DAI HOC QUOC
GI.\
HA
NQI
TRI/CING
DAI HOC KHOA HOC XA HOI &
NHAN
VAN
KHOA VAN HOC
CHU
THIHONG
LOAN
VAN DE
TINH
CHAT
HIEN THlTC
VA CHU
NGHIA
HIEN
THl/C
TRONG
VAN HOC VIET NAM
NLTA
CUOI
THE KY XVIII - NLTA DAU THE KY XIX
(KHAO SAT QUA
TRUYEN
KIEV)
LUAN VAN THAC SI
NGlT
VAN

eua tiaitf
t^iao^
^^}S,^cS ^rim
^itho
"Jliin,
/^t$t
W//
f////
to'i tliotj ldn(f hiet
o'si
eliou
thanh,
sdm
sue
ttlnYt,
/^nt euttij ^/// hiiij
to
lotuj
hie)
o'a
3att .iae
//)'/
eae
thaif,
ed
qiao
ena
3Uu)n ^Oati
hoe
^ra'o'mi ^iJai lioe JCIioa

JUyi eii9$t
d'o
^oi rM'iti
eata
d^oatt
d^atj
tit
eoatf tt'itih titfliiett edit
eittt
fiea<i
toi,
(^/te
oftti (Te trttih l)dif ti'i)a(f laita Oitti
Id
tnttit/
tlitte
Oit ehti'a
tTti'o'e edtup
ho
troatj
hiYt
Ui) edatf trittlt
ado
Ulide,
^t)d
Qlt}i,
lUfdi/
20
llidaq
09 adta 2005.

hien
ihifc cua Ni^uyen
Du - Lich sir
ciic
y 14
kien danh gia.
1.3-
Phuxyng
hudng giai quyet cho van de
liep
can mot tac
phAm
van hgc 22
,trung
dai.
Chirang
H:
Nhung
dac
trirng
nghe thuat quan
trong
cua Truyen Kieu. 32
n.l-
Vay
mugn
col truyen. 32
11.2-
He thong nhan vat trong Truyen Kieu. 37
11.2.1-

the
kv XVIII - dau
the
kv XIX.
*• * •
III.
1 - Sir tliay ddi
quan niem tham my trong van hoc trung dai
Viel
Nam. 95
III.
1.1
- Quan niem
lliam
my trong van hoc the ky X - XVII. 95
Tieukci
-
- ^^^^
III.
1.2- Quan niem tham my trong van hoc the ky XVIII - XIX 103
Tieuket ^ 109
III.2-
Sir
song dong.
chiln thirc
cua van hoc the ky XVIII - XIX.
11
1
Tieu
ket

cd thdi quen dem nhung
khai niem hien dai de xem xet nen van hgc qua
khir
vdn cd nhfrng dac trirng
loai
hinh rieng biet khac vdi thdi dai chung la. Va bat ky mot
sir
lap
luan chira
chuan
xac,
diing
d^n
nao nao cung se lam cho
each
nhin nhan. danh
giii
van
de nghien
ciiu
trd nen phien dien. thieu khach quan va khong chfnh xac.
Trong cac van de van hgc can dirge nghien
ciiu ciia
thdi ky trung dai,
van de cd hay khong cd
chii
nghTa hien
thge
trong van hgc Viet Nam nira
cudi

la trong mot giai doan
lich sir nhat dinh.
Tir
lau,
cd le tir
Hoiii
Thanh vdi
Qnyen
song
ciia
con
ngii'o'i
trong Trnyen
Kien
ciia
Nguyen Dn (1949) va nhat la tir Le Dinh Ky vdi Trnyen Kien
vd chii
nghia hien
ihifc ciia
Nguyen Du
(1970)
la
bdt
gap nhu'ng nhan dinh
\'e
chu
nghia hien thuc trong van hgc Viet Nam trung dai ndi chung cung nhu
irong
Trnyen Kieu ndi
riCMie.

