdm my
trong thg Diidng.
Tfl duy cu the la
ldi
tfl duy, dfla vad
ngdai hinh ca biet, cu the cua sfl vat hay
sfl van ddng bien ddi cfla sfl vat de nhan
thflc sfl vat khach quan. Trong qua trinh
tfl duy eu the nay. nhflng hinh tfldng sfl
vat cu the dflpc het sflc
cei
trpng. Dac
diem cd ban cua loai tfl duy nay la dem
tat ca nhflng cai phd bien, cai trflu tflpng,
nhflng quan niem cd' gang chuyen hoa
thanh hinh tflpng ca biet, cam tinh,
mfldn phfldng thflc
dd'i
chieu tnic tiep
cua hinh tfldng de
bieu
dat tfl duy. Ldai
phfldng thflc tfl duy dflng hinh tfldng
cam tfnh cu the ca biet de bieu hien

Tao cua Khuat Nguyen, nay chi cdn mdt
ldai "hda" - hda khai quat.
Ngdn ngfl thd Dfldng la ngdn ngfl
khai quat, ngdn ngfl y niem. Dieu nay
mdt mat do yeu cdu cfla dac diem tfl duy
thdi dai, mdt mat dd yeu edu the leai cua
thd Dfldng luat vd'n ft tfl (56 hdac 20 tfl),
nen khdng the dflng nhidu ngdn ngfl cu
the ma
phai
dflng ngdn ngfl khai quat.
Nhflng phdng, hoa, tuyet, nguyet, sdn
thuy, dien vien la nhflng hinh tfldng
ngdn ngfl
khai
quat tran ngap trong thd
Dfldng.
Tuy nhien, ban chat ngdn ngfl thd cdn
cdn tfnh bieu cdm de trflc tiep tac ddng,
kfch thi'ch vao
giac
quan ngudi dpc, vi
vay khdng the khdng cd tfnh cu the cfla
hinh tUdng ngdn ngfl. Bdng cfl la ben
canh ngdn ngfl khai quat, trong thd
Dfldng van edn nhflng ngdn ngfl cu the.
Dd la khi
cdn
sfl vat cd chflc nang ngfl
nghia cu the, khdng the thay the, budc

khdng ndi ra nhflng ngfldi dpc cung ed
the hieu, chac chan khdng phai la nhflng
ldi ngdi ca nha vua, ma la nhflng ldi oan
gian cao dp. Neu nhfl hai eau ddu ndi ve
sfl giam cam the xac nhflng cung nhan
dep,
thi hai cau cud'i vdi hinh dnh con
vet hieu va biet nhai tieng ngfldi, chang
khac nao "ten gian diep" cua nha vua
"xam xoi" ehi em cung nhan du ea mfldi
hai canh gid. Chdng len ndi dau the xac
hi giam cdm la ndi dau tinh than ludn hi
khd'ng che, vay bua cua ngfldi cung nfl.
Rd rang d day khdng mdt loai chim nao
khac thay the dflpc ehflc nang
eiia
mdt
cen vet lam dieu.
Mat khac, de dat dfldc tfnh cu the
ngdn ngfl thd Dfldng, dac
biet
la danh tfl,
thfldng
phai
ket hpp
vdi
nhflng danh tfl
khac thee quy luat cua tfl duy "dflng
minh dd vat", kieu nhfl dflng cae bd phan
cd the ngfldi de phan anh sfl vat nhfl:

Id,
thuy lieu, thanh thien, cd am
thanh ed hoat ddng, lai mang dam tinh
ngfldi, ma cdn tham dam tinh yeu thien
nhien, yeu cupc sd'ng cua nha thd.
Them nfla, dac trflng tfl duy cu the
nguyen thuy da thflc day manh me nang
life
tfl duy hinh tflpng va nang
life
nhan
thflc tham my cua cac dan tdc phfldng
Ddng, trong dd cd eac nha thd ddi Dfldng.
d mdt trinh dp nha't dinh, loai tfl duy nay
da quy dinh va coi trpng each thflc md
phdng sfl vat khach quan cua nghe thuat
phfldng Ddng; mat khac nd tao ra sfl
thdm thau, dan xen va tdng hdp gifla cac
loai hinh nghe thuat phfldng Ddng nhfl:
"thfl - hoa tfldng thdng" (tfldng thdng eua
thfl phap va hpi hoa), "thi - nhac - vfl
nha't the" (thd ca- am nhac- vfl dao gdm
mdt the), "thi trung hflu hoa, hoa trung
56
NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUdC so 8(96)
-
2009
Ve
tdduy
nghe thuat.

