HO CHI MINH NATIONAL POLITICAL ACADEMY
NGUYEN KIM PHUONG
THE STATE WITH PROMOTION OF INTERNAL
AND EXTERNAL FORCES IN INTERNATIONAL
INTEGRATION IN VIETNAM CURRENTLY
Major: Dialectical materialism & Historical materialism
Code: 62 22 80 05
SUMMARY PHD THESIS IN PHILOSOPHY
Scientific instructor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Tran Thanh
HA NOI - 2014
The work was completed at Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics
Supervisor: A.Prof.Dr. Tran Thanh
Reviewer 1:………………………………………………………………………….
Reviewer 2:………………………………………………………………………….
Reviewer 3:………………………………………………………………………….
The PhD thesis will be defensed in front of a jury and marked by at
Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics
At…: On 2014
The PhD thesis is available in National Library and the
Library of Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics
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FOREWORD
1. Necessity of the subject
Stepping into the 21
st
century, the world has had rapid, profound and complex
changes with great opportunities and challenges towards each country, especially
poor and underdeveloped countries. Although the world may have many
complicated changes with intermingled cooperation and struggle, the trend of peace,
stability and cooperation for continuous development is the main trend in the world
governing international relationships as well as development strategy of each

diversified and complicated governance of international integration, especially
limitations of the State itself such as: unwieldy apparatus, slow adaptation to
variations of the world; macro-regulatory and managerial qualification of the
State not meeting the requirements of promoting internal and external forces;
incomprehensive system of laws and policies; slow innovation in activity of
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officials; confusion and lack of activeness in organizing and implementing to
promote internal forces and external forces, etc.
Those limitations of the State place the promotion of internal and external forces
in front of many difficulties and challenges without expected efficiency. Particularly:
The promotion of internal forces is still under the development ability of the
country. The attraction of external forces is more positive but not really active.
The exploitation and use of both internal and external forces for socio-economic
development of the country is not reasonable and corresponding to potentials and
does not promote completely its roles in fostering active international integration
in our country.
Besides, the promotion of internal and external forces has not really brought
about sustainable development for the country. Vietnam economy develops
dynamically with good growth rate but the economic efficiency lacks of
sustainability, “competitive quality, efficiency and strength is low; structural
transition in direction of industrialization and modernization is slow; macro-
balance is not firm; distribution regime remains much unreasonableness”. The
unreasonable exploitation and use of internal and external forces leads to
exhaustion of many natural resources, damage of ecological environment, change
of disease model, influence on quality of human resources, etc.
On the other hand, the promotion of internal and external forces in the
context of international integration with many complicated variations currently
places many difficulties and challenges towards the development of the country.
The strong impact of external forces from many sides may narrow impact scope
of the State causing insecurity to the national economic, financial and security

enhance roles of the State for promotion of internal and external forces assuring
sustainable national development in the current context of international integration
in our country.
2.2. Tasks
The dissertation focuses on solving main tasks below:
- Clarifying the necessity of promoting internal and external forces in
international integration and roles of the State for that promotion in Vietnam
currently.
- Evaluating real situation, analyzing some given issues towards roles of the
State in promoting internal and external forces in international integration in
Vietnam currently.
- Proposing some basic viewpoints and solutions for enhancing roles of the
State for promotion of internal and external forces assuring sustainable national
development in the context of international integration in Vietnam currently.
3. Research object and scope of the dissertation
Research object: Roles of the State in promoting internal and external forces
in international integration in Vietnam currently.
Research scope: The dissertation focuses on researching roles of the State in
promoting internal and external forces in the context of international integration.
4. Research methodology
The dissertation bases on principles of methodology in dialectical
materialism and historical materialism such as objective, comprehensive,
developed, historical - particular, practical, logical - historical principles, etc.
The dissertation also combines different methods such as analysis and
synthesis, inductive method and deductive method, statistics, description,
comparativeness, etc.
5. New contributions of the dissertation
- The dissertation clarifies under philosophical viewpoint roles of the State in
promoting internal and external forces in international integration in Vietnam currently.
- Evaluating the real situation and proposing some viewpoints and solutions

