HC VIN KHOA HC X HI
lê thanh hơng
những thay đổi về kỹ thuật, chất liệu
trong nghệ thuật sơn mài việt Nam
hiện đại
chuyên ngành: văn hóa dân gian
mã số: 62 31 70 05
luận án tiến sĩ văn hóa học
NGI HNG DN KHOA HC:
pgs. nguyễn lơng tiểu bạch
Lời cam đoan
Tôi xin cam đoan đây là công trình tổng hợp nghiên cứu do tôi làm. Nếu có
gì sai phạm tôi xin hoàn toàn chịu trách nhiệm.
Lê Thanh Hơng

MỤC LỤC
Trang
 
 
 
 ! "
Chương 1. SỰ PHÁT TRIỂN VÀ ĐỊNH HÌNH VỀ CHẤT LIỆU, KỸ THUẬT
CỦA NGHỀ SƠN CỔ TRUYỀN TRƯỚC NĂM 1925  #
$$%&'()*&+,&' /-)0/12&345 #
$$'-,12&/6)7,&/-8&'5./*3 
59):;/<-=2&' >#
Chương 2. NHỮNG THAY ĐỔI VỀ KỸ THUẬT, CHẤT LIỆU
TỪ NGHỀ SƠN CỔ TRUYỀN THÀNH SƠN MÀI HỘI HỌA >
$$?@6*AB5<C*12&345-D5-E* >

?)8//-B5:_Q-R&':5;&g55./K<]/-9/-L7K:J/-)0/+4<-L/M5.)M43
12&/*:-a&'\5;&A%5&-5,)s+,1I&Q-i3&'-,12&<t&'+07$-=*\*R'5B
&'-,12&Mg5<]&-F&'\5;&A%5&-*&-&-=/-B5'5*&'m&AP7$5,)&47:-a&'
<-n/-9-5.&6uYMv&-+@<&' /-)0/<-)7X&&'-5.Q34<I/6R&'3D/18MRg5
-G&-1I&Q-i33J&' jP&'5*&/g5<O<M4&'&'-,<t&'<]&-F&'\5;&A%5A9
Q-k-[Q+S5/-w/6=B&'KAOQo&'/-i33vA*jg&'-2&$5;&A%5A9/h&/g5+4
Q-O//659&M4()5M)0/<-)&'K12&3453v&' <t&'\)D<Q-I5\5;&A%5Y&-5,)
:-x*<g&-&-=y:J/-)0/1I&r)L/K<-L/M5.)+43z)3f1I&Q-i3KQ-=2&'/-o<
-Rg/AD&'&'-,KA{<\5./M41@\5;&A%5/6R&'/=j)7-Rg/AD&'&'-,Kjz&A;&
&-F&'\5;&A%51P)1q<+,:5&-/;Krf-D5Y<O<M4&'&'-,$$$
-F&'\5;&A%5&47<]&-F&'=)A593K&-=&'<t&':-a&'x/&-F&'\L/
<0Q:-5;&&-F&'&'=B5()*&/P3A;&12&3455./*3Q-I51)7&'-vjk\5;/
"
6|&'A]M4A5,):-a&'/-9/6O&-:-}5$6R&'6L/&-5,)1@\5;&A%5A]KA5,)AO&'
Q-I51)7&'-v&-L/<-x&-M4&-F&'\5;&A%5+,
\Y5AP7<-x&-M4+5.<<H&-*73L/3D/&,&~j51I&&' /-)0/12&345
/6)7,&/-8&'+8&AfAg/A=[<&-F&''5O/6wAO&'/@-4R$G+07K&'-5X&<o)+,
\5;&A%5:J/-)0/K<-L/M5.)12&3451•<-R<-Z&'/*/-L7A=[<&-F&''GA=[<
3L/<C*&' /-)0/12&3451*)&-F&'/-`&'/6m3/-B5<)D<$
6R&'/-B5:_Q-R&':5;&KA{<\5.//^/-;:cd/6YA5&'-,12&Q-O/
/659&3g&-Q-l<+l/6*&'/6x&D5/-L/<O<<a&'/6G&-/a&'5OR/x&&'=€&'+4
&D5/-L/<)&'AG&-$^&-F&'&`3#<C*/-;:c#K&-F&'-E*1v/-)D</-;
Am)<C*6=B&'v/-)0/a&'•=2&'K+S5+5.</5;Q<0&+4&q3+F&'
Q-=2&'Q-OQ/gR-G&-<-P))KMg5<]‚/-o<()*7+,-E</0Q+4:;/-^*&'
/-)0//gR-G&-jP&/D<K:;/-^*/6)7,&/-8&'KA9AD<M0Q1O&'/gRK<]<-x
-=S&'rP7j@&'3D/&,&3v/-)0/5./*33*&'\I&1q<jP&/D<$^
&-F&'\=S<A5\*&Am)L7A;&&*712&345Af/6Y/-4&-3D/<-L/M5.)<C*-D5
-E*AD<AORY5./*3$
6R&'&-5,)/-0Q:c()*K&' /-)0/12&345-5.&Ag55./*3Af<]
&-F&'\=S</5;&j45/6R&':-O3Q-O+4rƒM‚&-F&'<-L/M5.)3S5$^\I&'

