
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

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&' ()*+,'-./&0
&
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PHN I. 12#
1. 0304'05)6'),(789':/;4
+,-./012.34566787-9/:,;/:,8<=/:,>?@AB/C-,,
6D,E-/FGA/AH-IJ.-C6126GK-L>>M6,+=80+N0
456.I+,-..O.P-Q8Q6R>S7-51ABT.+U-V6WI
RR1-WA6+6K6G/R1=8K-,L>=6K6G/,.,>III+,-6
6X1X14Y.58Z+/+AB6K6.+US3-9/:,456/[>\-L+T6Y
-V66787I
L+1+,-6V,]1L+-3^;>B>U131-+=,+,6>@=.1>_^=6K6F
S+K=6K6A-,;*=`
a
=`
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-Lc-7->6-G,=.-WS0W4dG,-V6W6D,6-eI+,--

 ?;7@:(0A4B-C
56X-8Z+-L+1+,--h4568e>-YN,-v.O1q-LW:,
.56X-8Z+A-fSF.51+,-4o-L98Z+=456SPO.wy`;w,-+
yL`,/6/@
wy`x
yC,A+wy`=h-,6,1+,-..+U]
:>0DE,9'./ 0A4B-CFGH
+,-6G.58Z+LX-6,+
+,-6G.58Z+6,+
+,-6G.58Z+-L8c
+,-6G.58Z+-X1
+,-q
{m
nm
n
an
za
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1+,-,383LNK-Lc6b.U>+-K64E6D,F6-Lp;~-3+.>/@•
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yC,A+N-Lc6YO/0rX-1+,-6GNK-LcD6b,SYA>C,
A+OA/AH-6K6874f-L+,4+UD6b/012=h-,6,
1+,--G6b]
:>0DE,9'./ Q6R0S/
Y,-
Y,6G,4+UD6b
YN,,4+UD6b
OA/AH--,,-L+NK-LcD6b]
− gS2

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+L,6<6GE-.+U1+,-4€68O-SK6456†.1+,-X60;-7
K1]‚L+,3‚+>@=456/0rX--9E-/F.+U1+,-SK6I
3. ()*V,=05)4B:,(DE,W)T49':/;4
3.1. X;
3.1.1. L,'6'T47Y4=ZE-/F6s-AH-.PN,-L†6D,/:,8<
>0=[\,( 0A4B- ],7-R:
1 m=nm= ‡
JE6, ana
°y
v-L† a=na=_m ˆ6
_
Je4Y4€6 „=n„=
°
7+rG,S[ =an= g
V66W8T€-Q°
 >3/ˆ6
JE>‰4O =n= aˆ+I6
O->L =__n=
,.ˆI°
‡JE4\6]>+6K66X-8Z+=1L+-3AE-/FS+K6G-L+/:,-U+I
‡)/p6]-Lp-BAU--A+.5Š„6,L+-3-L+/:,
‡1]456rK64Q°I:,-6GK-L1-L8c.m=mA/:,+„/:,
4q--L+6S‹/:,6G1-X1+€68Œm=I7/:,8A/AH-=
.,6-+/3-L+/:,/•86e-,6>.,6-6.0K-L16D,/:,I
‡JE6,]456rK648Œ11K1624E8Œ>>6,(IO
,-L-7B=6G_4A4+4E6,]4E+r.3-3S3.;°@=4E+L3L;°@

=
_=
=
3.1.3. 54'b,(9B:4c0,6_4B:,(DX;
‡K66X-1L+-367-v.O^-L+6K6516X--6V,-L+/:,=A456
6,..+U]
ŽL+-3<,-,;~31L+-3@]d,.8=+.+8.=./+ƒ=.,6-+‚3L=
.,6-+13L+r>,ƒ,?I
 ŽL+-3Q-LU-KS3+SY8T]dE-1V6Or3:66D,6K6
6,/3,-A6,r1+/1,-3I
6
 !!"#$%&'()*
Thnh phn cc hp cht cha nitơ trong sa
h-,6G-e/0rX-1+,--9/:,8<=/:,>+€6/:,69>B>U/:,-=
/:,-K6E-1q8Z++€6/:,qI
:,>4e/0rX-1+,-104U-6qAT6K66s-6X-.5/:,LX-
€-I:,10--9:4EAH-S…3U=SY6V,SK/
A8,6-3L+1,3=SY826K66X--2L[,,6X-/K--L-96K6>\6\
6V,AO-F4hFAH6e/:,I
+L,=/:,6<104K1V6q4€68O-SK6=4G.S0W4Y-\8Œ
L3AS0W-K6~36D,U-1+,-I:4€6-b1\-E6A+-9
F8<=-H6bA+-96+L8O-I•7-FAT-h-7-6K6,-L+W6u
0Q4X-b6X-6D,/:,Ih-,Sp61\68Œ6K68f/,.

