TRIET HOC, SO 12 (235), THANG
12-2010
•'CBDd&LTDdtt DO"
TIT
GOC
NHIN
TRIET HOC, DAO Dlfc HOC VA MY HOC
NGUYEN VAN PHUC*'
Khang dinh "Chieu ddi dd' cua Ly Cong Udn la mot kiet tdc mang nhQng gid tri nhieu
chieu, nhieu ldp co y nghia khong chi ddi vdi qud khd, md con dot vdi hdm nay vd mai sau,
trong bdi viet nay, tdc gid da diia ra vd ludn gidi nhiing gid tri do tdphiiOng dien triet hoc. dao
ddc hpc vd my hpc qua quan niem cua Ly Cong Udn ve menh trdi vd long ddn, ve bdn pkdn va
vai trd cua kinh dd - noi thang dia. Vdi nhiing luan giai do, tdc gid da ldm rd tdm nhin chien
liipc dam tinh triet hoc, diic dp nhdn di ldn lao, cam hdng va thi hieu thdm my manh me, tinh
te trong "Chieu ddi do" cua Ly Cdng Udn.
hung
sang
tao van hoa dich
thUc
luon la nhiing khoi da
dien
ma
nhin
nhan
tii
phUdng
dien,
chieu
canh
nao
cung

nhU
cang
nghien
ciiu,
cang
khai
thac
thi Chieu ddi do
cang
anh len
nhiing gia tri
nhieu
chieu,
nhieu
ldp cd y
nghia
khong
chi doi vdi qua khd, ma cdn
ddi vdi
horn
nay va mai sau. Trong tinh
than
dd, bai viet nay
mudn
gdp
phan
tim
hieu
ldp
nghia,

do
trong
lich
sii Trung Hoa, Ly
Cdng
Uan da chi ra cho moi ngUdi
thay
rang,
nha ThUdng den Ban
canh
da ddi do
nam lan, nha Chu den
Thanh
vUdng da
ddi do ba lan. Nhu vay,
viec
ddi do da cd
tien le va la
hien
tUdng binh thUdng.
Kinh
do, nhU sii ly giai cua Ly
Cdng
Uan, gan lien vdi sU
hung
vong
cua mot
trieu dai, mot dan toe, mot
qud'c
gia.

giao
sit, tien si,
Tracing
phong
Dao diic hoc
- My hoc, Vien Triet hoc, Vien
Khoa
hoc xa hoi
Viet
Nam.
11
NGUYEN
VAN
PHUC
dap dng cac yeu cau hien tai, ma cdn
"tinh
ke mudn ddi cho con chau mai
sau"(l). Vi vay, ddi do hay dinh dd b
dau la mot viec he trong. Chinh
tinh
chat
he trong nay da lam cho viec ddi
do, dinh do
lien
quan va bi quy dinh bdi
menh
trdi
va ldng dan. Theo nghia do,
nha ThUdng, nha Chu ddi dd la bdi
"tren

sinh ra con ngUdi va van vat, vua
la
ngUdi
linh
menh
trdi,
noi
theo
trdi
ma cai tri dan chiing.
Mac du ldn len trong sU giao due ciia
nha
Phat,
chiu nhieu anh hudng cua
Phat
giao, nhUng vdi nhan quan triet
hoc va chinh tri sau sdc, Ly Cdng Uan
van nhan ra Uu the ciia Nho giao trong
xay dung trieu dai va
phat
trien dat
nUdc. Bdi the, dng da van dung cac khai
niem
menh
trdi
va ldng dan lam can cii
ly
luan cho nhiing lap luan cua minh,
ddng thdi dem den cho chung nhiing noi
dung cu the, xac dinh. Menh

bieu hien cua menh
trdi.
NhUng lam
sao cd the biet dUdc menh
trdi
va ldng
dan?
Trong trUdng hdp nay,
nang
liic,
tam nhin chien lUdc cua cac bac de
vUdng,
nhiing ngUdi
linh,
kinh
menh
trdi
la cd y nghia quyet dinh tdi hau.
Ndi
cu the hdn, viec nam bat menh
trdi
va ldng dan the hien b chd: Nhan ra
han che cua
kinh
dd cii ve mat vi tri va
tam vdc ma nd can phai cd, ddng
thdi,
thay dUdc Uu the ciia
viing
da't mdi, ndi

lai
til: Ly Cong Uan.
Chieu
doi do, trong
"Lich
sic
tu
tudng Viet
Nam, Van
tuyen,
tap 1". Nxb
Chinh
tri
Quoc
gia, Ha
Noi,
2002, tr.158-159.
12
CHIEU
Ddi DO" TlTGOC
NHIN
TRIET HOC, DAO DUC HOC VA MY HOC
Trong
danh gia nay cd ham y rang,
nhung tai di khong chi nha
Dinh,
nha
Le
ma ca tram ho phai ganh chiu
chinh

cua bdn phUdng, ndi
kinh
sU td't
nhat
cua mudn ddi".
NhU
vay, vdi Ly Cdng Uan, menh
trdi
va ldng dan khdng phai la nhiing gi
qua
triiu
tUdng, than bi, khdng the
nhan ra. Menh
trdi
va ldng dan gan
lien
vdi
quoic ke, dan sinh; chiing bieu hien
ra qua nhiing han che cua Hoa Lu,
nhiing
tai di phai ganh chiu bdi nhiing
han che do; ddng thdi d nhiing Uu the
cua Dai La dd'i vdi viec dinh do va
phat
trien
da't nUdc. Trong tUdng quan vdi
viec ddi do, dinh do, menh
trdi
chinh la
thien

