I. ĐẶT VẤN ĐỀ

!"#$%&'()*+,-./0*
12/'34)#5'67829(8'/8"'
(:./8((-.;2/"1(#./(3
//<2(.=6
>?#@(115A"B.#**.2A,C/D
E6FG5A)#/'HI"/'C8#J"#@(E
KK1B.8E(,L$(;)#9(HM32(:.
/(CNKO
1((PM'-'((-",;/(3
N,1(,2')"4#@(M(#A#8#2Q1
9R"1(.CK2(S5HN
5"R(#./(36(K!;.1T.)>(81=
UVVWX“Phương pháp giáo dục phổ thông phải phát huy tính tích cực, tự giác,
chủ động, sáng tạo của học sinh; phù hợp với đặc điểm của từng lớp học, môn
học; bồi dưỡng phương pháp tự học, khả năng làm việc theo nhóm; rèn luyện kỹ
năng vận dụng kiến thức vào thực tiễn; tác động đến tình cảm, đem lại niềm vui,
hứng thú học tập cho học sinh.”
GC(-;2*:"(:.B.,>?#@( ;
YE.$2*:16GCC*Z.$
;=(.1)#"1('("88/8.),;(S
#@(H$[B.N@K2S1B.8E)#6\
/B.@$A.>?M3;8.M(1(/E(C.2:2(SN
1(H$"H@ .*]8.M((.-2:88"Y
:,(B.]M3Y.M(H(1(9(( 
Y*A$'121("/RR,S
N666
G$(29(EH805',*CC,.
^H./0N",1H;"805'&6
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U
E8Q8N(,159((N2<
,(@(B.82*:1.5H$J6
1!*(:.(3.2:Z?G".
(1"8?G2^;/(8(-C8
R(-2^SJR*(C.(b(".:/(
39(2^SJR*'81"p&6
q.*#8Y,`1"=R"`L("'(!(3.
r)2(-H8/(/((-X“Nâng cao chất
lượng học tập môn hóa học cho học sinh khối 9 trường THCS Cam Thịnh
Tây bằng cách xây dựng tình huống có vấn đề trong dạy học”
II. GIẢI QUYẾT VẤN ĐỀ
1. Cơ sở lý luận:
d.8E(.2B.8E18((,
$(;(3.N(:.(81=s,R,.)6>(81H
t.btd. 8X,B.8E(8"R",
(,L/8((-/19(H(:./(CH#N(812("
(,L/8((-/1,=RN156H\.)
/(3/12< !5(N,1(:2*(1
@"t2)B.8E(,L/8((-'H\;u
=RXR="#8(C."(81=6
?:*.415(3<$*29(.,H(#
.'(NK2B.8E(,L/8((-58(8"
R,N6
GC(-=R(,L/158(8RE
(K#A#8#,L5(/1"#A#8#(,L/8(
(-/163<,L5(N15,(-J\2
.@(#N15N(>?6
t2)=RNN15,(:./(CB.8E(,L
/8((-/1N6GC;=R15(

5,1Y(183Y..^(Y8(!(29(8(K
v
#@(E4;*.4,(58H#"(,(18.
2*:A( (6
1B.8EE(C.@*8#A#8#18"5(
.AE18"H(,R,9#w2B.8E)3
N4'()*ZHe=$2( B.@#A#8#
.2(@(B.2*:.2*:A( (&1(@18
EH\1( B.@N("h,#A#8#;.(/(
(@18(-6
2. Thực trạng:
a) Thuận lợi
a ",'2,`."2(-6?9(JP
2)"S(x(*(:.2:<,."#R"#8
182/@<ES(H81C[2Y/(3"o,.-/c
<2#8(C/c @16e=#A#8#nt?G1
C<#8.;HN5"H81"R)
3N351"C(4#9(3."(-
2=2.K.(,*/(39(2:5'6
a K.>?:.lE,nt?G(4#</@<B.
H8"#R"H81N"#8.RR)#N"9
o,.-1/@<".C,$(=5HN5
(,*/(3'B.2(-(@(B.2*:6
a nt?G(4#o,.-1/@<#8(-2(@(B.2*
:6tYE.$2*:*#^H\,34"H'
A"(4#(H(56t.8#=#A#8#nt?G/
B.@$H\(4#1/@<H81N>?6
b) Khó khăn
Cảm nhận chung của HS về môn hóa học
W