=.
31\?
_ !"#$
+a./:,Ža.=^>>6L3=SX-LE4TLd4€-A+6K6-D
_
+

3.3. A6,'<,Re,(4PDX;
K64Y-\ /:, 1f87X- . L33-I•33-.l516D,6+/
;‘II_III_@=6u456†.L3A131/;‘II_IIIa@Iv.O131/ˆ6+/
;L3@-,4f=Ac6+/6sO>O-L+>U>6D,4EAH-6,6,/:,A
/,4G456-,-78Q131/=.56+/1\-E6A+-fA.+U4E
AH-I
•3;‘II_III_@4564j,.3ƒ34Y-\/:,=.E-1L+-3,/36G-b
,6>=6D745667-LR--9W>U>8>B-K-f=4€68O-G6
4Y-\/:,h-,6<†-.3ƒ34Y-\/:,4ecI
•36G-L†.51-[S+0__I„_Iy,II1qG,†66D,
L36V,T,+,6>6G-b,6>/+AB,+,6>6G-bSTI+
L,=-L+-1q6D,L36<6V,T1L+.=/3LI•3-S7-6G
>U--ec.H11A,:4€6-b6D,E-.+8.IJe4’
4O6D,L31“x=I•3,6G88X-+U-8QL3I
'()"*$X-U+1-[L36GU61+.131->36Gp.63-L+
U6A<6,L8+I•36s-D16K6.S7-131->3ASY.0Q
47.S7-3/-3LA,3I•34€68O-6G-K64EU.6K6.S7-456-U+
8Q-L+/3A13.,.,3I•3-K64E.66X-6,/36D,/:,I
J€6-b-D16,/36D,L31\-E6A+LX-TA+1Ik1xmI
L316p--L8caˆ__6<Q1xI_-c16p-aˆ/F.S7-131->3-L+
1-[6,/3I+U-4ErR6-K6-F6D,L3Q1x_I=--3+/C-,4f6
6X-1-F-,4f-L+S+0_=„IJ€64e6D,L3.-K64EQY
-Lh,6>A9,10A6q6G/CO>O,
Ž
Ik1x_==6K6+,
Ž
.-W
+U-4EL3=:6,-+G,-LŽa.0+U-4E6D,GI
,=h-,6G-e/[>\L33-S7-51AB6K6-K64Y-\SK6
E-/F67121L+-3,/36GdF6-9A/AH-A-C6AH-I

.5131//•-W47„^I
0W4Y-\/:,6D,L33-4564KK-YN,+U--b4Y-\/:,I
K66712L33--U6G>U8E-+€6>U.…=L33->U8E-6G
+U-4EX1a.q/+AB>U>>6I+U--b4Y-\/:,6D,6R-h>,+
4Ea]aInaI=j,.E-1q;SF.5+€6-e-b6@6+/6G-e
4Y-\456aInaI1q;-e-b6+€6SF.5/:,-L+-h,
1R-Q_
+
I7121045680+N0QO-4E-X1;nm
+
@I
3.4. 0b,(70D0,'7Y4
L+/0rX-1+,-=--E6.+U/0126K6/0rX-6G-e/[>\
E-.++€6-f51T.+A/AH-SK6,I
f87X--L+1+,-.GAS2.,6-6IR8,+d6K6.6q
S2++,&
&&•K6-LC6S2&%%&+
&+,Ih-,/[>\GAS2.,6-6,X;
+1- 
=
n_
+
@A,O-;
+1-
x_n
+
@AB667.3.,6-64dc+€6>
cIR6G6V6W-U+,6>.,6-6-L+NK-Lc.3G11q4Y-\
6,/3-L+/:,A-U+4E6,-L+SF4YI+L,=AS2.,6-66<-U+L,
6K6/0121\-9NK-Lc.3(

