NXB Đại học quốc gia Hà Nội 2007, 177 Tr.

Tài liệu trong Thư viện điện tử ĐH Khoa học Tự nhiên có thể được sử dụng cho mục
đích học tập và nghiên cứu cá nhân. Nghiêm cấm mọi hình thức sao chép, in ấn phục
vụ các mục đích khác nếu không được sự chấp thuận của nhà xuất bản và tác giả. Mục lục

Unit 1 Types of species in ecosystems 7
A. Reading 7
I. Omprehension questions 7
II. True - False sentences 8
B. Writing 9
I. Sentence - ordering 9
II. Gap - filling 9
C. FURTHER PRACTICE 10
D. TRANSLATION 12
I. Translate into Vietnamese 12
II. Translate into English 13
E. Vocabulary 13
Unit 2 RESOURCES 15
A. READING 15
B. WRITING 18
C. FURTHER PRACTICE 20
D. TRANSLATION 21

II. Translate into English 41
E. Vocabulary 42
Unit 5 AIR POLLUTION 44
A. READING 44
I. Comprehension questions 46
II. True - False sentences 47
III. Increasing your vocabulary 48
B. WRITING 48
I. Sentence-building 48
II. Sentence-transforming 49
C. FURTHER PRACTICE 50
D. TRANSLATION 52
I. Translate into Vietnamese 52
II. Translate into English 52
E. VOCABULARY 53
Unit 6 The Greenhouse effect 55
A. READING 55
I Comprehension questions 56
II True - False sentences 57
III Increasing your vocabulary 58
B. WRITING 59
I Sentence-transforming 59
II Sentence - correcting 60
C. FURTHER PRACTIVE 61
D. TRANSLATE 62
I Translate into Vietnamese 62
II Translate into English 63
E. VOCABULARY 64
Unit 7 Human impact on the environment 66


B. Writing 86
I. Sentence - transforming 86
II. Sentence-building 87
C. Further practice 88
D. Translation 89
I. Translate into Vietnamese 89
II. Translate into English 89
E. Vocabulary 90
Unit 10 Soil texture, porosity, acidity 92
A. Reading 92
I. Comprehension questions 93
II. True-false questions 94
III. Increasing your vocabulary 94
B. Writing 95
C. Further practice 96
D. Translation 98
I. Translate into Vietnamese 98
II. Translate into English 99

E. Vocabulary 99

Unit 11 The origin And composition of soil 101
A. Reading 101
I. Comprehension questions 102
II. True - False sentences 103
III. Increasing your vocabulary 104
B. Writing 104
I. Sentence-rephrasing 104
C. Further practice 106
D. Translation 107

I. Sentence - building 135
II. Sentence - transforming 135
C. FURTHER PRACTICE 137
D. TRANSLATION 139
I. Translate into Vietnamese 139
II. Translate into English 139
E. Vocabulary 140

Unit 15 HUMAN IMPACT ON SOILS 142
A. Reading 142
I. Comprehension questions 143
II. True-False sentences 144
I. Comprehension questions 146
II. True-False sentences 148
III. Increasing your vocabulary 148
B. WRITING 149
I. Sentence-building 149
II. Sentence - transforming 150
C. FURTHER PRACTICE 151
D. TRANSLATION 152
I. Translate into Vietnamese 152
II. Translate into English 152
E. Vocabulary 153
Unit 16 SOIL FACTORS FOR PLANT GROWTH 155
A. READING 155
I. COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS 156
II. TRUE-FALSE QUESTIONS 156

songbirds in North America indicates that their summer habitats there and their winter
habitats in the tropical forests of Latin America and the Caribbean are rapidly
disappearing.
- Keystone species affect many other organisms in an ecosystem. For example, in
tropical forests, various species of bees, bats, and humming - birds play keystone
roles in pollinating flowering plants, dispersing seed, or both. Some keystone species,
such as the alligator, the wolf, the leopard, the lion, the giant anteater, and the giant
armadillo, are top predators that exert a stabilizing effect on their ecosystems by
feeding on and regulating the populations of certain species. The loss of a keystone
species can lead to population crashes and extinctions of other species that depend on
it for certain services - a ripple or domino effect that spreads throughout an
ecosystem. According to biologist E.O.Wilson, "The loss of a keystone species is like
a drill accidentally striking a power line. It causes lights to go out all over".
(Taken from "Sustaining the Earth" by Tyler Miller, G)
I. Omprehension questions
Answer the following questions
1. How are species in an ecosystem classified? 8