\'an hgc
tro'
thanh de hieu.
Tu\
nhien.
\
lec
nghien
ci'ru
I ruyen Kien
nhir mgl
san pham cua
phuxmg
phap sang
Uic hien
thuc chu
imhia
tren
thire
le dem
lai
nhieu nhfrng kien
giai
hat cap \a gap
Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc
khong
It
nhirng ban khoan phan doi. Khoang tir thap nien 80, 90
ciia
the ky

ciia
chfnh thdi dai ma no ra ddi
chii
khong phai tir each giai ma cua
chung ta ngay hdm nay.
Trdn
Nho Thin cho
rang
"viec
dira
nhfrng tieu ehf
hien thuc - mot trao
lu'u
van hgc
phuang
Tay d
giua
the ky XIX vdn cd nhfrng
dac trirng loai hinh rat khac so vdi van hgc trung dai Vict Nam d cudi nira the
ky XVIII - nira dau the ky XIX de md la Truyen Kieu la mot viec kha mao
hiem va thire te da bgc
Id
nhieu bat cap" (55,tr48).
Tuy vay, cho tdi nay
van
thieu mgl
cdng
trinh nghien
ciiu
mang tfnh

"Van
de tfnh chat hien thire va chu nghTa hien
thire trong van hgc Vict Nam nira cudi the ky XVIII - nira dau the ky XIX
(khao sat qua Truyen
Kieuy\
Thirc ra. van de
ehii
nghia hien thire (cd hay khong ed)
ciia
Truyen Kieu
khong phai la van de cd y nghia
lir
than ma no cd lien quan
6cn phu'(^ng
phap
doe,
phirang phap liep can mgl tac pham
\'an
hoc
Irung
dai ndi chung. Mdi
'each doe
deii
cd gia
iri
liep can rieng." song
\eu
can
dai
ra la phai phan anh

la han che
ciia
ban than each dgc, cung nhu phuang phap nghien
ciiu
xa hdi
hgc ma do
sir
van dung may mdc
ciia
ngirdi sir dung nd.
Thuc hien
dC
lai
lien
chiing tdi mudn gdp phan chi ra nhfrng bat cap cua
vice
van dung khai niem
chii
nghia hien thuc cho van hgc
nude
ta
niia
cudi the
ky XVIII - nira dau the ky XIX, vach ra tinh trang dan gian hoa cac van de cua
van hgc giai doan nay. Bdi thuc chat hien nay khong ft ngirdi ddng nhat phan
anh hien thire
(id
khd, mat trai
ciia
che do phong kien) vdi chu nghia hien

van hgc trung dai. Ddi khi
dC^
lam rd them
yixn
de quan niem
ha\
lam rd
nhfrng dac
irirng
mang tfnh quy
luat
cua
sir phai iricMi
chiing
idi
so sanh
\di
Ciic lac pham eimg thdi, hoac so sanh \di cac tac pham cua chu nghia
hicMi
ihuc eiia \'an
hgc phuang Tay the ky XIX
\an
hoe Viel Nam giai doan
1930-
1945 de
lam rd
\im
de neu ra.
•
7

h\'
vgng se
ddng gdp dugc mot phan nho cho viec nghien ciru tac
phalm
tam ed nay
eiia
van hgc trung dai.
Luan van,
chile
chan khd tranh khdi nhirng sai
sdt,
mong dugc y kien
gdp y
eiia
cac thay cd va
sir
ddng gdp chan thanh
ciia
cac ban ddng nghiep.
Ban luan van dugc trinh bay theo bd cue sau:
Phiin
ma
dau
Chuang
I: Nhan dang viec nghien
ciiu
Truyen Kieu bang
phucrng
phap
tiep can xa hoi hoc - cdng trinh Truyen Kieu

Nhan dang viec nghien
ciiu
Truyen Kieu
b^ng
phuong
phap tiep can xa hoi hoc.
Phuang phap tiep can xa hdi hgc bat nguon
chii
yeu tir my hgc
Maexft.
mot
thii ly
luan nghe thuat. "dac biet la
ly
luan xa hdi hgc nghe ihual"
(2(),lr29).
PhU(mg
phap nay dat ra van de tiep nhan mot tac pham
xan
hgc dua
tren hoan canh lich sir xa hdi tac pham ay ra ddi
de
tir dd cat nghia cac tang
giii tri
ciia
nd, hay ndi each khac gia tri
ciia
mot tac pha'm van hgc dugc dinh
gia,
lap