(y d ngoai ldi), "ngdn tan y bat tan" (ldi
het ma y khdng cflng) va yeu cdu cua
' the loai thd luat Dfldng nen thd Dfldng
cang cdn tfl duy tflpng trflng. Trdng thd
Dfldng, ngfldi ta ludn bat gap nhflng
uObi tfldng tfldng trflng, ham an nhieu
ldp nghia. De bieu dat con ngfldi, cac nha
thd cd thfldng dflng tfl nhien: nhfl sdng
nui (nhan gid nhao sdn
tri
gia nhao thuy
- ngfldi cd dflc nhan hpc theo nfli, ngfldi
cd dflc trf hpc theo nfldc); cay cd nhfl
tflng cue trflc mai, dieu thfl nhfl dai
bang, phfldng hoang, manh hd, en se ,
lai cd the dflng ca nhan vat, sfl kien, dia
danh de the hien. De
chi
thdi gian, cac
nha thd thfldng dflng cay cd, am thanh
ehl mfla vu, nhat nguyet nam thang
chi
thdi gian tudn
hoan
Chang han bieu tfldng "dfldng lieu
sac"
(sac dfldng lieu) treng bai thd Khue
odn cua Vfldng Xfldng Linh:
"Hdt kien mach ddu dfldng lieu sac,
Hdi giad phu te mich phong hdu"

mdi chi "hot kien" - chdt nhin thay, cai
"sdc mau dfldng
lidu"
kia, da khien ngfldi
thieu phu bflng
tinh.
Cai "hd't
kien"
kia
nhfl mdt lan set xe toang tam man do
tfldng day had quang
vinh
hda vd'n lau
nay bung bit, che phu
ngudi
thieu phu,
nay dot ngdt bflng sang
tinh
ngp, thay
ddi han quan niem sd'ng: hd'i han vi
da bao chdng di kiem an phong hdu.
Khao khat hanh phflc that manh
liet.
NGHIEN
CIJU
TRUNG QUOC so 8(96)
-
2009
57
TRAN LE BAO

xac lap tfnh ddng nha't
cua nhflng hien tflpng ma giac quan cho
la dd'i lap
nhau"'^'.
Cac nha thd Dfldng khdng ve sfl vat
ma tao ra cac quan he ddng nha't hda
gifla sfl vat nay vdi sfl vat khac, nhdm
dem lai eho ngfldi dpc sfl chiem hflu thfl
vi va cd dfldc hanh phuc nhd viec tfl
tham gia kham pha eac quan he treng
thd. Vi vay thfldng thflc thd Dfldng la
phai
tim ra cac quan he ay; dpc thd
Dfldng khdng phai dpc bdng mdt ma dpc
bdng quan he. Cd the
ndi
day la dac
diem tfl duy eua thd Dfldng va cflng la cd
sd de khu biet eua ne vdi the bai thd
khac trfldc va sau ddi Dfldng, rdng hdn la
khu biet ca vdi thd phfldng Ddng va
phfldng Tay.
Nguyen nhan cua
hien
tfldng tfl duy
quan he nay trfldc he't phai ke tdi triet
hpc cd dai Trung Qud'e, trong dd cd each
58
nhan thflc tfl cac mat dd'i lap cua Lao
Tii;

tru va nhan sinh cua ngfldi Trung Qud'c
ddi Dfldng.
Nguyen nhan thfl hai khdng kem
phdn quan trpng la yeu cdu cua hinh
thflc the loai thd Dfldng, dac biet thd
Dfldng luat vd'n la loai thd nhd be. Hien
thflc eude sd'ng vd'n rdng ldn, thien hinh
van trang lam sao cd the dung nap vao
mdt the thd nhd be, ma lai phai ndi len
dflpc nhflng van de rung ddng ldng ngfldi
ngan nam. thi khdng the chay theo
Id'i
mieu ta. d day chi cd the gpi va each
liia
NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUOC so 8(96)
-
2009
Ve ta duy nghe
thi^.
chpn td't nhat la cac nha thd ddi Dudng
phai diing len cac mdi quan he. Tfl cac
md'i quan he nay, ngfldi dpc cd the kham
pha ra ban chat sau
kin
cua sfl vat hien
tfldng, cflng nhflng ky thfl cua nghe
thuat thd.
2.2 Tfl duy quan he nay da chi phd'i
toan bd td chflc nghe thuat thd Dfldng,
dac biet la thd Dfldng luat, tfl cap dp vi

