^'
PHA]\
TU
SIJ
- DAU HIEU BXEIV BAI HOA
• • • • •
TRONG
TU*
DUV
NGH€
THUAT
CUn L€V TOLSTOV
• •
(TRU'ONG
HOP
cmCHif cunIVnNIL¥CH)
Ths.
Nguyen Thi Nhu Trang
Dai hoc Khoa hoc Xd hoi vd Nhdn vdn
•• ;!
:nvj
riii
ro
/
.
,
,i\.
Ve Lev Tolstoy, it ai tranh cai vdi luan
diem:
dng la mdt nha ed dien
ciia

tu
sir""
(anti-narrative), di tim nhiing
dau hieu hien dai hda trong tu duy nghe thuat
ciia
nha van nay va ehpn Cdi chet cua
Ivan
Ilych
- mdt '"thanh tuu kheo leo nhat,
hoan
hao nhat va phirc tap nhat"'
ciia
Lev Tolstoy,
nhu danh gia cua V.Nabokov, de phan tich.
Bai
viet
ciia
chiing tdi khdng phai la
cdng trinh dau tien dat ra khai niem phan
lie
su (anti-narrative) khi nghien cim tac
pham
ciia
Lev Tolstoy. Erie de Haard tir nhii'ng
nam 80 cua the ki XX da viet cudn Narrative
* Ky
nicm
100 nam ngay mai cua dai van hao
L.Tolstoy
(1828-1910).

eae
tu
sir
ed dien
ciia
the ki
XIX
ndi
chung theo ldi "ngugc" vdi nhirng "md hinh""
tran
thuat da dinh hinh ve van hpc giai doan
nay^.
Tuy nhien, chimg tdi nhan thay diem
dirng
eiia
Erie de Haard la d chd: Kham pha
cac
yeu td mang tinh "phan
tir
sir""
trong cac
tac
pham thdi ki dau
ciia
Lev Tolstoy, nhung
nha nghien ciru hau nhu chua chi ra nguyen
tac
CO
ban
ciia

pham
ma
chua cd
sir
li giai
xac
dang
va
'
Eric de Haard, Narrative and
Anti-Nurrative
Structures in Lev Tolstoy's Early Works [Cdu trite tu
sic
vd phdn tu
sir
trong cdc tdc pham thai ki ddu cuu
Lev Tolstoy]. Studies in Slavic Literature and Poetics,
volume
XVI.
Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1989.
'
Ve mot so dac trung
ciia
mo thuc ty su truyen
th6ng
xin xem Robert Scholes (2007), The Nature of
Narrative [Bdn chdt
ciia
ttr su], Oxford University
Press,

Lev Tolstoy,
chung tdi hudng den kham pha nguyen tac td
chire
tac
pham khi cd
sir
tham gia
eiia cac thii
phap mang tinh phan tu
sir va
nhiing hieu
img tao ra, nhirng ldp y nghTa duge sinh
thanh. Va muc tieu eudi ciing hudng den van
la "giai ma"" each nhin cude ddi cua nha van
(sir
sdng va
cai
chet,
sir
sinh tdn va buy diet,
qua trinh va
sir
ket thiic), dac biet la
vao
giai
doan cudi ddi
-
khi dng da trai nghiem
nhung "thang
tram"

pham
kieu nhu Jealousy eua
Robbe-Grillet
hay
Molloy
ciia
S.Beckett duge gpi la nhirng
phan tu
sir.
Vay lieu viee dimg mdt khai
niem
ciia
van hpc the ki XX cho
tae
pham
van hpe cd dien the ki XIX cd phai la
each
lam ap
dat
va
khien cudng? ban khoan dd cd
thd dugc giai
dap
bang dinh nghTa khai niem.
Trong cudn A dictionary of
narratology.
Prince Gerald dinh nghTa: "Phan tu
sic Id
mpt
vdn bdn (ngdn tic

the ki XIX.
Chinh bdi the mdi cd mdt dien trinh tu
sir,
mdt the gidi ludn ehuyen ddng trong nhiing
"md hinh ehien luge tu
sir""
tudng nhu it bien
ddng.
1.
T\x
sy "thao dd" cac trat tu nhan
qua va tuyen tinh
. Khdng the
phii
nhan rang Cdi chit cita
Ivan
Ilych
van la
mdt kieu tu
sir
cd
sir
kien.
cd bien cd, cd tinh hudng va vi vay tdn tai d
dd mdt khung edt truyen tuong ddi rd
rang.
Nhung
day
khdng phai
la