,R,9#/(He=nt?G6
3. Các biện pháp tiến hành:
}
3.1 Áp dụng dạy học đặt vấn đề và giải quyết vấn đề là một trong những
hướng đổi mới và phối hợp các phương pháp dạy học
nt?G/'#@(,5ggn((-,5)#;#(:.
ggn,(/J\29(.2A829(."1#A#8#
?G2(@(B.2*:(Y2(S."[
8ggn/81)#;#6nJ2(@(B.2*:/@<
)#21K.8ggn/82,1R*N4
RA6nJ2(@(B.2*:H\##K1RR
.N"[,(:(J/(32."l(E
8/@<H81H"##Ko,.-R'(
16
yf(5ggn:.#@( Q 0/@<He=8?G((
1A3N2(-,L5(/(36
3.2. Bản chất của dạy học đặt và giải quyết vấn đề
m@*NJ2*:2(@(B.2*:,;J21
?G3/'#@(;'819((3HI6R"
N5"(8(15"EE(3K3
/'#@(;K(@58=5",NCH811
56/'Y;5(.)#S;1
283(^/B.@6;8#8(-
2(@(B.2*:6
m@*NJ2(@(B.2*:,>?J98
2*:N/18(18)3&218QY1
(@(B.82*:] 2(-(:./(CB.8E(#./(3N
;(-Q1#A#8#15-$Y?G"
Y(:./(-@1@2(-(@(B. YE.$2Y~^
=C 11B.8E(@(B.82*:6

5)3H81"( B.@6tB.(H/(K.N."
5.RH\(b1B.8E.2(@(B.82*:6
z
a?G,8(,R581N(J#9()
3" .*(-..^5(".K.(@(B...^"/'
#@(Z8((-[9ZES(H81RK
#*"2/(9(RE,L5(;/(3"#A#8#(/(3
2@(:2.(H9N#8(-6
at2)C1(?G1,8(,RJ(-
N/(J#..^/8B.N(18)3(Y8(!(
28(#@(E"*#)2.K."/@<(@(B..
.^ZES("R"H81"/B.@,[;@/(32
#A#8#(/(36
b. Các yếu tố của THCVĐ
?G~ .*(-2l(1`3(1
(bH.CN..^/8B.1(N(18)
3..^NB.1N6€.$N.N?G
,(:.(",(:.#@(;/8#8C14(-2=
J6G(:.(1?G,.';J(5H/8(B.8
35*6.("(:.(/';B.8/1J
B.8b$(29(6
t2)C..$H.N5?G"h,
(:./(-N5?G1X
•..^)3"(:.(KE6..^)
3(Y8(!(28(#@(E6G(:.(C,$(,(-(Y
8(!(28(#@(E6G(:.(C,$(,(-("1J
83(:./(-56GR,/(39(H\;/8
#81?G6
•>.K..$(/(39(6<,RN.K.
)3,5,/(515)3N]H\##K

Ví dụ 1: Tạo ra THCVĐ khi nghiên cứu tính chất hóa học của axit H
2
SO
4

đặc nóng với kim loại đồng (Cu).
_V
m9_X8((-/(3h,(B.Xƒ (8=29(/(,1(1
.$(2/R
U
6
m9UXT .*(-..^X,R(-(C.(b2:8=
N (H.„.(J29(.6*#@3 @67R1
/'#@(,
U
,…
U
6
m9uXg8(C.2*:X
U
…
v
J8=@29(/(,1(.
/R1/'#@(,
U
,…
U
6t.H/'#P;#
29((:.!(2:8=N (29(/(,1(,.†ƒ (H.„.(J
SYR*N (/'YR*E