2. What is the other name of immigrant species? 3. How are alien species brought into a new ecosystem? 4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of alien species?
1 beautiful beauty beautify beautifully
2. normally
3. deliberately
4. beneficial
5. affect
6. pollinate
7. accidentally
8. loss
9. extinction
B. Writing
I. Sentence - ordering
Put the following words in the right order to build complete sentences.
1. Species / for / reasons / become / various / endangered. 2. Sometimes / the / extinction / presence / one / species / of / directly / can / cause / the /
another / of. 3. Over / 900 species / within / next / years / the / few / disappear / will / if / do not / we /
save / them. 4. Extinction / the / evolution / process / is / a / of. 5. The / a / species / Alligator / is / keystone. II. Gap - filling
C. FURTHER PRACTICE
Read the passage through to find out what is about.
The balance of nature
All the different plants and animals in a natural community are in a state of balance. This
balance is achieved by the plants and animals interacting with each other and with their non-
living surroundings. An example of a natural community is a woodland, and a woodland is
usually dominated by a particular species of plant, such as the oak tree in an oak wood. The
oak tree in this example is therefore called the dominant species but there are also many other
types of plants, from brambles, bushes and small trees to mosses, lichens and algae growing
on tree trunks and rocks.
The plants of a community are the producers: they use carbon dioxide, oxygen, water and
nitrogen to build up their tissues using energy in the form of sunlight. The plant tissues form

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food for the plant-eating animals (herbivores) which are in turn eaten by the flesh-eating
animals (carnivores). Thus, plants produce the basic food supply for all the animals of the
community. The animals themselves are the consumers, and are either herbivores or
carnivores.
Examples of herbivores in a woodland community are rabbits, deer, mice and snails, and
insects such as aphids and caterpillars. The herbivores are sometimes eaten by the carnivores.
Woodland carnivores are of all sizes, from insects such as beetles and lacewings to animals
such as owls, shrews and foxes. Some carnivores feed on herbivores and some feed on the
smaller carnivores, while some feed on both: a tawny owl will eat beetles and shrews as well
as voles and mice. These food relationships between the different members of the community
are known as food chains or food webs. All food chains start with plants. The links of the
chain are formed by the herbivores that eat the plants and the carnivores that feed on the
herbivores. There are more organisms at the base of a food chain than at the top; for example,
there are many more green plants than carnivores in a community.

a kind of small animal
a kind of large plant
Decide whether the following statements are true "T" or false "F". Correct the false statements
.
All the animals in a wood depend on plants for their food supply.
All the plants in a wood are eaten by animals.
Some animals eat other animals.
Plants depend on the sun to grow.
Plants depend on the gases in the atmosphere to grow.
Not every food chain starts with plants.
The consumers are at the base of a food chain.
Some animals eat plant-eating animals and also flesh- eating animals.
D. TRANSLATION
I. Translate into Vietnamese
All organisms, dead or alive, are potential sources of food for other organisms. A
caterpillar eats a leaf; a robin eats the caterpillar; a hawk eats the robin. When plant,
caterpillar, robin, and hawk all die, they in turn are consumed by decomposers. The sequence
of who eats or decomposes whom in an ecosystem is called a food chain. It determines how
energy moves from one organism to another through the ecosystem. Ecologists assign every
organism in an ecosystem to a feeding level, or trophic level, depending on whether it is a
producer or a consumer and on what it eats or decomposes. Producers belong to the first
trophic level, primary consumers to the second trophic level, secondary consumers to the third
trophic level, and so on.
(Taken from "Sustaining the Earth" by Tyler Miller, G) 13

drill (v) : khoan
eliminate (v) : loại bỏ

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exert (v) : tác động
exotic (adj) : ngoại lai, kì lạ
fossil (n) : (vật) hoá thạch
habitat (n) : sinh cảnh (nơi cư trú của một quần xã)
hate (v) : ghét bỏ
herbivore (n) : động vật ăn thực vật
heron (n) : con diệc
immigrant (n) : loài nhập cư
keystone (n) : yếu tố chính, chủ chốt
moss (n) : rêu
mound (n) : mô đất
native (n) : người địa phương, thổ dân
overlook (v) : không để ý, cho qua
pollinate (v) : thụ phấn (cho hoa)
predator (n) : thú ăn mồi sống
refuge (n) : nơi trú ngụ, nơi trú ẩn, nơi lánh nạn
ripple (v) : gây ra
shrew (n) : chuột chù
songbird (n) : loài chim hót
species (n) : loài
spell (n) : đợt, lượt, phiên
standpoint (n) : quan điểm
surroundings (n) : môi trường xung quanh
thrive (v) : phát triển, sinh trưởng
trunk (n) : thân cây