de nay. khi nhae den tinh trang mat
tir
do trong sang lac
Mac nhac den Beranggie
Xiiai
phat tir quan niem xem
xan
hgc la mot hinh thai y
thiie
xa hdi.
phan anh va gdp phan
ciu
tao hien thire.' Mac da
lirng
nhan xet ve eae lac pham
eiia
Dicken.
Thaeetyray,
Brdnli "Trudng phai hien dai \o\ lac nhfrng nha lieu
thuvel Anh ma nhfrng trang tieu hieu \a himg hdn da
phai hien
cho
ihe guVi
thav nhieu
sir
that chfnh
iri
va xa hdi hon la
uii
ca nhfrng nha chinh

chi tict (chang han vd su phan phdi lai ddng san va bat ddng san sau cude each
mang) han d cac quyen sach
ciia
tat
c^
cac nha chuyen mdn: cac su gia. cac
nha kinh te hgc, cac nha thong ke
ciia
thdi ky nay gdp lai" (5,tr385).
Nhu
the,
ca Mac va Angghen deu danh gia cao khfa canh phan anh xa hoi,
id
cao xa hdi
va coi nd nhu mot thudc do quan trgng gia tri
eiia
tac pham van hgc.
Ly Traeh Hau trong Bon hdi gidng my
hoc.
cho rang
"Ly
luan nghe
thuat
ciia
my hgc
Maexft
cd mgl dac sac ca ban nhat quan la lay tac dung xa
hdi
eiia
nghe thuat lam hat nhan va

chii
yeu vao tac dung thuc le cua
mzhe
thuat ddi
\di
cude
sdn*z
hien thuc \'a dau tranh
each
mans ma viec nhan
manh vai trd cua nghe thuat la mieu ta, phan anh. nhan
ihi're
phe phan eugc
song hien
ihire
da trd thanh ly luan my hgc ca ban. Dieu nay anh huang manh
me den nen van hoc. ly luan phe binh van hgc
ciia
nhdm cac nude xa hdi chu
nuhia.
Cho nen la
dt}
dans nhan thav lir Mae, Ansshen den Lenin, Mao Trach
Ddng
\a nga>
ca
\a\
Ho Chi Minh nhan thuc
luan
cua phan anh luan da

\c
tfnh Dang,
tinh
nhan dan va coi Tdnxtdi nhu la mot tam guang
ciia
each mang Nga
(5,tr204). Mao Trach Ddng thi neu cao "yeu cau" van chirang phai "vi edng
ndng binh, viel
v6
cdng ndng binh". 0 Trung
Qude
dau thap ky 50 den cudi
thap ky 70
(ciia
the ky XX) khau hieu
luu
hanh trong gidi van nghe la
"\'an
nghe
phiic vii
chfnh
tri",
''van
nghe tdng thudc chfnh
tri".
Mai cudi thap ky 70,
xuat phat tir nhirng bai hgc thdi "van
each"
(Cach mang van hoa), dudi
sir

phii
nhan vai trd
ciia
nhan
ihiic.
eiins
nhu nhan
ihi'rc
luan trong cude
song,
nhung
nghicMi ciiu
van hgc coi nhan
ihiic
luan
lii
each
tiep can duy nhat lai la thieu sdt. Nhan
thiic
luan ludn dugc coi la
c(y
sd
iriet
hgc
ciia
hgc thuyet Mac, ma rdng ap dung trong nghien
ciiu
van hgc, trd thanh
xuat phat diem
eiia

eiiu
dong nhat chu nghia hien
ihue
\di
\iee
phe phan hien thire. nham
miie
lieu
lai
dd che do xa hoi ap
bi're
hoe lot
theo chu
irirang ciia each
mang dan tgc dan
chu.Tir
da\
gi(')i nghien
ciiu
\an
hgc trung dai Viel Nam dac biet hi gidi "Kieu
hoc"
da \an clung
pluro'ng
phap
tiep can hien
ihire
chu nghia de danh gia
Truyen
Kien.

chii
nghia hien thuc
rdi.
Do dd mdi cd viec tim tdi
ehii'ng
minh Truyen Kieu
eiing
cd chu nghia
hien thuc. Mdi
loat
cac bai viet, cac cdng trinh nghien
cii'u nii
rac trong nhfrng
nam 60 - 70, tham chf sang ca nhung nam 80
ciia
the ky XX, da di vao tim
hieu, van dung cac thao Uic khac nhau
de
di den ket luan cd
chii
nghia hien
thuc trong van hgc Viet Nam nira cudi the ky XVIII - nira dau the ky
XIX
va
'trong
1
ruyen Kieu.
Nghien ciru Truyen Kieu theo lieu chf phan anh hien
Ihirc
dien ra lir sau