A+/:,>B>UF,.
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4eO6s-h,4Y-\A6X-LR6=
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SO456.56+/6q/[>\I
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>O-456-+8EOA/AH-6G-L+/:,.O8,4qI:,=-L+/0
rX-E-/F.+U1+,-6V,L3/,=!L,,?h-,6G-e8…N,,
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-L+/:,I.5-F4,6+1Z1>._ˆaS/:,I7/[>\
F-L,-NKT/•ASY-F-6+/012I+L,=F-L-3
6u6G-eV667FA/AH--qS7-/[>\-L+/0rX-1+,-IO
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AB6X-LR63.IJe-74Y-\6,/3-L+/:,=h-,-h/[>\E-
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„sK-L1/:,AT4e4’4O6D,6,/3]1K1/[>\6+
E-/F.+U1+,-+ ,3=t,L?04E1;>+S7-N06D,NK-Lc
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4,A+@=6K6+
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04O-b66D,63 36,/3I-BBU=6K663 36,/3/•4Y-\-U+
-3.I
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L3-C66X-.NK-Lc-D1U676,/3κ=A…K+B681KD>+4G
6K6+6,r>>-716HAB6K66,/3α=ŠA1,L,6,/3κA.6R-U+
3.I•3-D1.S7-131->:,3„)3-;QA-Lba„am@6D,6,/3κ4e
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1\-E6A++,
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6K6>>I
L+NK-Lc=>B-K6>\6D,3ƒ3L3=6,/3A1,L,6,/36D,/:,/•
810E-1q-U+131-+A,+,6>;-L+/3=-L1-+1,?@-H1-L-U
6\64Y-d-UQ>U>>6I
16-X1-c/C4Y-\>L,6,I6GBU=1mI.
4TSO-F-X-L3-K6>\I701-X1:,-cS4G6,/34Y-\
SY10>+L3.>+,6>Iy+AH=AO68f/E-.5AS2.,6-6
A+/:,.O-LB6NK-Lc4Y-\6uG11q.01/:,=h4G
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14U-mI=,6>.,6-6/•--K6AB6K6-1qSK66D,F1+,-
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5,6>.,6-6-U+-0Q476X-.56D,1+,-I7NK6,+/•U
67/C1K--Le6D,AS2.,6-6=.-,4f1V61L+-3„6,.61+/1,-3-3+
BSY6G.56+-LU-K6D,1+,-I56.U=7.5,6>.,6-6
NK-X1;1{m@-U+4TSO-H.56+AS26GU+U-4E.06X-
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-LC6S2.,6-6IF/[>\.1>6G-L+6\64Y6eG,-6K6,6>
8Z+8,I
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K6874f6D,6X-8Z+r0L,-3+,B]-D1A+rG,I
)V64E-D16X-8Z+-L+1+,-6VA1+,-T.LX-SK6,]-D
1/r0L,Q1+,-T=-L+SQ1+,-6V=/C-D1r0L,LX-7I
k1+,-T=/C-D11\-E6A+OAS2-L8T€-I)E-/F.+UF6=
AS2+U-4ELX-UA-b6-\E-.54KSe,6>8Z+=4€6
8O-.,6>8Z+8,4e-U+A4€6-L6+1+,-I
L+1+,-4o6b.5,6>8Z+-C>+QA…ALE-SYF,Ik.B1
A…NK-Lc-D16X-8Z+r0L,U•>+-K64E6D,OAS28T

6u-1q,6>,-C>+-L+1+,-1\-E6A+-9.+U=1\-E6
A+.5B6=A+O-4E4.q,=A+-1q6D?
L+NK-LcD6b=-d.5,6>,-C>+SY9-W;€6>6G
-e.56D,,6>,0-L+S,6>,SK6.U-W@IyB-K6
>\6D,3ƒ3+rG,„S[6D,AS2=,6>,/•-,,.+U-10
VSK66eG,=S[(