dung dịch NaOH
m9_X8((-/(3h,(B.X,1YR*
N#(/(
m9UXT .*(-..^X!(3.R(-,18
=29(.t…6%.t…2((#Q1,#,Q(
21E/R,1!(:.92)46(-;X.2N
/R,1(*"..l(/'.6
m9uXg8(C.2*:Xg@3N,129(.t….
.^29(R*N#(/(!/'†R(-H(†
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- Cách thứ hai:
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7( .*(-E.$,1JE.$8x#@8&6
Ví dụ 1:Quá trình tạo ra tình huống lựa chọn hoặc tình huống bác bỏ công
thức cấu tạo của rượu etylic cũng gồm ba bước sau:
m9_X8((-/(3h".(-2=9(K(@(B.X;.
Q,('3#e
U
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m9UXT .*(-..^".8(@.X329('3

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& (,1((†
&((1 (†
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m9_X8((-/(3hX
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U
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U
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… ( (•.‰A
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… (‰A•9
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… (‰A•. (
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)#"1(b1JE,((@(8#1.x(F(H1O6
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Ví dụ 1:Tạo ra THCVĐ khi nghiên cứu tính chất lưỡng tính của nhôm
hiđroxit
_u
m9_Xt.Y/(3!,(B.52*:K
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/'.;/N.,4K. .*(-,((6
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E.N2(-/'.;/N'(1 (2E8
/[#=6
Ví dụ 2:Tạo ra THCVĐ khi nghiên cứu ứng dụng của khí clo.
m9_X8((-/(3h,(B.X,1,/R56
m9UXT .*(-..^X(H1,(P,1C/eP9
H(16
m9uXg8(C.2*:X1-$98#$"(
1215,;x/R,1"8=(-/.r
,
U
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U

6‚1
(-51…
U
Q1(-181("2)
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b.6t1(…
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Š#=X(-;(:./R18E9
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2'=H1E/'R(;6>?C..x(
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Ví dụ 5:Vì sao không nên đổ nước vào axit sunfuric đậm đặc mà chỉ có thể
đổ axit sunfuric đậm đặc vào nước?
7( (H.„.(J#9E,)#3H\#@3 @"
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Ví dụ 7:Vì sao trước khi luộc rau muống cần cho thêm một ít muối ăn
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R*2((6
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!LN1 (">?~x(F1 (,E†O6
Câu hỏi nêu vấn đề phải có những đặc điểm sau:
6g@(35..^)36G(:.~;/(.
x(#@8;$(,(-1(Y(:.!(2(:.#@(E6
6g@(3#A9(@(B.2*:".j##2(E
/(.@,(.tL,#@(1(:./(-, .*(-(@."1(:.
/(-E14[*C(@(B.2*:6
6g@(#@8;(NH( /().
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D"H./(2:81 (">?..x(XF(H11
(/'l( (1 (1†O6.x(/829(.x(~
R*'81XF (1 (19/'†O1J (
1 (8=29(9/'†O6
3.5. Dạy HS giải quyết vấn đề
a. Tầm quan trọng của giai đoạn giải quyết vấn đề
>((1,((1(E(:.(1?G6G,
/.N."KB.K.6)#,.-1((@(B.8
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4. Hiệu quả
Thống kê điểm kiểm tra lớp 9A và 9C
Số
lần
Lớp
Sỉ
số
0  2,5 điểm
3  4,5
điểm

e=?G1"1A5(.),;(12(-M381
U_
5)#(4##8.RR)#N"</@<
B.H8"#R"H81"9o,.-1/@<6
a *,;N/(Z#A#8#nt?G;,
1AH129(#A#8#.:$6
III. KẾT LUẬN
d.B.8EE(C.23='()*2(-He=8?G
21(@18(-,**#(6q.9(-
,<2(SN5N1B.8E,L5(/(3"
2(-He=?G1"1A5(.),;(12(-M38
15)#(4##8.RR)#N"</@
<B.H8"#R"H81"9o,.-1/@<
6?(-He=?G(4#>?;=(."S(x((
>?/'x("1l(/c<.'2:(-#6n
Z?G##K8/C12(-M(9(ggnZ1
*,;2(.2'((6
nZ?G/'~8#=1/$(,9#wSC
8#=1@/$(,9#z"w6
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