social development.
Karl Marx points out resources for development of the capitalism such as
value of commodity, manpower, capital, technical science, etc. In which, he
emphasizes and affirms the value of human resources; human is the subject
creating development history of humankind.
Nowadays, modern economists analyze resources based on their
contributions to the economic development including input material factors
(capital, machine, equipment, materials, natural resources, manpower, etc.) and
some other factors (organization, policy, administration, technology,
technological know-how),etc.
In Vietnam, there are many research works related to resources such as:
Ministry of Science and Technology, subject KX.04.08/06-10, Resources and
motivation for rapid and sustainable development of Vietnam economy in period
2011 - 2020; Prof. PhS. Le Du Phong, editor (2006), Resources and motivation of
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development in socialism-oriented market economy in Vietnam, Political Theory
Publishing House; Ho Ba Tham (2004), Motivation and creation of motivation
for social development, National Political Publishing House, Hanoi; Hoang Ngoc
Hoa (2005), “Our Party’s awareness of promoting internal forces, taking
advantage of external forces, developing a self-control economy and actively
integrating into international economy”, Looking back to the renovation of the
Party’s theoretical thinking in period 1986 - 2005, Political Theory Publishing
House, etc.
These above mentioned research works provided some basic theories and
scientific backgrounds drawn from the reality about the necessity of promoting
internal forces and external forces towards the socio-economic development of
the country through periods. That is the suggestion for the author of this
dissertation to research and study deeply.
1.2. Research works related to roles of the State and solutions for
enhancing roles of the State in promoting internal and external forces in

Thi Thu Huong, Hanoi, 2011, etc.
From research works in the country and in the world, it can be realized that the
number of research works regarding “roles of the State” is rich and plentiful. Those
research works are valuable materials and scientific background for this
postgraduate to acquire and research, develop in the research scope of this
dissertation.
1.3. Values of researched works and some orientations to be carried out
by the dissertation
From overall situation of research, it can be seen that these above mentioned
research works have scientific contributions with both theoretical and practical
value in researching the promotion of internal and external forces for the
development and the enhancement of roles of the State in promoting internal and
external forces to build and develop the country in international integration
currently. Those contributions are expressed on some following basic aspects:
Firstly, it clarifies basic theories about globalization and international
integration, impacts of this process on roles of the State in particular and
development of each country including Vietnam. Secondly, it step by step
clarifies concept of resources, internal forces, external forces and their roles in
construction and development of each country. Thirdly, it clarifies the
necessity of promoting internal and external forces for development in
international integration in Vietnam and also evaluates the real situation of
exploiting and using those resources and proposes orientations, solutions for
using resources efficiently. Fourthly, it clarifies roles of the State, evaluates
the real situation and proposes solutions for enhancing roles of the State in
socio-economic development and points out impacts of the State on each
resource, each aspect, each field of the life. Almost research works point out
limitations of the State such as: quality of legal documents, inefficient
apparatus, insufficient and poor personnel, etc.; from that point, it proposes
solutions to overcome in many aspects from different research viewpoints.
With those contributions, research works mentioned above provided basic

strength of the nation including core contents such as: strength of the economy,
politics, culture - society; strength of manpower in Vietnam; science and
technology, natural resources, leadership of the Party and management of the
State, etc.
To aware properly internal forces, it is needed to agree on some viewpoints
below:
Firstly, internal force is a wide concept with continuous movement and
variation. In fact, many factors have ever been defined as national internal forces,
evenly important internal forces but undergoing development, they no longer keep
that role and vice versa. Many factors are defined as internal forces in this condition
but environment, factor affecting the promotion and internal and external forces in
other conditions. Political, economic, cultural and social factors are both considered
as national internal forces and environment, condition to promote other internal
forces such as technological science and human resources, etc.
Secondly, internal forces depend on awareness level of human, especially
technological and scientific development level. With increasingly enhanced
awareness level, especially technological science level, people have researched and
discovered new natural resources to use and also create new materials, new energy to
substitute exhaust natural resources. That is the background, condition for each
country to research and make the national internal forces become richer and richer.
Thirdly, internal forces depend on development requirements of each
country. Each country has different development conditions and orientations,
accordingly, concept of internal forces is defined with different contents.
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Therefore, “internal force” is a wide concept which always moves and
changes depending on awareness level and development requirements of each
country so it is impossible to have a common concept of internal forces for all
countries in all circumstances.
In the scope of this work, the dissertation has no condition to research and
evaluate the entire national internal forces but focuses on clarifying roles of the