:-i)A9/-L7A=[<'5O/6w()x\O)+,3{/+`&-]*K:5&-/;„rf-D5<C*&'
/-)0/&47$'R456*K()*&-F&'Q-P&/x<-+,\L/<0Q<C*&-F&'/-*7A%5+,:J
N
/-)0/K<-L/M5.)<C*&' /-)0/12&345KM)0&O&<t&'3)8&']Q3D//5;&'&]5
+,+L&A,\IR/h&3D/&' /-)0/<%/6)7,&AD<AOR<C*jP&/D<$
3. Đối tượng và phạm vi nghiên cứu
„85/=[&'&'-5X&<o)<C*A,/45y-F&'<-L/M5.)+4:J/-)0/jk&'
<-R+5.<<-;/O<<O<1I&Q-i3/-C<a&'3J&' /6R&'<O<M4&'&'-,+4<O<
/O<Q-i312&345-D5-E*<C*<O<-E*1J$
„-g3+5&'-5X&<o)y-F&'o&'jl&'<-L/M5.)K:J/-)0/<C*&'-,
12&/6R&'jP&'5*&+4/6R&'<O<r=Y&'K/6=B&'&' /-)0/${<\5.//0Q
/6)&'&'-5X&<o)'5*5ARg&/^&`3V>A;&&*7K\Y5AP7M4'5*5ARg&
&'-,12&<]&-5,)\5;&A%5/6R&'+5.<jk&'<-L/M5.)+4:J/-)0/K&-5,)
<-L/M5.)3S5A=[<A=*+4Ro&'jl&'b12&-0/K12&A5,)$$$eK&-5,):J
/-)0/3S5A=[</-@<-4&-$5,)&47Af/gR&X&3D/1q<j5.&3S5<-R&'-,
12&/6)7,&/-8&'5./*3$
4. Phương pháp nghiên cứu
"$$9Ag/A=[<3l<Ax<-&'-5X&<o)K<-Z&'/a5Af1ƒjl&'Q-=2&'
Q-OQ&'-5X&<o)M5X&&'4&-+4&'-5X&<o)A5,&jf&-|3\%1)&'/=M5.)/-@<
Aw*+,-5.&/6g&'/g53D/18M4&'&'-,/5X)\59)bG&-I&'Kg-O5K5X)
‡K?2&h&'Kˆes3D/18\IR/4&'bIR/4&'J/-)0/5./*3KIR/4&'
w<-1ƒ5./*3es3D/18j5/x<-<H&M=)'5FA=[<&-F&'1I&Q-i3&'-,
12&/6)7,&/-8&'<]'5O/6w<*R+4r=Y&'+•<C*3D/18/6=B&'&' /-)0/
b/6=B&'  g5  -E<  J  /-)0/  5./  *3K  /6=B&'  g5  -E< J  /-)0/  <a&'
&'-5.Q$$$e+4r=Y&'+•<C*3D/18-E*1J<-)7X&+,&'-,12&KAfA=[<<a&'
<-Z&'AO&-'5O<*R+,:J/-)0/+41O&'/gR$
d
"$$ X& <g&-  &-F&' Q-=2&' Q-OQ  /6X& <-Z&' /a5 <t&' OQ jl&'
Q-=2&'Q-OQ/-8&':XKQ-P&/x<-K3a/IK/6X&<21YA]/5;&-4&-Q-P&MRg5K
/G3-59)<a&'&' <-;/O<+4<O<MRg5-G&-1I&Q-i3Af/^&'1I&r)L//g5<O<