'
Nhung binh luan ve phan
iing cue
doan
6
phuong
dien hinh thirc, chang han, trong tieu thuyet
ciia
Robert
Grillet,
xin xem: Dang Anh Dao, Doi moi
nghe thuat tieu thuyet phuong Tdy hien dgi, NXB. Dai
hpc
Qu6c
gia Ha Noi,
2001.
56
NGHIEN CLfu CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°03
(126).2011
"giay dua" trong cam giac
lan
at rang minh
dang cd gang nhan thirc
nliung
khdng nhan
thire dugc dieu gi
ea.
Cd le ehinh vi the Lev
Tolstoy lam cho ngudi dpc quen bang di thir
logic

chet dudng nhu ehi
la cai
ed, la sy kien
thoang qua de nha
van
nhan manh ban the
gidi
ciia
nhiing ngudi sdng xung quanh
xac
chet dd, mdt the gidi gia tao
va tan
nhan
niip
dudi ve mat u
sau,
day
tinh thuang
va
trach
nhiem. Tiep sau do
la
hinh
anh ciia
Ivan
Ilych nhiing
ngay
cdn sdng, nhiing
ngay
tdn

dii am
dieu
eiia cai
chet
la
ddn dau,
la gao
thet. Nhu vay diin trinh tu sy dien ra trong
sy song chieu, ddi sanh, nd dudng nhu
khdng qua bd hep trong trat ty tuyen tinh hay
nhan qua nira.
Ndu
xet mdi lien he giira thdi gian van
ban va thdi gian edt truyen. ta se
tha}-
trpng
tam eiia
tu su rai
vao
nhiing ddng mieu ta
trang thai ban loan, day nhirng lo lang,
nhirng kiem tim
va
suy nghT
ciia
nhan vat
\'e
eai
chet. ve
ban

O
do nha van
day
trang thai
va nhiing bien chuyen
tam
li len ngdi vi
dau
tien
can
quan tam, day edt truyen den chd di
chech
khdi truyen thdng, nd ehi cdn la sy ndi
ket cua
eae
yeu td "phi sy kien". Chinh vi
sire nang cua ty su ddn ve phan "giai trinh""
nhiing suy nghT cua Ivan Ilych nen rd
rang
thien truyen dudng nhu
la
mdt
qua
trinh
nhan vat ty nhan thirc
va
dan dan pha bo.
thao dd
cae
trat ty cude sdng vdn da va dang

nim bat dugc - mdt thu cam thire
ma
cac nha
^Iiun
tu iu'
—
duu hieu hien itai hda.
57
van the
ki
XX thudng
dao
sau.
Dpc
tac
phim
ta
thay
rd, nhirng ngudi gin giii nhit trd nen
xa la va khd hieu vdi Ivan Ilych.
Vao
nhiing
giay phut eudi eiing
eiia
cude ddi,
cai
chet
den
gan
nhung lai

triic cd eu phap vdi su ndi lien
cua
cac
thanh phan khae nhau d
cac cap
dp:
ddi vi (paradigmatic)
va
ket hgp
(syntagmatic)^.
Neu hinh dung ty sy ciing
la
Lev Tolstoy, Xevaxtopon - Truyen chon loc (2
tap)//Ca/
chet cua
Ivan
Ilych,{tap 2) Nguyen Hai Ha
dich,
Nxb
Van hoc, HaNoi, 1984,
tr.78.
'
Cao Xuan Hao trong Tieng Viet - mdy vdn de ngic
dm,
ngii
phdp vd ngic nghia (NXB Giao
due,
2003,
tr.
175) va Nguyen Thien Giap trong 777 khdi niem