bieu hien
mot
sir
sdns ben irons"
(13.tr80).
Tir dd dns di den nhan dinh: "irons Truyen
KieiL NguycMi
Du da
\'e
ra dugc cai hinh anh
ciia
moi xa hdi d ue, da dung
len
dirge mgl nhan
xat
anh himg nd la giac mong
thoal
ly
ciia
nhfrng con ngirdi
mudn
viran
minh ra ngoai cai khudn khd phong kien \a mgl nhan
xai
than the
long dong. nd hi
lieng
oan hdn.
lieng
ken

sac
ciia
vdn hoc co dien Viet Nam
c/ua
noi
.dung
Truyen Kieu da de cap nhieu den cai ggi la
"biit
phap ui thuc" xa "linh
than ta thuc". Dang Thai Mai cd
miic
do han. dng
liai
y bdi Truyen Kieu hi tac
pham mugn cot truyen nen di tim chi tiet "chan that
ciia
xa hdi Viet Nam qua
tap tha dd cung la cau chuyen ma mang" hay viec "di tim hinh
linh ciia
xa hdi
Viet Nam" d day thi "tranh sao khdi
Idi
lap luan khien cudng. ep udng
sir
thuc"
(9,tr526). Tuy nhien khi di vao tim
hie^u
Truyen Kieu cd phan anh ft
nhieu gi xa hdi Viet Nam nira cudi the ky
XVIll

Bao nhieu man canh trong may
Ian
gap gd gifra Kim Trgng va Kieu van
la hien thuc. Hien thuc khi thi
si
chop canh quan nha bat bd va xet
eiia
nha dan
lirang
ihien.
Hien thuc, tu the,
Idi
le, eir chi
ciia
Ma Giam Sinh cua
mii Tii
Ba
va tat
Cii
cude ddi cd Kieu trong sudt
mirdi
lam nam luu lac, "Thanh
lau
hai
lugt
thanh
y
hai
Ian",
qua mgl

K>'
trong
chuxen liuin
Truyen Kieu
\d
chu
w^hla
hien thia <
na
\'.^nycn
Du.
Mac
dii
dng eimg da dat dieu kien "chu nghia hien thuc cua
Trnyen Kieu
la
13
Van de tinh chat hien thuc va
chii
nghia hien thuc
mot
chii
nghia hien thuc trong hinh thai phat trien dau lien cua nd khi nd vira
thoal thai tir chu nghia quy pham, tir tfnh each dieu va udc le
ciia
my hgc
phong kien, tir xu hudng ly tudng hoa va chu nghia giao huan"
(I6.tr
388).
1.2-

quan
eiia
ngirdi sang tac: tu tirdng xa hdi, tu tudng nghe thuat
ciia
Nguyen
Du, iriet ly trong Truyen Kieu ndi bat han ca la van de tim hieu phuang phap
sang lac
eiia NguyCn
Du trong Truyen Kieu. Lan
lirgi
khao sat
co'
sd'
iw fiffhig
tham my
ciia
Truyen Kieu va van de dien hinh hod
irong
Truyen Kieu, rd rang
'dng mudn
diing
nhfrng cdng thiie
eiia
phuang phap sang Uic hien
ihirc
chu
nghia de nghien
ciiii
Truyen Kieu. Ong hirdng vao nghien
ciiu

lire
cua dong lien irong Truyen Kieu
"the
lire ciia
dong tien da dugc
Id
cao mgl
each
true liep xa
sau
sac irons uic
pham
ciia Nguxen
Du. xa xe mat nay.
Truyen
Kieu xung dang duoc xap xep
x'ao
nhfms sia tri \I dai nhat
eiia
nen xan hoe the
sidf"
(
I6.ir292j.
Tux
nhien
Le Dinh Kv khdns
chii
v rans su bdc
Idi
irons xa hdi xa the

id
udc le tugng trung trong tac pham, nhfrng quan niem, nhu'ng
each
cam nhan xa hdi khdng gidng vdi each hieu, each cam nhan
ciia
chiing ta
.ngay
nay va dng
liet
tat ca nhirng cai
-khae
dd vao
nlulng
rdng
hiioc ciia
my
hoc
di((fng
ttun.
Tir day dng di vao phan tfch va coi nd nhu hi nhfrng han che
ciia NguyCn
Du cung nhu
ciia
thdi dai dng, coi
chii
nghia hien thuc
ciia
Nguyen Du "thieu nhat quan va day
mau
ihuSn"

