TRIET HOC, SO 9 (232), THANG
9-2010
NGHIEN
CCrU
VA HOC TAP
BAI HOC VE
Y
NGHIA CUA KHOAN DUNG
TU*
LICH
SU'
DOI
Vdl
HIEN TAI
6
VIET NAM
NGUYfiN
THI PHUONG
MAI'^
Bdi viei trinh bdy vd phdn tich mpt
so'bieu
hien cda khoan dung trong
ijud
trinh xdy diing
vd bdo ve ddt niidc, trong dodn kei ddn tpc, dodn ke't tdn gido, d Viet Nam. Tii do, tdc gid
khdng dinh rang, khoan dung
Id
mpt gid tri truyin thdng cua ddn tpc Viet Nam. Vd, gid tri
truyin thdng ndy cdn phdi diidc
ke
thiia vd phdt huy trong diiu kien Men nay.

vin
de
cap thiet. Dd chinh la ly do vi sao trong thdi
gian
gin
day, va'n de khoan dung
dUdc
nbac
den rat nhieu va dfldc tim bieu tfl nhieu gdc
do khac nhau. Gia tri cua khoan
dung
dUdc
ghi nhan la cd tac dong khdng nhd den sfl
phat trien cua xa hoi. Khoan dung nhU mot
each
thflc de phat huy hdn nfla gia tri nhan
dao cua khoa hoc, ky thuat va cdng nghe
trong cuoc sd'ng, ddng thdi, no gop phan gifl
gin nhflng gia tri truyen
thohg,
dao dflc
chung mang tinb nhan loai. Bdi vay, chung
ta khdng nen coi khoan dung chi la nhflng
gia tri dao dflc, gia tri van hda, gia tri chinh
tri hay gia tri tdn giao tach rdi nhau.
Trong thdi gian gan day, nhat la nhflng
thap nien cud'i cua the ky XX, khoan dung
dfldc nhac den nhieu vdi vai trd la mgt gia
tri dao dflc cua con ngfldi ndi chung. Nd dfldc
nhac de'n nhieu trong md'i quan he gifla con

cfiu
vien, Vien Trie't hpc, Vien Khoa hpc
xa hoi Viet Nam.
57
NGUYEN THI PHUONG MAI
sfl duy tri quyen con ngfldi, chu nghia da
dang (ke ca da dang van boa), che do dan
chu va luat le", "viec thflc hien van de khoan
dung khdng cd nghia la khoan dung cua sU
bat cdng xa hgi, sfl tfl bd hay sfl suy nhfldc
trong nhan thflc cua mgt ngfldi nao dd. Nd
cd nghia la mdi ngUdi deu
dUdc
tfl do trong
viec gifl •vflng nhan thflc cua chinh minh va
thfla nhan quyen dd cua
ngUdi
khac"(l).
Qua do, cd the khang dinh rang, khoan
dung khdng chi la viec nam lay nhflng
nguyen tac sd'ng cd ban, ma cdn la dieu kien
cho hda binh, cho phat trien kinh te va cho
sfl tien bd xa hdi. Khoan dung phai an sau
khdng chi trong tam tri cua moi ngUdi nhU
mot thai do flng xfl, ma ca trong nhflng
each
bd' tri cua sfl van hanh xa hgi va chinh tri,
chi phd'i va tao dflng nhflng md'i quan be
gifla con ngfldi vdi con ngUdi. Khoan dung
khdng