phdn ldn la ngdn ngfl khai quat, lai them
nhiing
ti
lay de tao nen tfnh nhac bi
luy crnr
Dl
thalih dieJ'lc?t
h|p
vdi nhflng khoang trdng trong ddng thd
da tao thanh nhip dieu cd lflc reo rat, ed
lflc lang dpng, dem lai sflc cud'n hflt cfla
tfnh am nhac trong ldi thd Dfldng. Ngfldi
nghe tfl hien tflpng red rat cfla am thanh
cd the kham pha hien thflc met each mdi
me.
Cai thanh khi cua nha thd dflpc the
hien treng thanh dieu, tiet tau cua bai
thd va dflpc cdng hfldng trdng ldng ddc
gia ngan nam. Ngfldi Trung Qud'c van cd
cau: "Ddng thanh tfldng flng ddng khi
tfldng cdu" la nhfl vay.
Tfnh can dd'i cua tfl duy thd Dfldng
the hien re ret trdng ca ndi dung va hinh
thflc dd'i eua thd. Dd la sfl the hien ddc
dao cua tfl duy quan he va la phfldng
tien hflu hieu phan anh hien thflc cua
cac nha thd ddi Dfldng.
Tfl duy Trung Qud'c vd'n cd sfl can dd'i
trong dien dat, nhflng chi den ddi Dfldng
mdi cd cau dd'i thd. Ndi nhfl nha nghien

nj(|
hinh thflc cau dd'i thd trong
SIT^
miff yPpng
nhaf
eac ma t dd'i la p cua sfl
vai
nien
tflpng. Mac dfl thd Dfldng khdng dflng he
NGHIEN
CIJU
TRUNG QUOC so 8(96)
-
2009
59
TRAN LE BAO
thd'ng suy luan, song nhd cac kieu cau
ddi thd phong phfl da thuc day ngfldi dpc
phai suy luan.
Hai cau thd dd'i rat chinh trong bai
"Thfldng Sdn tao hanh" (Di sdm d
Thfldng Sdn) eua Vi Trang lau nay dfldc
coi la "thdn cfl":
"Ke minh mao diem nguyet,
Nhan tfch ban kieu sflOng"
(Tieng ga gay, trang tren leu tranh;
Dau chan ngfldi in tren sfldng cdu gd).
De the hien "eai thdn" cua sfl kien di
that sdm, tac gia da sfl dung tai tinh cae
yeu td' dd'i: danh dd'i vdi danh, ngfldi dd'i

xuat hien cao. Dd la he hfl tfl cdng,
tfldng, dfl (nghia cua chflng dai loai la
cflng nhau). Va de ndi len sU thd'ng nhat
60
ciia
cai ddn nhat vdi tdng the, thUdng
ngUdi ta dung he hfl tii co, dpc , nha't
Hai cau thd ndi tieng cua Vfldng Bpt:
"Lac ha dfl cd 16 te phi
Thu thiiy cong trfldng thien nhat sac"
(Canh cd bay vdi rang sa
Nfldc thu cflng vdi trdi xa mpt mdu)
da la mpt minh chflng ve viec sd dung
cd hieu qua cac he hfl tfl nay gdm "dfl",
"te",
"cdng" va "nha't". Hai ddng thd cd
den bd'n hfl tfl. Ben canh dd la nhflng
hinh anh nhfl cd pham, cd thdn, cd van,
cd nguyet van con dpng trong ldng
ngfldi dpc ngan nay, khi nd la tie'ng long
ciia ca the tieu vfl tru mud'n hda vao dai
vfl tru. Ngflpc lai nhiing hfl tfl mang
mau sdc chflng minh hay tao ra mpi bien
phap suy luan kieu nhfl: chi, hd, gia,
da dfldng nhfl vang bdng trong cac bai
thd Dfldng luat. Bdi le quan niem cua tfl
duy quan he trong thd Dfldng la cdn sfl
ddng nha't trflc tie'p cac mat dd'i lap, chfl
khdng can chflng minh va suy luan.
3.