mài từ sau “Đổi mới”.

V
CHƯƠNG 1
SỰ PHÁT TRIỂN VÀ ĐỊNH HÌNH VỀ CHẤT LIỆU, KỸ THUẬT
CỦA NGHỀ SƠN CỔ TRUYỀN TRƯỚC NĂM 1925
1.1. Tổng quan về nghệ thuật sơn mài
1.1.1. Lịch sử vấn đề nghiên cứu
'-,12&5./*3<]3D/Mw<-1ƒMP)AB5K1I&Q-i3&'-,AfA]&'
']Q3D/18M=[&'MS&-5.&+0/+4R:-R/4&'+`&-]*+0//-95./*3K&-=&'
+5;/+,&'-,12&b/6R&'/-B5:_Q-R&':5;&e+41@&'-5X&<o)+,&'-,12&
+z&<H&&-5,)-g&<-;+4Q-5;&j5.&$
6R&'1)8/-4&'&'-G&&`3Q-R&':5;&<-Z&'/a5<-=*/G3/-L7/=
M5.)K<a&'/6G&-&4R<]3l<Ax<-+5;/65X&'+,&'-,12&$-F&'/=M5.)+,
&'-,12&A=[<+5;//6R&'&-5,)/-=/w<-M4jR<O<1ƒ'5*K&-4&'-5X&<o)+5;/
+,+L&A,:-O<K&-P&AL7A,<0QA;&&'-,12&&-=3D/-5.&/=[&'-*71@
+0/y<-Z&'/a5r5&&X)3D/+45+xjl/5X)\59)$
6=S<-;/Q-I5:9A;&\D1ƒAm)/5X&<C*5./*3K1O<-
<C*X`&=)+4<O<1ƒ'5*$-CA,<C*1O<-+5;/+,Mw<-1ƒ
<-x&-/6w<C*<O</65,)Ag5Q-R&':5;&5./*3$-5+5;/+,3D/1@:5.&Mw<-
1ƒK34()*A]/O<'5I&-q<A;&1I&Q-i3<C*&'-,12&&-=ARg&yT-‰Q&-4
6m&/^/a&/-L/A;&()*&&'tQ-i3A,)A=[<jk&':5.)&'@*+4+u&'y/a&
/-L/:5.)-G&-Am)<-53Q-=[&'12&1R&$Š)*&/=S&'()8</-G:5.)-G&-
<-53*&-+t12&/-p&U$‹VK/6NŒ$
5;QA;&M41O<- !"<C*')7•&6f5$P7M4/O<Q-i3')7•&
6f5+5;/Aw*<-x()8<'5*b+5;/rR&'+4R&`3">e$6R&'1O<-a&'&-q<
#
A;&<-L/M5.)12&+S5/x&-<-L/M4&-q<A;&3D/1I&Q-i3Aw*Q-=2&'()‚
-5;3K<k&'3D/181I&Q-i3:-O<&-=T-)7.&?2&5<]/6v/6q&'K12&K/2U$
)D&-2&&-=&'<l/-9-2&M4<)8&#$%&'() &!*M4