doan ket la mgt truyen thd'ng
quy
bau cua
dan tgc ta. Chinh truyen thdng do da the
hien tinh than tUdng than, tUdng ai, chap
nhan nhflng khac biet de cflng nhau bao ve
cugc sd'ng cua minh trfldc sflc manh cua tfl
nhien, nang cao dieu kien sd'ng cua ban
than. Ban dau, sfl ra ddi cua nha nfldc Van
Lang - Au Lac khdng hoan toan la ket qua
cua cugc dau tranh bang •vu
Iflc
trong ndi bg
cac cdng ddng, cac tgc ngUdi, ma chinh la de
tim mgt sU doan ke't, hen ket
tii
nguyen
nhim
tang hieu
suit
•viec tri thuy. Dd cung
la nhan td' tao nen nen mdng dau tien cua
tam hdn, dao ly, phong tuc, tap quan, lo'i
sd'ng khoan dung cua con ngUdi Viet Nam
vdi y nghia ddng bao ca nUdc deu la con
Rdng, chau Tien, ndi gid'ng Lac Hdng, coi
nhau nhfl anh em trong mdt dai gia dinh cac
dan tgc Viet Nam.
Cung vdi viec dflng nfldc, dng cha ta
cung nhieu lln phai dUdng

cd nhflng boat dgng de
tii
bao ve
trfldc nhflng yeu
to'
cua van boa ngoai bang.
Cha dng ta da tien hanh bao ve ndn van
hoa Viet Nam khdng phai bang tu tudng
bao thu, cd'
chip,
tii
cao tfl dai, ma da cd sfl
tiep bien nhflng nhan to' van hda ngoai
nhap de tang len ndi
Iflc
van hda cua dan
tgc.
Trong qua trinh dflng nude va gifl nfldc,
ni
Ypm-
hftp//www.une9a3nrefeleran3e^dedam^.hfrrdipnr!^^
58
BAI
HOC
VE
Y
NGHiA CUA KHOAN
DUNG
van boa Viet Nam da cd nhflng cudc tiep
xuc,

Viet Nam.
Vdi tinh
thin
khoan dung ve van hda
vd'n
CO
va nhfl la mgt gia tri cO ban, cudc
sd'ng tinh
thin
cua mdi con ngUdi, mdi tdc
ngUdi
sinh sd'ng tren da't nfldc Viet Nam
nhin chung deu dUdc tfl do, ke ca tfl do ve
mat tin ngUdng, tdn giao. Do do, xet ve mat
tdn giao, cd the ndi, trong lich sfl Viet Nam
khdng cd chien tranh gifla cac tdn giao nhfl
da tflng dien ra d mgt sd' nfldc khac. Va,
hiem cd ndi nao ma cac tdn giao, cac tin
ngUdng
khac nhau lai chung sd'ng hda binh
nhu d Viet Nam. Chang ban, khi thoat khdi
ach dd hg cua phong kien Trung Hoa, dan
tgc ta budc vao xay dflng nen van minh Dai
Viet. Phat giao dUdc tdn lam qud'c giao,
nhflng tfl trieu dinh trung Udng den cac
lang xa deu khdng cd sfl ky thi tdn giao.
Tinh hinh nay chi dflt gly trong mgt thdi
gian ngan khi cd
cue
dien truyen dao Cdng

ngUdi ta ve tfl, bi, hi, xa, vi tha, Do biet
hda ddng va dung hdp gifla cac tdn giao,
nen du cd dng vua nao dd coi trgng hoac
dinh kien vdi tdn giao cu the nhflng da la
ngUdi Viet ai cung coi trgng tuc thd cung td
tien, hudng ve ngudn cdi chung.
Ben canh dd, tinh chat khoan dung cdn
the hien rat ro trong md'i quan he gifla con
ngUdi
vdi nhau khdng ke dan tgc, dang cap,
chung tdc, tdn giao, Dd la md'i quan he
cao quy nha't cua cudc sd'ng va nd cung lam
nen gia tri nhan van cua truyen thd'ng dan
tdc.
Chinh vi vay, khi tinh the
bit
buoc
phai dung vu
Iflc
de bao ve da't nUdc, den
khi chien thang, dfl cam thu quan xam
lUOc
bao nhieu chang nfla, ke ca tflng cd khi
"cam giac nfldc the khdng cflng sd'ng",
nhUng khi dat nUdc da dUdc yen binh, dgc
lap thi thai do flng xfl cua dan tdc Viet van
la khoan dung dd'i vdi ke thu bai tran: "the
long trdi td
lUdng
hieu sinh". Dieu nay the