-
2009
Ve
tdduy
nghe thuat
khac nhau. Dd la each sang tao trong
qua trinh kham pha va the hien cudc
sd'ng cfla mdi nha thd, lam nen sflc hap
dan va sfl trfldng tdn cfla thd Dfldng .
Ddng gdp eho sflc hap dan va trfldng tdn
ay khdng the khdng ndi tdi tfl duy quan
he xac lap tfnh ddng nha't cac mat
ddi
lap - met loai tfl duy sinh ra trong ddi
Dfldng.
Cau tfl (cdn gpi la tfl thd) la each
kham pha va the
hien
cudc sd'ng met
each
ddc dao nha't cfla tflng nha thd
trdng tflng bai thd. Gan nghia
vdi
cau tfl
thd, mi hpc Trung Qud'e cd khai niem "y
canh" hay "y canh nghe thuat" "cdnh gidi
nghe thuat". Dd la sfl ket hdp hai hda
gifla tfl tfldng tinh cam chfl quan cua tac
gia vdi mdi trfldng canh vat khach quan
tao thanh hinh tfldng mang ham nghia

quan he ddc hflu cua thd Dfldng la quan
he ddng nhat gifla eac mat, cac hien
tfldng ma giac quan che la ddi lap. Nhfl
vay tim hieu tfl thd Dfldng thflc chat la
phat hien cac quan he. tim
hieu
va li giai
cac ldp y nghia cua cac quan he ay.
3.2 Xet tfl gdc dp cfla tfl duy quan he,
phat trien kien giai ve tfl thd Dfldng cfla
nha nghien
eflu
Phan Ngpc , ta cd the
thay each thflc cau tfl cua thd Dfl dng
luat theo ba kieu quan he cd ban. Mdt la
ddng nha't gifla cac mat
ddi
lap, hai la
dflng mat nay ndi mat kia tren cd sd hai
mat dd'i lap, ba la tad ra cac cdnh hudng
nghe thuat.
a. Kieu cau tfl thfl nha't la ddng nhat
cac mat dd'i lap, tieu bieu trong nhflng
bai
thd: Thu hflng (Dd Phfl), De dd thanh
nam trang (Thdi Hp), Xuan tfl (Lf Bach),
Lflng Tay hanh (Trdn Dao) trong
nhflng bai thd nay cd dfl
loai
ddng nha't

Ifla
ddi.
Hai cau md ddu la sfl ddng nhat cua
thdi gian mfla xuan va dd'i lap ve khdng
gian xa each gifla da't Yen va dat Tan.
Dflng sfl phat trien khac nhau
ciia
cay
ed'i trong thdi diem mfla xuan de the hien
sfl xa each qua ldn ve khdng gian, cung la
de gidi thieu sfl each trd qua ldn
ciia
ddi
Ifla
ke chinh phu ngfldi ehinh phu.
Hai
cau tiep la met cap
Iflu
thfly dd'i
the
hien
ndi nhd thfldng thfldng tnic
ndi
Cdn
tim
cfla
ddi Ifla
xa
each
kia. dfldng

gid xuan khdng quen biet kia chui vao
man cflng lam ngfldi chinh phu giat
minh canh
giac.
Cau cud'i la mdt cau hdi
cua ngfldi chmh phu -
hei
gid hay tfl hdi
minh de
rdi
khdng dinh sfl kien trinh
trong trang cua ngfldi chinh phu.
Rd rang thdng qua viec ddng nha't cac
mat dd'i lap Lf Bach da tao dflng dfldc
mpt tfl thd trong sang va dam tinh ngfldi.
b.
Kieu cau tfl thfl hai la dung mat
nay ndi mat kia tren cd sd hai mat dd'i
lap.
Ben canh nhflng tfl thd ddng nha't
cac mat ddi lap, cac nha thd Dfldng cdn
hay dflng ddng ndi
tinh
nhfl "Dieu minh
gidn" (Vfldng Duy), dung mdng ndi thflc
nhfl "Xuan oan" (Kim Xfldng Tfl), dung
canh ndi tinh la mpt quan he cd ban va
phd bien cua thd Dfldng, tieu bieu nhfl
"Hoang hac lau td'ng Manh Hao Nhien
chi Quang Lang"

trinh dp tuyet dd'i tdi mflc ngpn nfli vao
mfla xuan cung nhfl nhoe tan bien vao
dat trd i - "xuan sdn khdng". Yen t inh
cflng lam cho anh tra ng vfla
Ide
sang
da hi chuyen ddi chflc nang thanh sflc
manh cua am thanh khien cho chim nfli
kinh hai va cud'i cflng la khe nui cang
62
NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUOC so 8(96)
-
2009
Ve tif
duy nghe thuat.
yen tinh hdn khi tieng chim keu dem
vang len, lai tdt lim di, de rdi tra lai cho
ndi day sfl yen tinh cang dam dac hdn,
cung nhfl trong dem den chi cdn mdt anh
Ifl Ide
len rdi lai tat chi lam cho mdu den
ciia dem them dam dac hdn ma thdi. Ca
bai thd la chfl "tinh" tuyet dd'i cua Thien
dfldc the hien bang nhan td'"ddng" dd'i lap.
c. Kieu cau tfl thfl ba la dflng len cac
"canh hud'ng" ham chfla ddy mau thudn.
Rat nhieu bai thd Dfldng khdng he cd
canh de the hien tinh, cflng chdng tha'y
cd sfl ddng nha't cac mat dd'i lap, ma
chi

