T Phn C: Khoa hc: 26 (2013): 30-45

30

TÍNH KHOA HỌC VÀ NGHIÊN CỨU KHOA HỌC XÃ HỘI - NHÂN VĂN
Tr
1

1
i hc C
Thông tin chung:
 02/01/2013
19/06/2013

Title:
Scientificity and research in
Social Sciences and Humanities
Từ khóa:

- 

Keywords:
Natural Sciences, Social Sciences,
Humanities, Scientific Method,
Scientificity, Criteria
ABSTRACT
Recently, the press says a lot about the state of our country's current
stagnation in scientific activity in general, humanities and social
sciences in particular. Many authors have mentioned many reasons
for this situation, which comes to the backwardness of scientific
research methods. To contribute to the improvement of scientific

nh kKhoa h
hc
cn v u
khoa h       
lun, th  ,
khin cho ch   u c 
u hn chc c

      khoa h  c.
Hy v 
nh v t, ho
s m ra cui, tranh lun khoa h
ho ng hc thut v     
i sc.
T Phn C: Khoa hc: 26 (2013): 30-45

31
1 VỀ TÊN GỌI KHOA HỌC XÃ HỘI VÀ
KHOA HỌC NHÂN VĂN
T  khoa hc i
ng ng   c
khoa hc  k thu
xy ra   p th gii
  y. Trong World Social Science
Report cng ch

 Theo  hiu c   
 c 
       xut hi
   dai d     

hin ra s bt n c   
 y c  a gi  1



2
 
.
hi  i by gip  
       
h     ng kin thc khoa
hc v i bng mn cht
ch      c A.
i h
u to ln trong
vi 
c 
phn mnh m 
u th k 20.
,  Vi
thut ng  t hi    
min B       c
i thui hc Tng hi
3

t bn Khoa hi
d  ph

- 
  -  -   H TW  -
1954),   -  -     
(1955-1959), UBKH 
(1960-
-1966).
T Phn C: Khoa hc: 26 (2013): 30-45

32
       i 
-NV)  
 m   m tr    
tr  hin qua
nhi      ng chn
 tuyi hc
c ph th ca KHXH-
i. K thi tuy
t h  i
h  
h i (tc
4,43%). So v
n gn 8% (Hiu Nguy
ling).
 kii
ni bt qu thi tuyi h
 v a hot ng
khoa hc Vi ng xp hng
th gi   n m   
ng mnh mm lc mt s nhn
 tht

hin vic di dn
n xut. Hu qu 
 mt sn xut. Vic
t ch    ng cho h l 
p vi truyn thng ca hu qu,
  t mi
, h phi t di
d  
nhiu h lt phn
c i am hiu v
c m
cu, ho      c,
2010ng).
        i
hin nay li to ra nhiu bt cp cho KHXH-
NV, khi      t
chng m i phc
v cho nhng m
biu ca GS. Vi  n Ng  
mt cuc hi tho:
 Khoa h 
 ch 
 n, cn   , ch  i
 khen nhau! Nhi
qut qu u, xem
vi  u khoa h     
    c, 2010   
mng)
hon ca mi
th     p xp li h thng

   
         i,
   c th gi   quanh
qu  t Nam. Nh
     Phm Duy Hi  

       m ba
ph n phm khoa hc na h
c tt
qu , r
bit. Trong nhiu thp k g  n mo
khoa h gi
       p c 
h    c t   ng
    t hin, khoa hc t
 
  ta. Khoa hi
i th gii 
(Phm Duy Hin, 2012ng).
 ng t  p ca KHXH-NV Vit
Nam mt ph   
hn ch v  ngoi ngp
c
 u ca th gi    t
qu u c 
c m nghim. C th  gi
 t cung t cp a KHXH-
c ta, Nguyn cho r
u v c trong
       ng

      con  

         
         
 KHXH-NV,  trong lch
s       
khoa hc  (Trn Ngc  2007  u
ng).
 duy  mang  tng hp    
 phn ch da  nhng kin thc c
  t kinh nghim, trc  truyn
thng  tc, hoc t quy c, nim tin ca
mt cng ng, thm   ch  nhng 
ng ca      c chng
minh mt  khoa hc.  cho nhng kin
thc   xut sc n    na, 
  vn ch  kin thc  tin khoa hc 
T Phn C: Khoa hc: 26 (2013): 30-45