hoac
I7i6i
quan he cua "is shining" vai "was
shining".
mdt dien ngdn thi truyen vira
nay ciia
Lev
Tolstoy
ehii
yeu lien ket
cac
nhan vat
va eae
diem nhin theo quan he ddi vi, khdng
chii
trpng nhieu den quan he ket hgp bdi d dd sy
chat che cua mdi quan he nhan qua da bi ndi
long, tham chi bi pha vd.
2.
Den su tham gia
ciia
trd choi va
gieu nhai vao cot truyen
Tdn tai trong mdt md hinh ty sy nhu
vay,
cae
nhan vat
eiia
Lev Tolstoy chiing
minh sy hien tdn

canh
trd choi
ma
hp tao
ra. Cd the bat gap hinh anh dd qua nhiing
ddng mieu
ta
le tang
eiia
Ivan Ilych: Hai
nhan vat ndi bat d
day la
Pyotr Ivanovich
va
ba qua
phy Fedorovna:
" Pyotr
Ivanovich
nhdm ngudi len di gd do cho bd vd chiec
ghe tua thdp dugc gidi thodt bdt ddu hdi hpp
hdt dng lin. Bd qud phu tu ga mdnh ddng ten
ciia minh
vd Pyotr Ivanovich lgi ngdi
xudng.
"shone", "will shine", ciing nhu vai "is rising", "is
setting", Con truc/quan he ket hop (syntagmatic) chi
moi quan he giira cac
don
vi ngon ngu- trong mot cau
true

Sir
tuang tac giira cac nhan vat lam cho thir trd
choi ma hp theo dudi
Id
dien: Pyotr
Ivanovich hien dien trong le eau hdn dd nhu
de khang dinh chae chan them nhiing thuan
lgi ve cdng danh \a tu lgi danh cho ban sau
cai chet
ciia
Ivan Ilych, Fedorovna can theo
dudi mdn tien cd dugc sau cai chet
ciia
chdng. Dac biet trong mdi quan he giira
nhirng ngudi than cua
Ivan
Ilych eiing dien
ra mdt kieu trd choi, mdt kieu ung phd vdi
mdt sy kien
ma
hp biet la tat yeu se xay ra -
cai
chet. Vp, con gai deu biet rang
cai
chet
hien
hiin
ben trong nhu'ng con dau va co the
heo tan
dan ciia

ddi dien vdi chinh minh.
Ndi dung ban, eugc ddi
ciia
Ivan Ilych
la mdt
qua
trinh nhan vat tu khoae cho minh
mdt thir "mat na"
va
ty vat va vdi
qua
trinh
"lot bd" nd de cudi ciing
tir
li giai
\c
su tdn
tai
ciia
minh, tra Idi cau hoi ""Ta la
ai?"".
Nhirng nam thang tudi tre
ciia Ivan
Ilych trdi
di trong hinh
anh ciia mdt
ngudi de dang gia
nhap
vao
xa hdi quy tdc thugng

quan
ao,
vdc
dang,
each the hien cam
xiic,
gigng ndi, - tat
ca
ndi vdi dng mdt
dieu: vd nghTa. Nhiing
nam
thang da qua
"idl
ed ngdy edng trd nen den tdi han vd dien ra
ngdy cdng chdng vcinh han " . Nhirng trong
Ivan Ilych, cho den nhirng giay phiit cudi
cimg
eiia
cude ddi
van
tdn tai sy ludng lu.
nhan vat vira
la
chinh minh vira
la
mdt ngudi
khac,
vira nhan ra su vd
ngliTa
trong each tdn

hieu hien itai
hiUi.
59
each
giira Ivan
Il}'cb
vdi nhirng ngudi than
ciia
minh. Den nhirng giay phut cudi ciing
trudc khi ra di
\Tiih
vien, dng mudn ndi:
"Thu thic cho tdi" (Prosli) thi lai ndi: "Hay
de
cho Idi di" (Propusli). Dieu dd cd
ngliTa
la y thirc ve vice "tao ra khoang
each"",
"tao
ra
sir
xa la"" vdi the gidi xung quanh minh
ludn hien hien trong con ngudi
Ivan
Ilych,
thdi thiic nhan vat dd bd thir mat na, thir trd
choi ma minh da theo dudi. Va cd le cai chet
khdng cdn la mdt bi kjch, cai chet la mdt sy
giai thoat, dau an tirgng tir dau den cudi
truyen van la ndi sg hai cai