chang thay ai, ngam trdi dat ma rdi le.
Cd cam nhan dfldc sfl trdng vang vd cflng
gifla thdi gian va khdng gian cfla mdt ca
the nhd nhoi trong dai vfl tru bao la, mdi
tha'y het dflpc ndi dau cd ddc tuyet
ddi
cua nha thd. Hdi hfldng ngdu thfl lai la
mdt cdnh hud'ng dac biet khac eua Ha
Tri Chfldng. Tinh hud'ng dae biet nay
da tao nen net ddc dao "ngu bi fl hai"
(gifi cai bi vao cai hai) ciia bai thd. Hdn
tam mfldi nam mdi ve que, ban be, hp
hang cflng trang
Ifla
khdng cdn nen nha
thd vd'n la "chfl" lai bi bien thanh
"khach" trfldc nhflng chau be tfldi cfldi
ma "xa la". Nu cfldi cang hdn nhien ma
ngay thd cua nhflng chau be lai cang
lam
cho ndi budn, that vpng cua nha thd cang
tang len trong tinh hud'ng den sflng sd
nay. Va Dp Tang Can lai la mdt khoanh
khac dd'n ngp khi rdi Tinh Chau ndi
Iflu
trfl da mfldi nam. Mfldi nam lam khach
Tinh Chau, long khdng ngudi nhd que
nha. Nhflng hdm nay qua ben Tang Can,
nhin lai Tinh chau da thanh cd' hfldng.
That bat ngd, tfldng nhfl phi

nhflng ma van hda k hac, kieu tfl duy
quan he nay da dem lai cho nen van hpc
Trung Qud'c va van hpc the
-gidi
ngpn
nfli thd Dfldng sflng sflng hdn ngan nam
nay.
Trong thdi hau hien dai hdm nay, ne'u
nhfl chu nghia hau hien dai phfldng Tay
hien ra nhfl sfl tfl huy cua nen van hda
chau Au cfl, nhfl sfl tfl bd qua khfl vi dai
cfla minh thi chu nghia hau hien dai
phfldng Ddng
lai
la sfl gidi phdng va sfl
trd ve vdi chfnh ban than minh, trong
tam hdn minh. Tfl duy phfldng Tay hi
han che bdi cap dp
If
tfnh va thflc dung
khdng the nao hieu va chap nhan dflpc
tfl duy "logic sieu
If",
"tfl duy gifla nhflng
ddng chfl", "cai logic sd'ng tfl nhien" cua
phfldng Ddng. Cai logic sd'ng tfl nhien
trong tam hdn mdi eon ngfldi phfldng
Ddng, cd the ket hpp nhflng mat dd'i lap
theo each ciia minh, dflng chflng nhfl
nhflng ma so' ma

chii
nghia hau hien
dai phfldng Ddng, trong dd cd tfl duy
quan he, tfl duy sdng tfl nhien phfldng
Ddng da cd chflc nang
eflu
the ca the gidi
phfldng Tay dang chuyen tfl "van hda"
sd'ng sang "van minh" chet, bang
each
dat vao tam hdn con ngfldi phfldng Tay y
chf va Idgic
ciia
phfldng Ddng. Phai
chang day cung la sflc manh
ciia
van hda
mem phfldng Ddng.
CHU THICH:
'.'.H':
(1),
(2) Phan Ngpc: Cdi hay
ciia
thd
Diidng - Cdch gidi thich vdn hgc bdng
ngon ngd hgc. Nxb Tre, 1995, tr 116. tr
139)
. ;l (>[} •>;;•:) illitQ
TIT LifiU
THAM KHAO CHINH

2009
5.
Nhfl Thanh: Thd tim hieu tU thd cua
thd Dudng, tap chf Van hec
1-1982
6. Nguyin Khdc Phi, Trdn Dinh Sfl; Ve
thi
phdp thd Diidng, Nxb Da Ndng 1997
64
NGHIEN CUU TRUNG
QUdiC
so 8(96)
-
2009