34
 th da        bit
KHXH-NV Vit Nam  th gii. Trong mi
 hi     hay  
trong   kin thc  truyn trong  hi,
 rt nhiu kin thc  tin khoa hc  trong
s   nhng kin thc   nhng kin
thc sai. Nhng kin thc y cn phi c
chng minh mi  th c gi  kin thc
khoa hc.  phi k n ng hp ng
nhn do  quen  ng: nhiu i 

 trng    trung ch  
 s ln xn ca  gi  KHXH-NV 
    mt quy chun khoa hc
  kim ch nam, khin ai   th cho
rng  kin ca   khoa hc, thm  ai
  th tr   khoa hc.   th
mang   khoa hc    KHTN hay
KHXH-NV,   vc  cu cn phi
 th nhng  cu  c ng khoa
hc thng nht v b
h    c     
      u
KHXH-NV, thi     c n
nh  m c    i
i khoa hc t nh
 v khoa hc.
3.1 Đặc điểm của KHXH-NV
  nh c m ca KHXH-NV,
i ta ng i chiu  vi khoa hc t
  c m sau  ng c 
cp n:
3.1.1 u
       m
ca mc. Tht vy, th gii t
u ca khoa hc t
t nhiu
so v         trong
gian ln th
nh  ng c th     c
tic (bng mng hoc b

nn khoa h gii.
3.1.2 u
T       m
     

5
    
u quen thuc trong khoa hc t 
      c nghim.
 khi


p vu d
s u ca khoa hc
t 
c nghi
 gi
vc c       
 ng h
  hi ng trong tng th. T nhng
 n mnh m c
      
p cn m
tng h thng bi
ng trong tt c i quan h c
  hiu bn cht ca KHXH-NV, khi
  m xu    
t
i quan h c bi
h  i hoc tn t    

ng xy ra  mc trong mt
ng quy t s
i trong
khoa h ht ln
thm b 
b n th hou chnh
p vi thc t 
n thc khoa h
kin thc tin khoa hc, thn thc phi
khoa h
i si, khin
cho nhing r
 o ra kin thc mi. Hing
  c M A. Tremblay c  
thiu hiu bit v i ta

t th 
i
na! (M A. Tremblay, 1988 : 8). Nguy him
  ng kin thc t    
ca nhi nh.
Nh v ng hy ry trong
i hin nay, nh 
trin.
Mn quan
tr    nh khoa hc lun. Trong
nhi ng h  u khoa hc t
  dng li  c  ng
   cung c   i nhng kin
thc khoa hc li, trong khoa

i quan h 
c v   i quan h ca
h
ng di
ci si; h o hay bi
mi quan h  trong cng.
y s   v
i n
  , bi     
trong c    .   
2002, tr.4).
 a, nhiu v    
u, khin h
g th che d, c
 u. Khi chn mt vn
  u, h  m th   bt n
trong hi
ng v nh
hay hn ch th
trung l      
        
ti
        
   th   i thiu
nhi     i chi 
hing ch vi nhiu
c
 bm s minh bt c
 
c 

v ca khoa ht
t     n thc v KHXH-NV
 
T Phn C: Khoa hc: 26 (2013): 30-45

37
3.2.1 S dng d ling nghi
tng nghim lun: (A.: empirism; P.:
empirisme)
Khoa hc d th  tin

t  i nhng s v   vi  
nhng d li ng
    kim ch  c thu
thp t th gi    
rng quan ni  tha t  
 u ca Aristote t thi c i. Theo
quan nin thc khoa hc 
dng t nhc t, ri t 
 thuy
 thuyc kim chng li qua nhiu
        
nhng quy lu cho nhng
.
c
 t h   dng d li ng
nghit s 
        

3.2.2 ng ca khoa hc: khoa hc

nghi      c c 
thuyt phn nghim (A.: Falsificationism; P.:
    
Popper (1902-  khoa
hn b nh
thuyt tt d   s b sung, chnh sa
c   u mi; th hai, kin th 
c thay th bng kin thc m
     c gi  
D 
t, gm nhng quy t
giu s vit. M
thuyt t        c
nhiu quan h gi vic.
Ma khoa hn
thc v bn cht ca th gii t 
hi, bu t  
dn d      t
chung. Nu ch      n d
li 
c nhng quy lut chi phi
ng h
nh        
Mch Tycho Brahe (1546-   
  nhng

i h-1630)
mc nhng quy lut
vng c
nh lut Kepler.

nghim, r d
nhit, r
th  i nhiu ng   i nhng
   u    
tr.85)
c bit quan tr
      m thc mi,
  m nh ki    i m vi
  ng mi m ngay c khi nh 
c lm
c
3.3 Tính khoa học trong KHXH-NV
Trong cuc s    u
 u g ph
c     u khoa hc. Theo
ghi nhn ca P. Sagaut, thut ng  science 
 c nhi c
   
sinh c   scientifique    
   cht ch  chc chn 
th       tr  a
c lu
        c
nh
hc (2008, tr.24).
  khoa hc,
u phi dm
ca khoa hc. Nu d 
thng nht vi nhau v s cn thit c 
khoa h lu

a m 
c.
B  p lun r   ng
nghing d liu tuyi,
 ch ng kin thc tm thi c
lo kt lun rt
kim nghim bt lc trong nhing hp,
      t phn nghim (A.:

phm  a s  n khoa hc
7
.
Popper l        
   b    n c 6
Le Manifeste du Cercle de
Vienne.
7