hg cung phan anh linh
irang
mau
•lhuandd"(16,tr485).
Tuy nhien, phai ghi nhan Truyen Kieu vd
chii
nghia hien
thifc
cua
Nguyen Du la mot tac phalm dai, cdng phu trong dd Le Dinh Ky da dua tren
lieu ehf
ciia
chu
nshia
hien thuc de' danh sia. nhan dinh xe cac van de trong
Truyen Kieu.
De
khang dinh "Nguyen Du da
birde xiio
ngudng cua cua chu
nghia hien thuc", dng di
viio
md xe
'^nhfrng
mat lien bd trong
lu liuyng
xa hdi".
eiins
nhu "nhfrns mat han che be tac
eiia

each
cd dieu kien". Nhung mot mat dng cho
Nguyin
Du da cd y thuc
ve su khach quan trong mieu ta, mot mat dng nhan dinh nhan
xai
Kim Trgng
"tuy
van
chan thuc. nhung lai thieu mot cai gi nhu la
gan
cot xa
xirang
sdng".
dng lai tiep
"Nguyen
Du cung da
sdp
xep bd trf tat ca cho ddi
liia
dugc gap gd
gan bd nhau: tir can nha gan
k6
cd ten
la
Lam Thuy chi chd dgi Kim Trgng
den thue, den
chiee
kim
ihoa

sir
the
hien ngdn tir. Ong binh luan Truyen Kieu bang nhfrng
cau
chu rat tinh te de di
vao
Idng
ngudi dgc. vf
dii
nhu nhfrng doan:
"Sue
mitnh eiia
cau tha Kieu khdng
phiii
la d chd kham pha ra nhfrng
hinh tirgng
ehira
ai hinh dung nhfrng y
nghl.
ehua ai ngd tdi ma la cai linh
din
tinh nguiri tham tham ma
Nguydn
Du dua vao cai nhin, cai nghe. cai
nghl eiia
minh. vao mgl virng trang. mot ddng sudi. mot ngan dau. mgl
licMig
chim. mot
nson la. Den da
irirde

sdng
Irdi
qua !". Khdng
[^hai
hi chuxen quan
am iham
thoal. chuxen
ngira
eha\
qua cua
sd. ma la cai
biroe
di
nhir
sir.
nlur
m(')
diioe
cua
ihoi
gian.
eai
dau \el cua no da
16
Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien thuc
han len tren nhirng hy vgng, chd mong, dau thuang. khd nhuc cua con
ngm>i
va bang bae khap nai khap chdn"
(16.trl71).
Doan viet

Nhung cd the ndi diem dac sac nhat
eiia
Le Dinh Ky la "dng da van
dung mgl each nhuan
nhuy6n
cac khai niem ve tfnh each, ca tfnh. hoan
eiinh.
chi liet
de
phan tfch tfnh loan ven sinh ddng eae nhan vat Truyen
Kieu'^
(53,trl
8). Cho den nay chua cd ai viet ve dien hinh hoa
eiia
Truyen Kieu
thii
vi
nhu Le Dinh Ky, sau han 40 nam edng trinh
ciia
dng xuat hien. Nhfrng nhan
vat phan dien
Tii
Bii,
Ma Giam Sinh. Sd Khanh dugc dng xem xet. phan tfch
de
cho thay day hi nhfrng nhan vat thuc
sir
dirge
diic
ket tir cude sdng llurc

sir
that ddi sdng ). Cung chfnh viec van dung cac khai
nieni
phirang phap sang lac hien thuc
ehii
nghia xao Truyen Kieu da lam cho lac gia
king uing. khi nhung nhan
xai
chfnh - nhan xat
ehinh
dien cua tac pham nhu
Thuy Kieu. Tir
Hai,
Kim Trgng
dcu
la nhfrng nhan vat
numg
dam tfnh chai
udc le.
Ix lirdns
hoa. Rdi cude
chi
cd nhfrns nhan vat phan
i.\\cn
la nhan
xai
y-ill
C51-
Vifn
de tinh chat hien thuc va chu nghia hien