?S7-N0-U+-.+U-6X-B6G
-K6>\-U+A6+1+,-I
X-606K6>U>3,;S[=-D1=+rG,@6D,6K6,6>,-L+1+,-r0
L,>B-K64E6D,AS2.,6-6IC-,4f/F.5A-v.O:,6K6,6>,
-C>+-L+1+,-r0L,U•h/C+U-4E6D,AS21L+1+6IJG.
6K6  F  A  S2 %=  F    6G  E-  /F  .+  
%.%?6456d
4EF6,+6D,1+,-IK6.+UAS2.31L+1+66e.,6-,-3
-,6>1L+1+6=,6>,63-6A(

I,,6>8,.6+1+,-6GA
6,AW4€6-LI
h-,6<H-X7-71-\6NK-LcD6b47E-V6+4G-cE-/F
,6>,81DA-U+L,6K6/012
_
=(
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=
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?SG6
6+1+,--12Igc-7=-L+/0rX-=6qV64E-D11L+-3
13
 !!"#$%&'()*

<,-,-F--L+B6=/F.5Sb(

-U+->>6NK8o+
<,;8Q(
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@-L+SF1+,-=>+4GS€14TSO-H.5-c01GL,
A-b6-\-L+6K6S+0-LFA.B>q-U+-.lfIb(

01G
,-c6E-.R66GT-L--b6-\Sb=S7-N06GT.lf
ABSb6-B6…I56.U=Sb(
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01G6H-c.lf-U+-b-
Sb6-B6.BI
h-,6<H-X7>6D6sd  -c1+,-
-12SY6G.lfIL+S4G,.U6GS0
W-U+SbTX-I
+(
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A
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IG-eSb(
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L+4G] )

..56X-8Z+6D,/:,-62;^@

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..51L+-36D,/:,;^@
)

..56X-8Z+-3+6X-SY6D,.+U1+,-4/0rX-
S.O/F-C6O
k6K6>6T/0rX-O4U=NK-Lc-K6AO6s.56X-8Z+-L+
/:,456-C6O+-+-C4E8ŒNK-Lc.-I
:,4568A+K.-+U-4E.-\6456,></012-G,-L,.
/:,qA6L3,I.58Z+-L+,></012-L1\-E6A674E
+U-4E6D,K.-I-3+.+U1+,-6q/0rX-E-1q6L3,/•
4561F-LE-LQ.UAB></:,q4e.56X-8Z+6D,/:,4U-4RK-L
6qI
JFABE-/F-Lh51/0rX-6K6.+U1+,-6G.58Z+6,+=/,,
4+U62G,=6K6/0rX-8p-8E6-C6ONK-Lc4dG,I
';,'4Bp,(
,-L4e->O-6K6.+UA-L6q-7-I=-,-L4o1KAM
68Œ:,6K6F=.0.5F6,.6S7-N0..0S0
W4Y-\6D,L3IJeSp61\6564e=h-,108f/6,.6
>B>U,.
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6+NK-Lc6b/†6Q,4+UD6b6u-456U-1+,-6G4E
6VA9,10=E-.P>+:,.O-4E-X1151AB/C1K--Le6D,l51A
S2-L+/:,;61K--Le@I
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4Y-\8Œ6K6SX-LEIgO6SX-LE4S‹-L+NK-Lc4Y-\6u
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S+0I^I)F6<0Q-B/C-U+,6>-L+1+,-ASZ+-3+/C-,
4f6K64€6-b6D,1+,-;6X-LR6=-LU-K@=6G-K6>\-U+K1/X--2-X=
:6X-.5S80+N0I
K6AS2-U+6X--LX-U60ABFI)F6<4566+.-K6
4T6s/C-U+-6X-Sb;-U+-.lLl@IL+1+,-h-,H-X
1,L,6,/3<,-,-F-X-S.5F.^I+,-6G6X-LR6=-LU-K
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8ŒFSY
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6+FA+AB.5„_6+a/:,=SX.-\6b-X-S+0a
1R-IhK1>\6+.+U1+,-T=-h,FSZ+>a„I
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1280+AOc>K/012=W/C1K--Le6D,6K6.+UF6I
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