„56-&7(8&(9:;< /O<'5IX=[&'$
6R&'\45+5;/&47a&'A51P)+4R+5.<'5S5/-5.)<P712&+4&'-,/6h&'12&Y
/n&-v&--Z<$
-k3\45<C*/O<'5I')7•&`&-)8/y
=>?#$@(-7A&$
=B&&B*C!&6>?#$(&*D(E&7C
F&&$
6R&'-*5\45+5;/&X)/6X&K-E*1J•&-4'5OR')7•&`&-)8/+8&
M4rf+5X&-[Q/O<rf12&345g-O5AfAO&-'5OK'5O/6w&'-,/-C<a&'3J
&' 12&345Y4?2&G&-+S5&'-,12&/6)7,&/-8&'5./*3$45+5;/
<t&'Af<)&'<LQ/=M5.)+,&-F&'&' &-P&<C*&'-,12&345/6R&'A]<]
<l5&-`&-4&-M4&'=B5Af/6@</5;Qj07&'-,12&345<%/6)7,&<-R<O<
-E*1v/6=B&'J/-)0/a&'•=2&'/-B5:_Am)$
„8G(-7M4\45&'-5X&<o)<-)7X&&'4&-3J/-)0/o&'jl&'
A`&'/6X&/gQ<-x 0&9H<C*-*5/O<'5I')7•&•)-5+4
')7•&R455&-$45+5;/&-=\o</6*&-3a/I3D/<O<-12M=[</R4&<I&-
&'-,12&/6)7,&/-8&'5./*3()*&-F&'<-o&'<o:-IR<%-E<K1O<-\OR
+4-5.&+0//g5<O<AG&-K<-k*K\IR/4&'$

„7&7I!&/)!/O<'5I')7•&o<=B&'
A`&'/6X&gQ<-x1B!/6&!18&`3VWNK&]5+,<O<-Q-*<-;+4
<O<-1ƒjl&'12&()*&'jm)$45+5;/3*&'/x&-<-L//%&':;/:5&-&'-5.3
jP&'5*&+S5&-F&':593<-o&'/-@<-4&-<C*/O<'5I$
„ ?!&7(-7A&0! M4<)8&:c7;)-D5
/-IRjR5.&'-5X&<o)3J/-)0//)79&<-E&KL&-4&-$)8&:c7;)/0Q
-[Q&-5,)\45+5;/+S5&-5,)&D5j)&'K&-=&'<]-*5<-CA,<-x&-M4&]5
+,Mw<-1ƒ+41@<-)79&A%5/^/-9MRg512&3453J&' 1*&'/-9MRg512&
345-D5-E*$
X&<g&-&-F&'\45+5;/+,&'-,12&M43I&'&-F&'\45+5;/+,
12&345-D5-E*A=[<A`&'/6X&<O</gQ<-x<-)7X&&'4&-&-=T'