my hoc
ducmg
thcri. Qua nhirng nhan vat, nhfrng yeu to nghe thuat
ining
khft vdi cdng thiic
eiia ehii
nghia hien thuc dng ghi nhan Nguyen Du hi mgl
tac gia lieu bieu
ciia
phuang phap sang lac hien thue
ehii
nghia. cdn nhfrng
nhan vat, yeu to nao khdng
triing
khft thi dng cho dd khdng chi la han che cua
NguyCn
Du ma la han che chung
eiia
ea thdi dai Nguyen Du. Nhu vay, vd hinh
chung uic giii da diinh giii thap Nguyen Du va Truyen
Kieic a
day tu
luirng
cua
NguyCn
Du cung
nhvtTruyen
Kieu bi nhin nhan nhu mgl khdi
nuiu
ihuan.

xe Truyen
Kieu ma gidi nghien
ciiu
ve Truyen Kieu giai
doiin
trudc "ehua cd". Nguxen
L(>c cdn chi ra dugc nhfrng ddng gdp diing
ke ciia
Le Dinh Ky xe ly
iiahig
tham my
ciia Nguyen
Du irong Truyen Kieu, x'e mot so nhan
vai
Truyen
Kieu
Cling nlur \e
irici
/v
Truyen
Kicu.
Tir do
dng di den ket luan
"iruycn Kicu
vd
chu nghia hien thifc cua
Nguyen
Du
giiip ngucri
dgc hieu sau

eiiu ciia
Le Dinh Ky tfnh he thdng khdng duoc chat
che.
Va mac
dii l<ic
gia ed dung y giai quyei
x'an
de phuang phap siing tac cua
Nguyen Du trong Truyen Kieu nhirng thanh edng
eiia
dng lai hi
nhiing
kham
pha dgc dao ve Truyen Kieu tir gdc do phuang phiip sang tac
ehii
chua phai
nhu'ng ket luan vd
biin
than phuang phap sang tac trong Truyen
Kieif
(28,tr465). Ong cdn cho rang Le Dinh Ky da lay mot lieu chuan cd siin nao dd
.ve chii
nghia hien thuc d nude ngoai rdi dem ra "ddi chieu", "so siinh" vdi
'Truyen Kieu
chii
d day tac gia chua cd y thiic tim hieu chu nghia hien thuc
xuat phat tir quy luat van ddng ngi tai
ciia
van hgc dan tgc
de

Nguyen Du song
liii
ed nhfrng nhan
•dinh ehuns
"Nsuyen
Du da
chon
Kim Vdn Kieu
iruyen
de dien Ndm Uic la ed
tim dugc d trong dd
ciii
ma dng mudn tim". Triin Dinh Hugu cho rang
ciii
ma
Nguyen
Du tim dirge nhiit quyei khdng phiii la do hien thuc a irong dd gidng
x'di
hien thuc xa hdi Viet Nam, bai dng nhan
ihay
tiic giii da
luge
bo di nhfrng
ehi liet
cii
lhC\
mil theo nha Nho thi ta dam xe ndi
dung,
rirdm
ra, kem trang

mdi ihuc lai
rdns ho'n
irucVc nlumg
la
mdi
thue lai
irini lirong
ma dng
S(M
la
cdi nguoi
ta
(50,tr468). O phuang dien
miy
cho
tha>
Tran Dinh
Hirou
dii \em
,\et
I
rmen
19
Van de tinh chat hien thuc va
chii
nghia hien thuc
phap sang tiic, tir nguyen
lac didn
hinh hoa nhung Nguxen Lgc nhan dinh
"trong cdng trinh nghien

Lgc trong
phiin
viei ve dien hinh hod Truyen Kieu
Cling chia phuang phap sang uic
ciia
Nguyen Du ihanh ba
Idi
dien hinh hoa.
"ly tudng hoii". "dien hinh hoii
eiia chii
nghia hien thuc", "dien hinh hoa
truycm
thdng theo ly tirdng hoa
deii Idi
dien hinh hoii
ciia chii
nghia hien thue"
(28,tr396) ciing la chua hgp ly.
Triin
Dinh Hugu mac
dii
khdng dua ra nhfrng nhiin dinh eu the xe
Truyen Kieu vd
chii
nghia hien thifc cua Nguyen Du song
liii
ed nhfrng nhan
•dinh ehuns
"NsuycMi
Du da chon Kim Vdn Kieu truyen de dien Ndm