Promotion of external forces is creating favourable conditions to attract, exploit,
use and develop external resources of the country to support the construction and
development of the country.
Promotion of internal and external forces is creating favourable conditions to
exploit efficiently material and spiritual values of countries all over the world in
connection with strength of material and spiritual conditions inside the country to
create a general strength for development.
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The given issue is that promoting internal forces and external forces must
assure rapid growth in parallel with sustainable development; this means that
rapid growth must connect to maintenance and creation of prerequisites and
resources for long-term development of the country. This depends much on roles
of the State in regulating, exploiting and using reasonably internal and external
forces for development. Therefore, the dissertation will focus on researching roles
of the State in creating environment, condition, regime, policy so that internal and
external forces can be promoted in the most efficient way assuring rapid and
sustainable development.
2.1.2. Dialectical relationship between internal forces and external forces
Everything, every phenomenon is governed by internal and external
relationships of that thing or phenomenon. Internal relationships play a decisive
role in the development of the phenomenon while external relationships play a
role of impact which is either promoting or limiting the development of the
phenomenon.
The development in our country currently is profoundly impacted by internal
forces - internal resources of the nation and external forces - external resources
of the nation. Internal forces and external forces have a profound dialectical
relationship in which internal force is the decisive factor towards external
forces and development of the country, while external force plays an important
role impacting internal forces; external forces are only efficient through
internal forces; it may promote or limit internal forces. Considering roles of

cannot promote development of the country if they are not turned into internal
forces. Abundant capital sources of powerful countries have no significance
towards development of the country if we do not know how to mobilize, exploit
and use reasonably. Notwithstanding how advanced the world science and
technology are, if we do not have sufficient qualified human resources to acquire
and apply, it cannot contribute to the development of the country, etc.
However, not all external forces enrich internal forces; there are external
forces having potential of weakening internal forces; external forces with
conspiracy of opposing, destroying our country, governing the economy,
exploiting natural resources exhaustedly, destroying the environment, etc.
Currently, the context of international integration creates conditions so that
countries have more and more profound mutual influence and dependence. That
is an objective prerequisite for the closer and closer dialectical relationship between
internal forces and external forces. In international integration, each change of
external forces may affect internal forces and vice versa; each development step of
internal forces will increase the capacity of exploiting and using external forces
efficiently. The strong transition in capital, science and technology, human resource,
natural resources, etc. among countries in integration condition makes internal forces
and external forces penetrate and transform each other easily that may promote or
limit the development. That places a requirement of having policies and measures to
promote internal and external forces and limit negative impacts of the integration
process towards the development.
2.2. Necessity of promoting internal forces and external forces in
international integration in Vietnam currently
Promoting internal forces and external forces is one of the important lessons
in the development which is summarized and affirmed by our Party many times.
That is an objective requirement, decisive factor wards the success of Vietnam in
building the country and in active and positive international integration currently.
Firstly, promoting internal forces and external forces in international
integration is to inherit the lesson of “combining strength of the nation and

negotiating, signing bilateral and multilateral agreements, implementing
international commitments, forming prestige and position of Vietnam in
international scope. That role is particularly expressed as follows:
Firstly, the State carries out the task of information - foreign affairs to
positively informing, popularizing the attractive environment created from
internal forces.
Secondly, the State carries out international commitments, positively attracts
external forces
Thirdly, the State gives out policies, measures to promote Vietnamese human
resources in foreign countries under many forms and measures such as: raising
development funds, appealing, mobilizing compatriots in foreign countries to invest
in construction of the home country, etc.
2.3.3. The State exploits and uses the internal and external forces for
building and developing the country
The exploitation and use of the internal and external forces are significantly
meaningful for the country development, it does help us not only to get rapid
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growth, but only to preserve resources for sustainable development. The State's
roles in exploiting and using the internal and external forces are shown that the
State promulgates mechanisms, policies, laws and regulations for exploiting and
using which internal force or external force; investing such force for which field,
giving priority for which field (production, business, capital construction of
infrastructure or social issues); allocating resources to each economic zone, each
industry and each region and so on.
The State's roles in promoting the internal and external forces for the country
development are shown at all aspects of the socio-economic life. It is not
conditional for this dissertation to review and evaluation the exploitation and use
of the internal and external forces in all fields, but to focus on analyzing and
evaluating the State's role in using some important resources for development,
that are manpower, capital, science and technology in the status of a force of