`&i&UsT6*&-12&345L!JM<C*XŠ)8<D<UsT6*&-12&345
NF.0&':<C*-g3`&a&K')7•&o<k&'K')7•&?J'E<K
)_&-`&-)0&K6m&G&--EK')7•&`&‡Us$$$-F&'\45+5;/A]M4
<C*3D/-E*1vKa&'AfA51P)+4RQ-P&/x<-:J/-)0/+43J/-)0/<C*/6*&-
12&345-D5-E*j=S5<R&3q/&-4&'-,+4+G+07Af'5ZQ<-R&'=B5+5;/M)0&
O&-59)1P)-2&+,:J/-)0/+•/6*&-12&345$
Các công trình nghiên cứu
]:-O&-5,)<O<<a&'/6G&-Tj45-25U&'-5X&<o)+,M4&'&'-,12&
/6)7,&/-8&'A=[<M=)/6R&'<O</-=+5.&<C*<O<+5.&&'-5X&<o)K/6=B&'Ag5
-E<+4-D5&'-,&'-5.QK<-Z&'/a5<]/-9/-*3:-IR3D/18&-=y
O&&7?8&->H>'6- <C*&-]3/O<'5Iy
6=2&'•)7x<-K')7•&-w=2&'5X&b&25M=)'5FyD5+`&&' jP&
"
'5*&5./*3K##"eKM4<a&'/6G&-A51P)+4R&'-5X&<o)3D/M4&'&'-,12&
<]/6)7,&/-8&'MP)AB5+4-5.&+z&A*&'/5;Q/l<M43&'-,$O</O<'5IAf
<-R/-L71@\5;&A%5<C*M4&'&'-,12&?2&h&'j=S5&-5,)']<AD&-=
\5;&A%5+,()73a1I&r)L/K:J/-)0/K<-L/M5.)K3z)3f1I&Q-i3Kˆ/^:-5
-G&-/-4&-<-R/S5-5.&/g5$
O&&7#$%&>'D<C*&-]3/O<'5I6=2&'•)7
x<-K6=2&'5&-|&'b&25M=)'5Fy-=+5.&5.&'-5X&<o)+`&-]*K
VVe$6R&'<a&'/6G&-&47Kj=S5']<&-G&<C*&'=B5&'-5X&<o)+`&-]*
jP&'5*&K<O</O<'5IAf/6G&-\47:J<4&'+,1@-G&-/-4&-M4&'K1@-G&-
/-4&-&'-,+41@\5;&A%5<O<&'-,12&/6R&'j5•&/6G&-Mw<-1ƒ$
0&7(-7A&&>'DP-9'D-'K&
'"Q>'6- <C*/O<'5I')7•&)P&'-wb&25M=)'5Fy-=+5.&
5.&'-5X&<o)+`&-]*e$P7M43D/M)0&+`&/-g<1J+`&-]*jP&'5*&+4
/O<'5IAfA9&-5,)<a&'1o<A9A51P)/G3-59):J<4&'1@-G&-/-4&-+4
+0&AD&'<C*3D/M4&'&'-,12&/5X)\59)<C*4P7&]565X&'+45./
*3&]5<-)&'$
0&7I!&5DR&(-7A&J.G•M)0&O&/5;&1J

A593a&'+5;/1O<-&47-E*1v+•/6*&-12&345<t&'&-=&'=B5M4312&345
3J&' <-=*\5;/jk&'A;&12&-0/K12&<O&-'5O&K+4&'jk&'/6R&'/6*&-
12&345<t&'M4+4&'T"<R&<-x&U+4\g<M4T\g<<@)U$)8&1O<-<C*/O<
'5I-g3o<=B&'<t&'<]/-9rp3&-=1@AO&-jL)/-B5A593T+4&'U
<C*&' /-)0/12&3455./*3-5.&Ag5$
5;&1JX)7X&M4&'=B5<a&'/O<MP)&`3/g5/6=B&'g5-E<J
/-)0/<a&'&'-5.QKAf<]3D/18\45+5;//-9-5.&6ur)-=S&'/5;Q<0&&'-5X&
N
<o)&'-,12&/6R&'']<&-G&Mw<-1ƒ$‘&'M4/O<'5I<)8&0&7G(-7
0!KY<)8&1O<-&47/O<'5IAf/0Q/6)&'&'-5X&<o)&'-,12&'5*5
ARg&/^/-;:cA;&/-;:cK()*<O<1I&Q-i3&'-,A=[<M=)'5F/g5
AG&-K<-k*KA,&K35;)KQ-C+43D/18M4&'&'-,$-a&'()* /-8&'/=M5.)
/6X&/O<'5IAfrO<Aw&-'5O/6w<C*&'-,12&/6R&':-R/4&'Mw<-1ƒ+`&-]*
&' /-)0/5./*3$
>,%!0!<C*/O<'5IŠ)*&'5./M4<a&'/6G&-1=)
/0Q<O</O<Q-i312&345<C*&-5,)-E*1J5./*3$^<21Y<O</O<Q-i3
/O<'5I3)8&'5S5/-5.)3D/<O<- /-8&'+S5<a&'<-Z&'/-4&-/@)<C*
&' /-)0/12&345-D5-E*5./*3$
593Mg5<O<<a&'/6G&-/6X&A9/-L7<-=*<]<a&'/6G&-&4RA51P)+4R
&'-5X&<o)&-F&'\5;&A%5+,:J/-)0/+4<-L/M5.)<C*&' /-)0/12&345
()*/^&''5*5ARg&$?R&'A]/-@<1@M4&-F&'/45M5.)/-*3:-IR6L/<]'5O/6w
A85+S5&'=B5+5;/M)0&O&$
1.1.2. Giới thuyết một số thuật ngữ và khái niệm trong luận án
=56-T!y')7X&M5.)<-x&-A=[<1ƒjl&'/6R&'&'-,
12&/6)7,&/-8&'M4&-@*12&ML7/^<P712&$P712&r=*:5*+8&M4MR45<P7
-R*&'jg5/6h&'Y6^&'K/6I5()*&-5,)AB5K<R&&'=B5Af/-)m&-]*K/6h&'<P7
12&<-)7X&A9:-*5/-O<&-@*+4r;Q<P712&+4RMRg5<P7<a&'&'-5.Q$
5./*3K<P712&<-C7;)A=[</6h&'Y-Z-EK<-L/AL/YAP7
:-5;&<-R<P712&<]<-L/M=[&'&-@*/8/&-L/+4j•/6h&'&-L/$P712&
A=[</6h&'/^()IK\|&'<O<-=23-g//-4&-<P76h5/6h&'<P712&&R&K/-B5