diu.
ihiiy
ra nhfrng dieu dau ddn
Idng
khdng phiii theo
each ciia
nhfrng nghe si hien thuc
chii
nghia xuiii
phai
lir thuc
te.
di tim
ciic
mdi lien he xa hdi
de phiit
hien ra cai chan thuc. ciii ban
chat,
eai
dieni
hinh trong thuc lai ed trudc mat. Ong quan Uim den thuc
lai mdi iluie lai
"rdns ho'n
iriiiVe nhimg
hi mot thue lai
iriru
tuang ma dng
goi
la
edi nguo'i

chii
nghia hien thifc trong Truyen Kieu cua
Nguyen Du in trong
Tcip
chf van hgc sd 9 - 2000 dng Dao Xuan Quy lai cd
mgl Ciieh diinh giii va giiii quyet khac. Ong dat van de "mot tiic
phimi
phan iinh
dugc hien
ihuc ciia
mgl xa hdi ed phiii
liic
nao ciing la mgl tac pham viei theo
phucyng
phap hien thue
ehii
nghia khdng?". Va dng dua ra nhfrng bai tha cua
Bach Cu Di, Dd
Phii
phiin anh dugc "sau
siic
den lirng chi tiet" hien thue xa
hdi Trung Qude
dt^i
nha
DuiTng.
roi
tu hdi "cd the ket
limn
rang

khdng the cd
dirae".
Va dng de nghi
ludt
hudng
nghicMi
cuu Nguyen Du cung nhu Truyen
Kieu
la
phiii hieu
sau
viio uii Cii ciic
nuit
trong
liim
trang cua Uic gia
chii
khdng the de
dai
giiin
don duoc.
Trim Dinh Su trong
'I'hi
phdp Truyen
Kieu
khi di
xiio lim hieu
nhiing
ehan^^
dudns nshien cfru thi phap iruyen

d^u
"mang nhieu net lay thang tir cude sdng". Tran
Dinh Sir nhan dinh neu ndi "udc le mil
viin
hdn nhien, chan thuc xan
chi'ra
chan "tinh tir va cam
xiic",
eae hinh anh dien cd cd siin ma nhan
xai van
sinh
ddng, mdi ngudi mot ve khdng lan
Idn
vao nhau" thi tren thue te. khai niem
ehii
nghia hien thue da bi thay
the"
(53.tr
19).
Ong kei luan
'^y
niem chu nghia
hien thuc thdi
niiy
cdn giiin dan,
ngucii
ta chua thiiy tfnh chu quan
eiia
chu
•

ra khuynh
hudng
nghicMi eiiu
Truyen Kieu
iheo
phuang phap sang uic hien thue chu nghia
dien ra x'iio khoiing nhfrng nam 60 - 70
eiia
the ky XX, la mgl thuc le va phd
bien. Theo dng. mac
dii
cac nha nghien cii'u nay da ed mgl "nd
lire
mdi nham
khoa hoe hoa cdng
xiee
nghien cfru" nham
dai
xan hoii Viet Nam
xiio
bdi canh
phat trien chung cua van hgc the gidi xa "nhin nhiin xan hoc Viet Nam nhu
nuit bd phiin khdng uich vai cua xan hoc the gidi". nhung thue le tren the
gidi
nhiing nam 60. 70 "da va dang dien ra ciic khuynh hudng van hoc
khiic
nhau".
dac biet lii chu nghia huyen
Ihoiii
xdi nhfrng

nshIa
hien llurc" bao gom hien
thue phe phiin
xii
hien thuc xa hdi chu
nshla.
Ons cho
riing xiee
ap clung
21
Van de tinh chat hien thuc va
chii
nghia hien thuc
nhu'ng lieu chf
ciia chii
nghia hien thuc
ciia
van hgc phuang
Tax'
khoang the ky
XIX, vdn cd nhirng dac trung ve loai hinh rat khac vdi xan hgc trung
diii
Viet
Nam nira cudi the ky XVIII - nira dau the ky XIX
de
tim hieu Truyen Kieu la
"mot viec khii mao hiem va thuc te da bgc
Id
nhirng bai cap"
(55.tr48).