scientifique.
T Phn C: Khoa hc: 26 (2013): 30-45

39
  i ta ph     
kim nghim, nu ch t li
n th mt nhi 
 sai. T 
r chng minh m

bi  
cu   , m  u bao g 
v v thuy
  p ct. Khi khoa 8

scientifiques.
9

Le Petit Robert 
      
normes qui influent sur la perception du monde 
        


   ,     hay    
    ,   ,   
   ,    ,    ,
          

hu ca
 to ra mt cung khoa hc.
3.3.2 n cc
 c gi bng nhi
nhau, u trung l
c nhi
  n ca mi khoa h   
KHXH-  p l ni t  p l

      liu thu thp
c. Nhc g
        i
   kim chng ghi nhn c i
u.
3.3.3 Mt s 
Umberto Eco, m 
 cu nhic KHXH-
T Phn C: Khoa hc: 26 (2013): 30-45

40
u hc, trit h hc
  h 
hc ca m
   u phi ch  ng
      nhn bi c,
     n bi  
[ ]
2. V m u
ph        i,
hoc ph
i nh. [ ]
u ph
[ ]
u phi cung cp nhng yu t
m chng hoc phn bi
thuy        
cu phi cung cp nhng yu t  
tranh lu        
bn n li t -P., 1986, tr. 35).

tng h       
 c  c s d  
vc KHXH-NV trong m
trng kin thu:
CÁC PHƢƠNG PHÁP NCKH TRONG KHXH-NV
Tình trạng
kiến thức
Mục
tiêu
Đặc điểm
Phƣơng pháp nghiên cứu
c
m

u

Thăm dò
- t hi
c bin
- Nhn dng ho
bin quan trng
-  thuy

- Chuyi (histoire de vie)
- ng hp
- Phng vc
- ch s
-  
- 


- ng hp duy
nht
- c nghim
- c nghim

nh
i
 
hing
Dự báo
- D i hou
qu ca mt hing
- D  kin ho
  mt hing
- i thi gian
- n

n
mt s ng
dng
Đánh giá
- ng ho
ng ca mt hi

- u chnh mt hing (sn
phm, dch v)
- u tra m 
- Khu
- Kh thi


       n cht
, v 
th   b    c c 
c ti Vit
Nam hay   u
 gng nhi thiu
d c, chung
cho m g
cu
u ph-
NV.
u quan ni 
 ng dng c
n c v vai
    c nghim. Tht vy,
t s quan nim v 
khoa h mt s 
 n cu v KHXH-   c
c.
M      
c b
 mc
c:
   dng mt khung tham chiu
(nhgii hn c
n hi
cu),
   liu ph   i h
thi ti),
  vic thu nh

thu
  sn sinh ra nhng kt lun
    u s  n hoc
din gii.
c tin b  Hoa K ch
 y cho hc sinh ph  
       
  ng trong bt c   i
bt c  vic gii quyn
 u phc tp. Peter
F. Oliva (2006) c th khoa
hc bc thc hin:
        n
ph       m gii
        n
n nht c 

 nh mt v,
   t gi thuyt hoc nhiu
gi thuyt,
 Tp hp d liu,
  liu,
    t lun.    
2006, tr.260).
        y
rng m
 u trung l
  t y u hin din trong 5 giai

M

 si ch  t m
, vi cao s 
T Phn C: Khoa hc: 26 (2013): 30-45

43
 ch n 
ng hn trong khoa hc.
Trong giu KHXH-c ta,
nhii ch d  t v 
  gi hi nh
ca KHXH-NV Ving khoa
hc ca cng th git yu
t then cht khin gic ta vn
quanh quu vic
hc t   u nh  u v
KHXH-NV cc
   hi     
   -NV    i
hi dung sinh hot hc thut ca
u nhng kin thc bit
ng kin th
u khoa hu qu u
cc ch 
ng quc t    n
   a Nguyn th T Huy (2011:
 Ch       ng
dy  i hp thi s 
cu th gim b
t ra cho gii hc thut quc t chng
 i vic hi nhp th gii

  ng bng nhng quy lut chung
u khii quan h c
3. T b  n

quy lu      
       
ng gc chng lun;

thuy     ng chc chn ca
khoa h        
quy lut cc;
5. S c lp c    i vi
nh i vi nh
         a
Weber v p gi h
s i tri gia khoa h
 
Ho ng khoa h  t ho  
duy cao ci ph
   n, nhiu bi    
dii khoa hc tinh thn ci
m, t do tip cn nh    
loi, ch  ch  mt s ch
       
dy  c gi nhi
 n chn hong
KHXH-NV  c ta.
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 vii
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ng lt Vit
truy cp ti trang web
http://khoahoc.baodatviet.vn/Home/KHCN/Kh
oa-hoc-xa-hoi-va-nhan-van-dang-chung-

24. Trn Ng
-
i Hi tho
 n trong KHXH-NV do
i hc Quc gia t ch
25. Trn Ngng v ca
khoa hi trong th gi
 di Hi tho quc t