h12&<C*5./*3/6R&'()O:-o/-=B&'/-L7Y&-F&'<a&'/6G&-
/x&&'=€&'&-=AG&-KA,&K<-k*/5;QA;&<O<<)&'+)*KQ-C<-Z*K1*)3S5
W
Q-O//659&6*<O<&-4()*&Mg5K+4<O<&-4'54)$h12&/6=S<AP7/-=B&'
'5S5-g&/6R&'3D/18jg&'MRg5&-=/=[&'/-BK<ƒ*+u&'K&'*5K:5.)K\4&
/-BK-=2&'O&KAh/-B&]5<-)&'K1*)<]/-X3-=2&'O&K/C()m&ORK6=2&'
-H3K-DQA@&'/6*&'1o<$*18<O<j5+0/A]b<-C7;)M4&-F&'Ah12&
A=[<M43/6R&'<O</-;:cdKWKVeKAg/A;&AD-R4&-IR+,:J/-)0/<t&'
&-=3J/-)0/$
4)1q<<C*Ah12&/6)7,&/-8&'<t&''5S5-g&/6R&'\8&34)A{<
/6=&'M4Ap&KA}1R&K+4&'/-;Q+4/6q&'jR<i&+}/6*5$t&'<-x&-+G&-F&'
34)<2\I&&4734jP&'5*&Af<]:-O5&5.3T+4&'1R&UA9<-n1@'54)1*&'K
r*rn$
=?!M4/X&'E5A{/6*A9Q-P&\5./<-L/12&/6)7,&/-8&'<C*5./
*3+S512&/P7-*712&<a&'&'-5.QM4MRg512&j)&-0Q/^\X&&'R45KA=[<
Q-*<-;\|&'Q-=2&'Q-OQ<a&'&'-5.Q$?2&/*<-x&-M4<-L/&-@*12&A=[<
:-*5/-O</^<P712&1*):-5Q-*<-;/-pRQ-=2&'Q-OQ/-C<a&'/6)7,&/-8&'
A=[<jk&'A9/gR/O<MX&Ah12&$
=?U,1@6*AB5<C*j*&-/^T12&345U/6R&'<)8&>,%!
0!<C*/O<'5IŠ)*&'5./Af+5;/y
`3V"WK&'47V/-O&'dK/g5-5;&:-)5./q<K/6R&'\I&
/-)7;//6G&-/6=S<D5&'-w`&-]*R4&()8<bT'47`&' UeK
-E*1v\0</-m7a'E<P&bV#N„V>"eAfA,<0Q3D/<O<-<@<:_
1a5&%5+4-4R-o&'+L&A,T/6*&-12&3455./*3UK/6R&'A]K&'*7
YMB53YAm)Ka&'AfA=*6*3D/Aw&-&'-v*yT•*&-/^12&345bM*()pe
M43D/j*&-/^3S5A{/3=25&`3&*7A9<-n3D/:J/-)0//6=S<:5*'E5
M412&/*&-=&'Af\5;&-]*-†&jR&' /-)0/34512&U$‹"WK/6$>Œ
-=+07T12&345UM4:-O5&5.3-G&-/-4&-1*):-5<]/6*&-12&345
-D5-E*6*AB534<-CAx<-M4A9<-n:J/-)0/345/6*&-<C*-E*1vK:J/-)0/
V