Some non-renewable material resources, such as copper and aluminum, can be recycled
or reused to extend supplies. Recycling involves collecting and reprocessing a resource into
new products. For example, aluminum cans can be collected, melted and made into new
beverage cans or other aluminum products. And glass bottles can be crushed and melted to
make new bottles or other glass items. Reuse involves using a resource or over and over in
the same form. Example, glass bottles can be collected, washed, and refilled many times.
Other non-renewable fuel resources - such as coal, oil, and natural gas- can't be recycled
or reused. Once burned, the useful energy in their fossil fuels is gone, leaving behind only
waste heat and polluting exhaust gases. Most of the economic growth per person has been

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fueled by nonrenewable oil, which is expected to be economically depleted within 40 to 80
years.
Renewable resources: Solar energy is called a renewable resource because on a human
time scale it is essentially inexhaustible. It is expected to last at least 4 billion years while the
sun completes its life cycle.
A potentially renewable resource can be renewed fairly rapidly through natural
processes. Examples of such resources include forest trees, grassland grasses, wild animals,
fresh lake and stream water, groundwater, fresh air, and fertile soil. One important potentially
renewable resource for us and other species is biological diversity, or biodiversity. It consists
of all of Earth's living organisms, classified into groups of organisms called species, which
resemble one another in appearance, behavior, and chemical and genetic makeup.
But potentially renewable resources can be depleted. The highest rate at which a
potentially renewable resource can be used without reducing its available supply is called its
sustainable yield. If this natural replacement rate is exceeded, the available supply begins to
shrink-a process known as environmental degradation.
(Taken from "Sustaining the Earth" by Tyler Miller, G)
COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
1. What kinds of resources are available for use?


TRUE - FALSE SENTENCES
Decide whether the following statements are true "T", false "F" or there’s no information
given "N" according to the text. Correct the false statements
There are three kinds of resources. They are non-renewable resources,
renewable resources and potentially renewable resources.
Solar energy, fresh air, fresh surface water are infinite.
Waste heat and polluting exhaust gases are caused when burning coal,
oil and natural gas.
Recycling and reusing existing supplies are two ways to reduce
any non-renewable mineral in quantity.
It is possible to change renewable resources into non-renewable
resources if we cultivate land without proper soil management.
Air, water and soil are usable when they are polluted.
Iron, copper and aluminum are all energy resources.
INCREASING YOUR VOCABULARY
Which words or phrases in the text have the same meaning as:
1. meet our demands
2. consist of
3. come to an end
4. used again
5. get rid of
6. take out

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7. change to liquid by the action of heat
8. can be renewed
9. can be made new again
10. to be supposed
B. WRITING


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7. Solar energy includes the production of electricity and heat directly from solar
radiation for many applications.
Solar energy consists SENTENCE - BUILDING
Make necessary change and additions to complete the following sentences from the
prompts given bellow.
1. Natural resources / be / materials / that / we / need / maintain / society. 2. They / from / rocks / oceans / tissues of animals / plants / that / live / Earth / us. 3. These materials / be / use / directly / or / process / into / household products / clothes
/ machinery / building. 4. Resources / exist / fixed quantity / earth's crust / be / call / non-renewable resources. 5. Most of non-renewable resources / be / minerals / that / be / use / industry. 6. Whereas / renewable resources / be/ not / fixed / quantity. 7. With proper management / such resources / will / available / man's use / indefinitely.

of water to turn his mills. He (4) animals as new sources of energy. They (5)
RESOURCES
PERPETUAL (1)
(2)
WINDS,
TIDES,
FLOWIN
G
WATER
FOSSIL
FUELS

(3) (4)
(5)
FRESH
WATER
(7) (8) (6)

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plows and wagons. A new stage in the development of the use of energy came
with the invention of the steam engine. Steam could be used to develop the energy used to run
machines. The discovery of electricity created an even important way of using energy. So did
the invention of the gasoline engine. Man entered into a new (6) of the use of
energy, with the application of nuclear energy.
Man finds many ways to release energy to do work. For example, he changes the energy
in a waterfall into electrical energy. He can turn this electrical current into radio waves that
can (7) his ideas for thousands of miles. He can release the energy into gasoline
by burning it and using it to (8) automobiles. He can use coal to turn water into
steam and, in turn, use the steam to (9) electrical energy. The nucleus of certain
atoms can produce millions of times more (10) per pound of material than can be