external forces. This is why in this chapter, the author has focused on learning
manifestation of the State's roles in promoting the internal and external forces,
that are: the State creates environment and conditions for promoting the internal
and external forces; the State establishes and expands the international relation to
proactively attract the external force; the State combines the internal force and the
external force on the basis of promoting the internal force, and making the
external force be the internal force; the state orients sustainable development of
the internal and external forces to assure the development targets of our country.
Such above mentioned contents are basis for the author to study in depth and
to assess the status of the State's roles for the development of the internal and
external forces of Vietnam in the international integration at the next chapter.
Chapter 3
ROLES OF THE STATE FOR PROMOTING THE INTERNAL AND
EXTERNAL FORCES IN INTERNATIONAL INTEGRATION IN
VIETNAM: REALITY AND SOME PROBLEMS TO BE ADDRESSED
3.1. Status of the State's roles for promoting the internal and external
forces in international integration
3.1.1. Status of the State's roles in creating environment and conditions for
promoting the internal and external forces
In this respect, this dissertation focuses on clarifying status of the State's
roles in creating environment and condition for promoting the internal and
external forces by surveying and assessing status of the State's role on four basic
scales, which are:
- Status of the State's role in maintaining political stability and national
security for promoting all resources of the country.
- Status of the State's role in promoting national economic power properly
with the trend of international economic development.
- Status of the State's role in cultural and social development, creating
internal spirit force of the nation.
- Status of the State's role in completing legal framework, administration

the State for the purpose of information, promotion, introduction with images and
attractive environment for investment of the nation to international friends.
The State unceasingly perfects policies, laws and external information
mechanism; it is constantly proactive to promote the national image in many
forms and manners.
With performance of external information, proactive promotion on internal
force of the country by the State, majority of international friends have known
about a dynamic Vietnam who is rising powerfully, is peaceful, sustainable and
developing, a responsible member of the international community, safe and
effective environment for investment, attractive destination of partners
worldwide. From being besieged and embargoed so far, now Vietnam has
diplomatic relations with 180/193 member states of the United Nations; has trade
relations with nearly 230 countries and territories; is an active member of more
than 70 regional and international organizations. We have 98 representative
agencies in countries and territories across five continents in the world.
Beside such achievements, there are still some restrictions in external work
in general and external information work in particular that are necessary for
remedy: delay in thinking renovation on some international issues; not actually
proactive and keen in information treatment and promotion; poor form of
promotion, not available methodical projects for information communication;
restricted forecast of situation of the world, the region and strategies of big
countries; unclose coordination mechanisms among public agencies and press
agencies. Such reality makes information of promoting the national internal force
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not actually proactive. Some countries in the world even misunderstand and know
insufficiently about Vietnam, about politics, society, religion and human right,
etc. This is why some investors are still hesitant to invest in our country. It
reduces efficiency of external work in general and external information in
particular in our country.
Secondly, to proactively attract external force, the State have implemented