/=[&'Š)*&3/-5X&/-C/-5X&&-f&&%5/5;&'Y<-k*Z/-OQM4/6=B&'
-[Qj)7&-L/<]'-5Mg5-E<C*3G&-/6X&/O<Q-i3${<jk/6=S<&`3V>
Af<]3D/+45/O<'5I&-=-E*1vX`&5;&b-*7X)75;&KWd„
V"eKa&'AfA=[</65,)AG&-);<ƒA5-OQ-E</g5/6=B&'J/-)0/*651$
5.&/g5YIR/4&'J/-)0/5./*3<]/6pR-*5\o<<C*a&'M45W'<
+7+4#$1XE*1v6=2&'`&-C7&%5/5;&'Y4D5Af6L//-4&-
<a&'+S5/6*&-Ml*K\=)/-5;Q+4+•<-P&j)&'/g5<-…sE*1v=2&'Š)*&'
•)7./M43+5.</6R&'<)&'AG&-);AfA9Mg53D/18/O<Q-i3&-=5A9
bV##e;&Y!'9+W5!JE'>7bV#"e+41O)
\o<Q-R&'<I&-M`&'/i3+•\|&'12&jm)Y<)&'&w&-$)7+07+45
/6=B&'-[Q&47:-a&'/gRMX&3D//64RM=)34Q-I5A;&1*):-5/6=B&'J
/-)0/a&'•=2&'/-4&-M0Q+4A4R/gRA=[<3D/MSQ-E*1v&-4A5X):-q<
/X&/)%55./*3+S5/-@<1@A=[<rp3&-=<]3D/&,&&' /-)0//gR-G&-
5./*3-5.&Ag5$-=+07K1R&'-4&-+S5:-O5&5.3&$
0!:-O5&5.3&0! /6R&'
M)0&O&A=[</x&-\q/Am)/^/-B5A593&47K<-RjkQ-I5A;&:-RI&''5F*/-0Q
:c\*3=25<C*/-;:c-*53=25/6*&-12&345-D5-E*5./*33S56*AB5$
6R&'M)0&O&&47:-O5&5.3&' /-)0/12&345-5.&Ag5\*R/6k3MX&:-O5
&5.3&' /-)0/12&3455./*3A=2&'Ag5\Y5:-O5&5.3&47&-|3&]5
A;&<)D<<O<-3g&'+,12&345+4&]:‰Rj45A;&-5.&/g5+4<]/-9M4<I
/=2&'M*5&F*$
„0&0!/6R&'M)0&O&&47\*R'h3MRg5-G&-y
&' /-)0/12&<%/6)7,&<C*<O<&' &-P&+4<O<M4&'&'-,+4/6*&-12&
345-D5-E*M41O&'/O<<C*<O<-E*1v<-)7X&&'-5.Q$

-F*<()p6<-n<-)&'Ahjk&'Q-C12&K<-Z&''h3<O<Ah/-C<a&'
3J&' <]/x&-/6*&'/6x<*RK<8/bQ-m&\X&/6R&'e/-=B&'\|&''…K3k&<=*
‰QK-*73P7/6pA*&K\X&&'R45Q-C12&$$$H&<O534/*'E5M4?2&345/-G<]
/-X33D/\=S<M4\=S<b&;):-a&'345K:-a&'/-4&-$$$12&345K34<H&
345A5345Mg5e$$$/-=B&'<-njk&'<-R'(!0!$6R&'&D5