lich lam eua minh, cudi cimg ciing nhan ra
su vd nghTa
ciia
nd de ty phan tu va tim mdt
ldi thoat theo diing quy luat
ciia
Thugng de.
Diem thir hai can ndi den khi dat
cac
nhan vat
ciia
truyen vira nay trong mdt
edt
truyen cd sy tham gia
eiia
trd chai chinh
la:
Nhan vat cd
liic
da dan than vao the gidi
ao.
Theo E.Fink, tinh chat
ao
la mdt trong nhiing
dac trung
ciia
trd choi . Cd the thay. trong
Cdi
chel
cita Ivan Ilych. Ivan Ilych nhan

ciia
dng vira cd su hoang
mang vira cd sy ngd tinh. Theo Freud day la
mdt trong nhirng nhan td vc mat tam
li
tao
nen tinh chat hai budc, gieu nhai.
3.
Phan tu su va phan tu
^;ua
eon
ngudi ve su tdn tai
Nhieu nha nghien ciru cho rang Cdi chel
cua Ivan Ilych la mdt tac pham ndi ve cai
chet, suy
ngliT
ve cai chet trong cude ddi con
ngudi.
Qua
trinh di tim hieu cac yeu td phan
ty sy
va
y nghTa
ciia
nd trong tac pham.
chiing tdi nhan thay tac pham khdng chi bd
hep d dd, ma xuyen sudt tac pham la y thirc
phan tu ve sy tdn tai cua con ngudi. la hanh
trinh con ngudi di tim y nghTa ban the luan
ciia

cac
nhan vat tdn tai theo kieu mang "mat na"
va
ty gieu nhai ehinh minh.
Flirdng
den xay dyng mdt phan ty
sir,
nha van cd gang dat con ngudi trong mdt thir
trd choi. Trong vdng quay
ciia
trd choi,
nhan
vat nhan ra ndi cd
dem
trong sy tdn tai
eiia
minh, trong ehinh
ban
than minh
va
cude
sdng cua minb. Chi den khi cai chet can ke
eon ngudi mdi cd y thirc giai ma eau hdi:
"Ta
Id
ai?". "Ban chdt
sic
tdn tgi cua tdi
trong the gidi ndy?" Tolstoy nhan manh
rang bi kich thirc su vdi mdi

khi guc dau ma trut linh hdn, Ngudi ndi
1
J
"Moi viec dd dugc
Iron"
(coeepuiu.tocb)
.
So sanh hai tir nay trong bdi canh van ban
tac pham va van ban Kinh Thanh se
thay
y
tudng
ciia
Tolstoy khac vdi y tudng cua
Kinh Phiic am. Neu nhu eai chet
ciia
Chiia
nhu
la
diem cao nhit. nhu la mdt sy
hoan
thanh kd hoaeh da dinh, dd hudng den sy
phuc sinh thi vdi
Ivan
Ilych,
nipt
ngudi nao
dd da
phan
quyet rang "The

ciia
sy tdn tai, hgp y Chiia, can
phai chap nhan nd. Sau cai chet cd the khdng
cd sy phye sinh, nhirng ehinh ldng yeu
thuang va trac
an
ty nhien
ciia
con ngudi
dem den sy phuc sinh ve tinh
than,
sy birng
ngd trong suy nghT, dieu nay dugc the hien
rd trong hinh tugng Gerasim. Chinh Tolstoy
da ndi rang: "Cupe sdng
Id
mpt gidc mo; cdi
chet
Id SIC
thiec tinh"
^, va
"Cham did suy
nghi vi cdi chet thi chua du, chiing ta phai
sdng trong y thiec ve cdi chet" . Vdi dng
"tdn gido eua edi chet" la "thiet yeu ddi vdi
ddi sdng tinh thdn"
^. ^
, ., ,
niflir
'^ Oln