ddng sd'ng hang ngay cua nhflng con ngfldi
Viet Nam, ke ca nhflng ngfldi binh di
nhit.
C6 the, thuat ngfl trong nhflng triet ly ay
khdng xua't phat tfl chinh ngdn ngfl cua
dan tdc, nhflng ban chat cua tinh than do
thi khdng the lan dUdc.
Chinh lich sfl da kiem chflng cho nhflng
gia tri td't dep cua dan tdc ta thi khdng le
nao,
trong thdi ky cd nhflng bien chuyen
manh me ve mgi mat trong ddi sd'ng xa hdi
nhfl hien nay, nhflng gia tri dd lai khdng
phat huy bet y nghia cua minh. Va'n de la,
nhflng gia tri dd da dUdc coi trgng va hieu
dung hay chUa. Ben canh dd, tfl bai hgc lich
sfl,
chung ta cd the rut ra nhflng kinh
nghiem quy gia, trong dd cd gia tri cua tinh
than khoan dung. Gia tri cua tinh
thin
dd
ddng gdp dang ke trong
sii
phat trien cua
qud'c gia khdng chi trong qua khfl, ma nd
cdn dfldc nhin nhan nhfl la mdt cdng cu cho
sfl phat trien hien nay cua da't nfldc.
Viet Nam cung nhu nhieu dan tgc khac
tren the gidi dang dflng trUdc sfl bung nd

van
dang dfldc duy tri va can phai dfldc
phat huy manh me bdn nfla. Bdi, du dieu
kien lich sfl - xa hgi da thay dd'i, nhflng muc
tieu cua doan ket
dan
tgc thi khdng thay
dd'i.
Chi khac la, viec chd'ng lai ke thu, bao
ve da't nUdc se khdng chi bang vu
Iflc
nfla,
ma cdn bang nhieu hinh thflc khac, nhfl
bang van boa, bang kinh
te,
Viec dflng
nUdc khdng phai chi la md rdng lanh thd ve
mat dia ly, ma cdn la phat huy mgi ngudn
lUc
de phat trien da't nfldc. Ngudn
liie
dd
khdng chi la nhflng ngudn tai nguyen thien
nhien
sin
cd, ma cdn la ngudn tai nguyen
tri tue, tri thflc cua mdi con ngudi.
Trong nhflng nam
gin
day, Dang va

de dfla Viet Nam
"sanh vai vdi cac cfldng qud'c nam chau".
Ddng thdi, doan ket dan tdc khdng chi de
phat trien kinb te, ma dd cdn la bflc tUdng
thanh •vflng chac de bao ve Td qud'c trUdc
mgi sfl xam Iflde.
Bat cfl qud'c gia nao cung deu cd nen van
hoa cua rieng minh va viec bao ve nd la
dieu kien tien quyet de bao ve da't nUdc.
Bdi,
neu mat nUdc ve mat lanh thd thi cd
the da'u tranh de gianh lai dUdc, cdn neu
mat nUdc ve mat van boa thi qud'c gia do coi
nhu da tieu vong. Hdn nfla, van boa khdng
phai la mgt san pham tinh than chet cflng;
trai lai, nd cung cd sfl van dgng do sfl phat
trien ngay cang phong phu cua ddi sd'ng vat
chat. Neu coi van boa la mgt cai gi dd bat
bien, thi cd nghia la chung ta dang buy
hoai, pha bd van boa, pha bd chinh cudc
song tinh than cua chung ta. Bdi, van boa
cung
cin
phai thich flng vdi nhflng thay ddi
cua dieu kien xa hdi de tdn tai. Neu khdng
thich flng kip vdi nhflng bien chuyen cua
thdi gian, thi ddi sd'ng tinh than ndi chung,
van boa ndi rieng cua con ngUdi se khd
cflng ma chet dan. Cd the ndi, do
chinh