<I3D/18Ah12&$]M4y
„D/-DQ'…b>><3r"#<3r#<3eQ-x*&'R4512&-*5MSQ12&Ap&+4
/6*&'/6x&-F&'jI5-R*+`&:-OA•Q\|&'12&3m)&P)&-g/s
„D/3O5<-–Rj45WW<3A=[<Q-C-*5MSQ12&KQ-x*/6R&'34)12&
Ap&Q-x*&'R4534)12&+4&'$
„O3<O&'5ORb<]-*5<O5<H&/=2&'A85&')7X&+•&j453d+4
3>eA,)A=[<12&34)+4&'Ap&K/6X&A]/6*&'/6x&-F&'+H&'/6H&<O<-
&-*)A,)A{&&-=<O<A8//6Z<s
„*5<-5;<Al<<O&j45>K><3A=[<12&Ap&\]&'s
„*Al<\•/<]<O&'…j45N<3A=[<12&<i&/-0&+4<]/6*&'/6x
&-F&'+H&'/6H&&-=<O&'5OR$
„8&<-5;<Al<+t&'K<O&'…j45>Kd<3<t&'A=[<12&Ap&\]&'$
„*5<O&<C*<O53]<Ah&'b<-5;<j45M4#<3eA=[<12&Ap&$
D/35;&'j*/-Z<]12&\w+€+l&$6X&3{/35;&'j*A=[<12&Ap&
-*5MSQ+4<H&A=[<+•&-F&'A=B&'/6H&Ah&'/P3\|&'12&34)A}'g<-
-R{<&P)rO3$5F*<O<<l3+H&'/6H&<]&g335;&':53MRg5/6q&'$‹K
/6$"WŒKbQ-lMl<$e$

{<\5./  &-L/M4&'a53D =B&'•kK rfa&'?2&K-)7.& -C7
')7X&KI5-H&'$'a53D&47<]&5X&Ag53)D&-2&K+4R:-RI&'/-;:c
Am)$6R&'18Ah/k7/O&'<]\DAh&'-,M4312&:-OQ-R&'Q-Z\*R
'h3<O<MRg5y\Z/+•K\4&+{&12&+4\O/A@&'12&$
O<&-4:-IR<%-E<Af:-*5()0//6X&#3D<]()*&/45\|&''…A=[<
Q-C12&K<]&-F&'&'a53DMS&&-=P&O/b4*3eK•=2&'Ob4D5eK
0)D<b-*&-]*e$$$
Š)*&-F&'-5.&+0/:-*5()0/A=[<<-R/-L7Ah12&r)L/-5.&:-O1S3
YAh&'\|&'q<\D+4R:-RI&'/-;:c"/6=S<$)L/-5.&1S3&-=+07
&-=&'1)8/###&`3q</-)D<:-a&'/G3/-L7jL)+;/<C*Ah12&Y5./
*3KAP7M4:-RI&'/68&'MS&/6R&'Mw<-1ƒQ-O//659&&'-,12&$-RA;&:-5
5./*3\q/Am)-G&-/-4&-()8<'5*Q-R&':5;&3S5Mg5/G3/-L7&-F&'/45

\o</=[&'-0/KM43\IRQ-=S&-2&+g&<-5;<KA;&AP7<a&'+5.<
rR&'KM43M•:-O&-/-4&-$‹WK/6$dŒ$
t&'/6R&':c&-4‚<]ARg&y
„k*/-)K/-O&'WK()8<1=5&--a&'<-;/b1=&'=B5rf43
OK-)7.&5*5•&KQ-C6=B&'˜X&K6L/M5&-o&'KQ-43:-5<]/-C7
-g&/*5-g5'GK<m)AIRA,)&'-5.3<I$*7-*5<-k*5*R-C7+4-I
g5A,)/a/=[&'A9/-Be$‹WK/6$ddŒ$
'R45+5.<Q-l<+l<-R<O<Ah/-B<Z&'/-B5:_&4712&<H&A=[<
jk&'Q-l<+l<-R<O<Ahjk&'<C*'5*5<LQ/-8&'/6w+4/65,)AG&-Q-R&':5;&
>