Uan khdng nhin nhan dao diic mdt
each
chung chung,
triiu
tUdng. Quan niem
dao diic cua Ly Cdng Uan gan
lien
vdi
diic
do va hanh dong thiic te cua dng vdi
tU
each
vi vua
sang
sU nghiep. Cd the
ndi,
tU tUdng dao diic bao trum va
xuyen
sudt
Chieu
ddi do la tu tudng ve
bdn phdn.
Theo Ly Cdng Uan, bdn phan
cua con ngUdi bi quy dinh bdi vi the xa
hoi
cua hp. Bac de vUdng la ke thay
trdi
hanh dao, bdi the, bdn phan cua ho la
tren
kinh

khdng
theo
da'u cu ThUdng,
Chu cii ddng do mai d Hoa Lu khong chi
khien
cho cac trieu dai
Dinh,
Le van sd'
ngln
ngdi, ma cdn khien cho tram ho
hao ton, mudn vat tieu dieu. Ly Cdng
Uan to ra rat dau xdt trUdc
tinh
canh
do. Chinh sii thd'ng
nha't
giiia
nhan
thiic
va
tinh
cam, ldng thUdng dan da
khien
cho quyet dinh ddi do khong chi
la
sU tuan thu menh
trdi,
ldng dan,
tiic
nhiing

va nhat tri
tau rang: "Be ha vi thien ha ma lap ke
lau
dai de tren cho cd nghiep to ldn,
dUdc thinh vUdng, dudi cho nhan dan
dUdc giau cua, nhieu
ngUdi,
viec ldi nhu
the, ai dam khdng theo"(2).
Tren
binh dien dao
diic,
viec ddi do la
mot
hanh dong dao
diic,
hanh dong
dUdc
thdi
thiic
bdi dong cd bao ham va
la
sii thong nhat
giiia
nhan
thiic
va
tinh
cam.
Dieu

vdi nhiing tU tUdng ve triet
hoc, dao
diic,
Chieu
doi do cung the
hien
mot nhan quan tham my ddc dao.
Vdi
Ly Cdng Uan,
kinh
dd cua mot qud'c
gia
hung manh khdng chi la mot trung
tam
chinh tri,
kinh
te, van hoa, ma cdn
la
mot
bieu trtfng quyen Itfc
-
thdm
my.
Vi
vay, vdi tham vong xay dung mot
qudc gia cUdng
thinh,
dng can mot ndi
thdng
dia de dinh do va xay

tu nhiing Uu the, nhiing ve dep nay
d
thanh Dai La.
Theo Ly Cdng Uan, thanh Dai La cd
Uu
the ve mat vi tri, d vao "trung tam
cua
trdi
da't,
diing
ngdi nam bac tay
ddng". Trong danh gia nay, khdng chi
the hien yeu cau ve thuan ldi giao
thdng phuc vu cho viec quan ly va phat
trien
da't nUdc; hon the, nd cdn cho thay
uy
the va siic hap dan tham my
ciia
trieu
dai; bdi da la trung tam cua
trdi
da't thi le dUdng nhien bdn phUdng deu
phai
va mong mud'n quy tu ve. Uy the
va siic hap dan
ciia
Dai La va do do,
ciia
trieu

Chieu doi do.
Sdd.,
tr.161.
14
'CHIEU
Ddi DO" TtTGOC
NHIN
TRIET HOC, DAO DUC HOC VA MY HOC
hit,
muon vat rat phon thinh". Gan yeu
cau hinh song the nui v6i yeu cau
quoc
ke, dan sinh, Ly Cdng Uan da the hien
tu
tUdng ve moi
lien
he,
tinh
quy dinh
cua cai nhan thdc, cai dao ddc vdi cai
tham my. Trong moi
lien
he nay, cai
nhan
thiic,
cai dao diic trd thanh nhiing
thanh
td'
va la cd sd cua cai dep, lam cho
cai

hoa tren binh dien ddng dai, ma con
la
sU hai hoa tren binh dien
lich
dai.
Kinh
dd khdng chi la
kinh
dd cua mot
thdi,
ma cdn phai la ndi
khdi
ngudn va
tao ra nhiing dieu kien cho van nUdc
dai
lau, phong tuc phdn thinh.
Vdi
Chieu
ddi do, nhiing nang lUc
nhan
thiic,
dao
diic,
tham my
ciia
Ly
Cdng Uan boc Id mot
each
nic rd: Tdm
nhin chien liiOc

can cii cho sU nghiep xay dung va phat
trien
da't nUdc. Danh gia thanh
tiiu
nay, sii gia Ngd Thi Si ca ngdi: "Ly Thai
To
len ngdi,
chua
vdi lam viec khac, ma
trUdc
tien mUu
tinh
viec dinh do dat
dinh,
xet ve sii quyet doan
sang
sudt,
mUu
ke anh hung, thUc nhiing vua tam
thUdng
khdng the
theo
kip. Cho nen
truyen
ngdi hdn hai tram nam, danh
giac Td'ng, dep giac Chiem, nUdc manh,
dan giau, cd the goi la ddi rat thinh tri.
Cac vua ddi sau noi
theo
deu

ddi do cdn la va thUc sU
la
mot
Tuyen ngdn,
mot
Chien liCOc
xdy diing
vd
phdt trien
ddt
niidc
hudng den muc tieu: Ddn
giau, niidc
manh, phong
tuc
phdn thinh,
bin lau.
Nhiing
tU tudng triet hoc chinh tri,
dao
diic,
tham my trong
Chieu
ddi do
cho thay tam nhin chien hide, quyet
tam chan hung dat nUdc cua Ly Cdng
Uan.
Vdi
tinh
than dd, Ly Cdng Uan