nhflng cung
rit
dfl ddi nay.
Ngay nay, kinh te tri thflc dang phat
trien manh me va cung chi phd'i den hanh
dgng, dinh hudng cua mdi ngUdi, mdi qud'c
gia. Do dd, de hudng tdi kinh te tri thflc,
giao due dUdc coi la "qud'c sach hang
diu".
Song, hien nay, cd the ndi, chung ta dang
qua chu trgng den viec day kien thflc ly
thuyet khoa hgc sach vd ma quen mat
ring,
viec tham gia cac boat ddng xa hgi, boat
dgng ngoai khda mdi la nhflng boat ddng
day ngUdi ta nhflng kien thflc ve y thflc dao
dflc,
y thflc ve hd trd lan nhau trong boat
ddng, trong cudc sd'ng. Do vay, •viec giao due
tinh
thin
khoan dung Viet Nam cdn can
dfldc thflc hien tren nhflng binh dien khac
nfla. Dd la, giao due nham phat trien tU duy,
phat trien tri tue phai gan vdi •viec giao
due
phat trien nhieu mat con ngUdi thdng qua
61
NGUYEN THI PHUONG MAI
thUe

chi la van de cua mdi ca nhan, ma cdn la
va'n de cua ca cdng ddng xa hgi trong bd'i
canh toan
ciu
boa hien nay.
Ben canh dd, de bao ve dao dflc khoan
dung d mdi con ngudi, tfl dd bao ve dao dflc
khoan dung cua dan tgc, khdng cd
each
nao
khac la giao due truyen thd'ng cua dan tgc.
Giao due khdng chi bang nhflng kien thflc
tfl sach vd, ma cdn tfl chinh boat dgng cua
con ngfldi trong xa hgi; khdng chi cd tinh
"xa hgi" ap dat, ma cdn la sfl tfl giac, "tfl
nguyen", "tfl giao due" cua mdi ca nhan.
Trong bd'i canh toan cau hda hien nay, cac
gia tri truyen thd'ng cua dan tgc ta, trong dd
cd gia tri khoan dung, dang chiu nhflng thach
thflc khdng nhd trUdc sflc manh cua vat chat,
sflc manh cua "ddng tien". Do vay, van de la
lam sao de bao ve dfldc cac gia tri dao dflc
truyen thd'ng dd, ddng thdi lai phai phat huy
dUdc cae gia tri ay trong hoan canh mdi cung
nhfl tiep thu dfldc nhflng gia tri mdi cua
nhan loai nham bd sung cho he gia tri truyen
thd'ng cua chung ta? Ben canh dd, nhflng gi
trong truyen thd'ng cua dan tdc ta cdn mang
tinh bao thu
cin

ma edn d hien tai. Chung ta chap nhan
nhflng gi la tien bd de xa hdi tien len phia
trfldc, ddng thdi, phai biet
diu
tranh, loai
bd nhflng gi khdng thich dang. Dd
la
gia tri
ldn nha't ma tinh
thin
khoan dung mang
lai cho chung ta trong bd'i canh toan cau
boa hien nay.
Nhu vay, nhflng bai hgc eua lich sfl the
hien tinh
thin
khoan dung da giup bao ve
da't
nUde
trUdc ke thu thi den nay, chung
van cdn nhflng gia tri de dinh hfldng xay
dflng va phat trien dat nfldc trong bd'i canh
lich sfl mdi. Nhflng bai hgc dd dfl khdng de
lai nhflng gia tri vat chat, nhflng la diem tfla
tinh than vflng chac trong ddi sd'ng tinh
thin
ciia dan tgc Viet Nam. Viec hieu va tdn
trgng nhflng dac trflng cua tflng tgc ngfldi d
Viet Nam de doan ket dan tgc, •viec hieu va
phat huy nhflng gia tri tich cflc cua van hoa