AFTER USE, IT ENTERS THE ATMOSPHERE AND OCEANS. UNFORTUNATELY IT
IS NOW SO WIDELY SCATTERED THAT THERE IS NO WAY GETTING IT BACK.
ONCE USED THEN NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES FREQUENTLY CANNOT BE
USED AGAIN. WHEN WE RUN OUT OF THE EASILY AVAILABLE SUPPLIES THERE
WILL BE NO MORE.
2. RECYCLING IS A CHALLENGE BECAUSE IT REQUIRES A BASIC CHANGE
IN EVERYDAY LIFE. FOR RECYCLING TO BE SUCCESSFUL, ORDINARY PEOPLE
MUST BE AWARE OF WHAT THEY BUY. THEY MUST ALSO SORT THEIR TRASH
AND GARBAGE INTO CATEGORIES: ORGANIC GARBAGE, NEWSPAPERS, STEEL
CANS, GLASS CONTAINERS (SOMETIMES SORTED BY COLOUR) AND PLASTIC.
THE WASTE DISPOSAL TRUCKS HAVE SEPARATE COMPARTMENTS FOR EACH
CATEGORY. THE TRUCKS DELIVER THE WASTE TO A RECYCLING CENTER
WHERE THERE IS MORE STORING. WASTE MATERIALS OF THE SAME KIND ARE
COMPACTED (CRUSHED INTO BLOCKS). A MANUFACTURER BUYS THE
SORTED, COMPACTED BLOCKS OF MATERIAL TO MAKE INTO SOMETHING
NEW. ONCE A CUSTOMER BUYS AND USES THE PRODUCT, THE SAME
MATERIALS FOLLOW THE SAME CYCLE – BEING STORED, COLLECTED AND
USED AGAIN. IN THE END, THE REAL MEANING OF RECYCLING IS PROTECTING
PLANET EARTH, KEEPING IT SAFE AND CLEAN FOR FUTURE GENERATIONS. IT
IS ONE WAY FOR EVERYONE TO CONTRIBUTE TO A BETTER WORLD.
(Taken from "Between the Liness" by Faust, Susan S. Johnston & Clark S. Atkinson)
TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH
1. Ngày nay, nhu cầu sử dụng năng lượng có thể tái tạo rất lớn. Nhiên liệu hoá thạch
cung cấp phần lớn nhu cầu năng lượng ở gia đình của chúng ta là nguồn tài nguyên
hạn chế. Cuối cùng chúng cũng sẽ cạn kiệt và là vật ô nhiễm đáng kể. Chẳng hạn
như việc đốt than đá và khí đốt thiên nhiên để sản sinh ra điện ở Australia đã gây ra
khoảng một nửa lượng cacbon điôxit (CO
2
) thải ra hàng năm.


convert (v) : chuyển đổi, thay đổi
crust (n) : lớp vỏ cứng
decimate (v) : phá huỷ, tiêu hao
define (v) : định nghĩa, xác định rõ
deplete (v) : tháo hết, xả hết
discard (v) : loại bỏ
diversity (n) : sự đa dạng
edible (adj) : có thể ăn được
eliminate (v) : loại bỏ, gạt ra
exhaust (v) : dùng hết, cạn kiệt
extract (v) : khai thác, rút ra
fertile (adj) : màu mỡ, phì nhiêu
fluid (n) : chất lỏng
groundwater (n) : nước ngầm
gypsum (n) : thạch cao ingenuity (n) : óc sáng tạo, sự thông minh
limited (adj) : hạn chế, giới hạn

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mysterious (adj) : đầy bí ẩn
perpetual (adj) : vĩnh viễn, bất diệt
phosphate (n) : phốt phát
potential (adj) : (thuộc) tiềm năng
raw (adj) : thô (chưa qua xử lý, chưa qua chế biến)
recycle (v) : tái chế, tái sinh, phục hồi
refine(v) : (tinh) lọc
renew (v) : làm mới trở lại
resemble (v) : giống

water vapor-and to release this heat as the vapor condenses back to liquid water-is a primary
factor in distributing heat throughout the world. Water can also dissolve a variety of
compounds. This enables it to carry dissolved nutrients throughout the tissues of living
organisms, to flush waste products out of those tissues, to serve as an all-purpose cleanser,
and to help remove and dilute the water -soluble wastes of civilization. However, water's
superiority as a solvent also means that it is easily polluted by water-soluble wastes.
Most substances shrink when they freeze, but liquid water expands when it becomes
ice. Consequently, ice has a lower density (mass per unit of volume) than liquid water.
Thus, ice floats on water, and bodies of water freeze from the top down instead of from the
bottom up. Without this property, lakes and streams in cold climates would freeze solid, and
most current forms of aquatic life would not exist.
Water-the lifeblood of the ecosphere - is truly a wondrous substance that connects us to
one another, to other forms of life, and to the entire planet. Despite its importance, water is
one of the most poorly managed resources on Earth. We waste it and pollute it. We also
charge too little for making it available, thus encouraging even greater waste and pollution of
this vital and potentially renewable resource.
(Taken from "Sustaining the Earth" by Tyler Miller, G)
I. Comprehension questions

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Answer the following questions
How important is fresh water to our life? How much is the salt water on Earth's surface? What do the water's high boiling point and low freezing point mean?