loiil
nhfrng ban khoan phiin ddi d khfa
ciinh niiy
khfa
ciinh
kia.
a
mo\
ehirng muc nhiit dinh. Nhin chung cac y kien phiin ddi deu thdng nhiii cho
rang khdng the coi trong
1
ruyen Kieu dd cd
chii
nghia hien
fhii'c.
Tuy
nhicMi,
viec
dira
ra cac
each
tiep ciin 'Truyen Kieu
the
niio
liii rat
khiic nhau hay
ncii
cu
the
han vice dua ra phuang hirdng giiii quyei lap di khoiing trdng do phu nhan

cac
nhii "Kieu
hoc" tranh khons su duns thuat ngir
22
Van de tinh chat hien thuc va
chii
nghia hien thuc
chu nghia hien thifc trong Truyen
Kieu
va cung khdng ft ngirdi da lo thai do
phan ddi rd ret. Thuc te khi dgc Truyen Kieu chiing ta khdng phu nhiin tfnh
chai hien thuc
ciia
tac phalm bdi nd chfnh la "tac phalm duy nhai da phan iinh
dugc sau sac, va vdi mot nghe thuat cao hoan
ciinh
xa hdi nude ta trong mot
giai doan lich sir nhai dinh" (8). Nhung cai phai xac dinh mgl
ciich
rd rimg la
van de
//////
chat hien thifc va
chii
nghia hien thifc, khdng phiii la nhfrng khai
niem trung
kbit
nhau.
Phan anh hien thue la dac
quy6n ciia

dung theo nhfrng hinh iinh ed siin
ciia
eugc sdng (qui
qiuii
riit
ky di nhung vim cd mat.
mfii,
mieng, tay chan
chi
ed dieu duoc xe dieh \a
cudng dieu nhfrng ti le thdng
thuiyng ciia
chiing). Day chfnh
lii
nguyen ly van
hgc
biit
nguon tir hien thue. Do vay. nhfrng lac phiim thudc
ciie
trudng phai
•
tuang trung. an tugng.
trim
tirgng chang qua eiing ehi hi
sir
nhao niin cac
hinh anh hien thuc. Nhu the ciing cd nghia la phan iinh hien thire khdng the la
thudc do giii tri
ciia
mot Uic

hc:^
qua cua nhfrng say mc. hoac
x
dd cua than linh ma chiing
diKre
quyet dinh bai nhfrng
nguycMi
nhan thue lai ndi
each
khac la nhfrng nguxen
'^^
Van de tinh chat hien thuc va chd nghia hien thuc
nhan bat nguon tir trong chfnh xa hdi loai ngudi. Thuc ra.
do biin
xem
sir
ra da\
cLia chii
nghia hien thue xuat hien vao thdi diem nao cung cd mot vai y kien
khac nhau, nhung cung khdng phai la ddi nghich nhau. Loai y kien ma
Kdniiil
la
dai dien tieu bieu
chii
truang,
chii
nghia hien thue chi cd d xan hgc the ky
XIX,
trong khi dd lai ed mot
loiii

hien thuc Phap nhu la mgl phuang phap kham pha hien thuc trong loan bd tfnh
•
phue
tiip
va mau thuan
ciia
ciie
lire
krgng
hoiit
ddng d hien thue ay"
(ehuycMi
dan
55,trl72).
Rd
riing
phuang phap kham phii hien thuc nay ehi bieu
hiclm
gay gat khi cd
sir
phat trien d
miic
do
niio
dd
eiia
y thi're xa
h()i
xa su
xam nhiip

nhfrng nude Chau Au
sir
phat sinh va hinh thimh chu nghia hien thue
nhir
la
mgl
triio
luu nghe
Ihuiil
doe lap gan lien vdi nhfrng
sir
bien ddi to
Idn
-
sir
xdi
Id Ciiu
triic
Ciie quan he phong kien quyei dinh xi trf
ciia
eon ngirdi trong xa
hdi.
Cho
dii
ed the ndi
liie
nay ehua phiii
lii ehii
nghia
hic;n

phuang phiip sang Uic khiic
phii
hop x'cVi
ihivi
chu hon.
Nhu the khi
deni
soi
xiio
xa
hcii Vic}i
Nam nira cudi
the} kx XVIII
-
nira
diiu
the
ky
XIX
la thiiy rd rang cc)
riii
nhieu khac biet. Xa hdi
nuoc lit liic hax
sid' xan hi mot \a hdi phons
kic^Mi.
khdns cci biii cfr
mdi
cude each mans \a hoi
24