situation in each stage in the world. Without consistent strategies, policies and long-
term vision, investment and development will be passive, influencing assurance of the
independent and self-controlled economy.
3.1.3. Status of the State's roles in exploiting and using the internal and
external forces
From analysis and assessment of status of the State's roles in exploiting and
using manpower, capital, sciences and technologies, that are the most important
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resources for the national in-deep development, it can generalize and evaluate the
State's role in exploiting and using the internal and external forces as below:
Generally, the State have had many active mechanisms, policies and manners
for exploiting and using the internal and external forces, for better results of
socio-economic development. Resources for developments are mobilized more
and more increasingly to meet better requirements of development. Many
resources have been exploited and used more latterly than other countries in the
world, but have made longer advance as compared to various countries (in the
field of technology, information, telecommunication, etc.) which actively
contribute to the national development.
However, certain restrictions and weakness in term of managerial
qualification and competence, structural organization of the State make the
exploitation and use of the internal and external forces not corresponding with
potentials and opportunities; many resources are lost and wasted; requirements
for promoting the internal and external forces for active and proactive integration
to the world have not been met to assure that rapid development pertains to
sustainable one.
3.1.4. Status of the State's roles in orienting sustainable development of the
internal and external forces to assure development objective of the nation.
To manage, orient and stimulate promotion of resources for development at next
stages, the State applies basic management tools like plans, strategies, macro policies
and economic leverage.

requirement for the country's development.
Nevertheless, the course of promotion of the internal and external forces in
international integration has created objective premises for formation of capitalist
trends spontaneously. This is the contradiction influencing orientation of
development for a nation, the State is required to enhance the role of management
and regulation upon the promotion of the internal and external forces for
addressing it.
Secondly, contradictions among national and international institutions
when the State is promoting the internal and external force, actively
integrating in the world.
The promotion of the internal and external forces requires that, on one hand,
we have to focus on promoting all potentials and strong points at home, build and
develop the country on the basis of national institutions in an effort to assure
national interests, maintain independence and self-control in the economic
development; maintain national characters in the cultural development; solve
security matters, political and social issues; protect legitimate interests and rights
of every Vietnamese citizen through legislations and legal norms of the nation.
On the other hand, the promotion of the internal and external forces must also
comply with international institutions, contribute to solve global issues,
harmonize the national benefits and international issues. Thus, during the course
of promoting the internal and external forces in the international integration, the
State must often pay attention to addressing contradictions among the national
institutions and international ones.
Thirdly, contradictions between requirements of enhancing the State’s roles
toward the promotion of the internal and external forces in the international
integration and the existing restrictions of the State.
From such above mentioned contradictions, it shows that the course of
promotion of the internal and external forces in the past years result in potential
risks that threaten and influence directly the role and range of impact of the State,
hence the State is required to renovate itself, to enhance its competence for

the internal and external forces is “still under development capability of the
country, meanwhile socio-economic activities are still shortcoming”.
Attracting the external force has not been actually active, but passive and
confused toward situations and contingency in relation with international law,
practice and problems to be addressed in relation and cooperation with other
countries. We have not established actually stable, permanent and solid relations
with big countries; have not developed relations with intertwined, interdependent
interests with such countries. We have not properly respected and actively
attracted indirect foreign investments. International opinions have not taken into
account when solving some domestic issues; slow performance of commitments
and trade agreement; limited perfection of legal framework and administrative
reform, etc. less or more diminish attractiveness of the investment environment,
reduce effectiveness, activeness and proactive of policies and methods of
attracting the external force of the State.
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The exploitation and use of the internal and external forces have not been
actually effective, but caused significant loss and waste, have not met requirements
of sustainable development of resources. Allocation, exploitation and use of the
internal and external forces have not been scientific and reasonable, but scattered
and less focused for industries, regions and some field of the life. Many external
forces suffer from delayed disbursement, lack of efficiency and transparency which
diminish faith of investors. In some specific cases, the combination of the internal
and external forces has been established but not sustainably or gone into tailspin due
to violation of relevant individuals and organizations. We lack actually proactive
roadmaps for orienting promotion and combination of the internal and external
forces; strategies of foreign loans and return have not been well prepared and so on.
These are obstacles and challenges for developing all resources for construction and
sustainable development of the country in the future.
Chapter 4
SOME MAIN VIEWPOINTS AND MEASURES FOR ENHANCING

use of all opportunities created by objective conditions, take advantage of all
external forces on the basis of promoting internal forces at first; considers
promotion of internal force as the decisive factor and external force as the
promoting one for socio-economic development of the country, external forces
only display effectiveness through internal forces.
4.1.2. The State performs promotion of internal and external force to
ensure development of market economy oriented to socialism
In the process of promoting internal and external force, the State must ensure
building and development of market economy oriented to socialism. To gain such
things, the State needs to pay attention to some points:
Firstly, promotion of internal and external force must be performed on the
basis of Marxism - Leninism, Ho Chi Minh Ideology, under leadership of
Communist Party of Vietnam.
Secondly, the State promoting internal and external force must create
conditions to build up rapidly and synchronously elements of the market
economy and institution system of market economy oriented to socialism,
perform principles of the market, promote production capacity in the country, and
serve socioeconomic development. Simultaneously, the more market economy is
applied, the more welfare, employment, poverty-alleviation, development of
education, culture, health care for people are needed.
Thirdly, the State promoting internal and external force must ensure
independence, self-control, initiative of international integration of the economy.
4.1.3. The State promoting internal and external force must ensure
harmonious combination between national and international benefit
To promote internal force, take advantage of external force, the State must
ensure principle of promotion of internal and external force on the basis of
ensuring harmonious combination between national and international benefit.
While solving national problems on the basis of national institution and law, the
State must simultaneously ensure basic national rights, equality, friendship,
mutual benefit to solve international and global matters for the purpose of

the State for promoting internal and external force
4.2.3. Groups of solutions to promote roles of the State in attracting external force
Firstly, the State needs to perform well foreign affairs, enlarge foreign
relationship, combine firmly foreign politics and foreign economy, and perform
well foreign information affairs.
Secondly, the State must perform actively international commitments
between Vietnam and countries in the world and in are, ensure national prestige
to the world.
Thirdly, the State continues to reform administration, complete legal corridor
in accordance with international practice. This is the effective measure to create a
clear, convenient environment for promoting internal and external force
effectively.
4.2.4. Groups of solutions to promote roles of the State in exploiting, using
effectively resources on the basis of promoting internal force and internalizing
external forces
Firstly, the State promotes all potentials, national advantages, creates a
convenient environment for internal and external force to be promoted.
Secondly, the State promotes democracy and power of national solidarity
block in the promoting internal and external force
Thirdly, the State innovates and enhances effectiveness of management
instruments, macroeconomic policy to exploit, use internal and external forces
effectively
Sub-conclusion of chapter 4
From the reality and matters for the State in promoting internal and external
force, from international experience to apply to the Vietnamese reality, Chapter 4
focuses on analyzing, showing principled viewpoints and proposes main
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measures to stimulate role of the State in promoting internal and external force to
build up the country in the current context of integration.
To promote internal and external force for meeting objective requirements

Reality of nearly 30 years of renovation shows the State's achievements in
promoting the internal and external forces. With laws, policies, macro regulatory
tools; by promoting power of the ethnic united bloc, power of the politic system,
under the Party's leadership in the orientation of socialism, the State has gained
many achievements in promoting the internal force, developing comparative
advantages of the nation; creating attractive environment with the external forces;
proactively performing measures and manners of attracting the external force;
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simultaneously regulating, allocating and using properly resources as per
specified orientations and targets for development; continuously stimulating the
promotion of the internal force more actively, more deeply and more effectively.
To obtain such targets, the State has unceasingly self-renovated and self-
cultivated to rise and to meet more and more difficult and complicated
requirements of the promotion of the internal and external forces in the current
conditions of integration. The cumbersome apparatus, slow adaption with
requirements and demands of the reality; limited qualification and competence of
officials and employees, unsatisfactory management levels of the state to meet
requirements of promoting the internal and external forces; inconsistent and lack
legislation and policies; limited enforcement of laws. The status of corruption and
wasting that becomes complicated both in scale, number of case and nature of
each case is barrier toward the promotion of the internal and external forces.
Though the State has exerted itself to promote the internal and external
forces, obtained results have not been actually effective and sustainable; the
promotion of the internal and external forces has been more active but not
proactive, vulnerable for being influenced by the world and the region. Our Party
assumes that: "mobilization and use of resources, both internal and external ones
which are done for the career of socio-economic development are less effective
and not corresponding with our potential, but limit development".
The promotion of the internal force has not been corresponding with our
nation's potential and strength, has not met requirements of reality in the course