ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA TP. HCM
ĐẠI HỌC KHOA HỌC TỰ NHIÊN
Tiểu luận Quản lý môi trường
QUẢN LÝ TÀI NGUYÊN
VÀ MÔI TRƯỜNG ĐẤT
GVHD: PGS. TS. TRƯƠNG THANH
CẢNH
THỰC HIỆN: NHÓM 2
Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh – năm 2014
DANH SÁCH NHÓM 2



 






 
 
  !
"#$ $%
"& 
' 
( )
2
MỤC LỤC
3
DANH MỤC BẢNG

b,V7Xcdef\@/,.,_(g(:A(!,hS/B+,=V
2i*+, 6S,,8,jA(!F,.L/,,:K.K10,L,
A/,_!79k0,I*l@A/,46S,@1S@AF6.,:=*W
APA,6.& AP7M,45F,.
A+,=a-A6.1+,6D,A+,K(O,A/91S@36S,@
AF@,L/,,:+,AKKN6E,6.'6OM R
53A+,=m..]^N_3,/,0,
1ATN<,L,AG (:=a(:AB,A/6.A+, 
,A_,+,9A+,6.1AB,n/,-A+,O(,h
G,,4X6KE(A+,,5-`(Oo\=
8,APK(OK2,],IA+,A(! /,.3
,V,:9N03@.pN03 /,0,F,.A+,I
Đ = f(Đa, Sv, Kh, Đh, Nc, Ng)t
AGI
*IA+, *IAF
*IAl I(O,A+,6.(O
m6I36S, I1S
,I,: I,A/9(:
.;G1<1=VV,,@/,,0,(:$B
Uqa@iA+, l92-.@12GF12,h-;lA+,.j=
VS,A+,AJYZZr9"<,iA+, ,.62'LH@ ,(
-<3M+,ATN<,@ ,.7L,.A92,(:3@ A
N.91KW(@MWK4R3U1,0@6JG@MB/@L7;=j
7
1.2. Vai trò và chức năng của đất
1.2.1. Vai trò
=4,07
.R339(:6.36S,U@ G@AN.
,A/3@ R,0,AT,<,2-W<7A83M+,
-(R,4@,47s23(:6.2-.=

G,8,+34<K<9,-O7A+,G,87WN<,A(!6O=
• O7A+,T,y,T,X,73-\I,(:A(!1H< ,z@,(:]
+, R@W@61s@+@A/6S,DX6KE(,'@K0@
o\6.G.,K34,S7,+, R=*+,,RM7@,1={W7,
,890,,A+,.@+,  WGN/=A(!.6.
,@-O7.A(! ,,=
• O7A+,NK(OX3N3-\I,(:A(!1H< ,@,(:]R,
T,@]3v,6.,+, RR=|6'1S<,AOs@-O7.
,(: IX\,8,07^7,@N?,21
6.,S7,,+, R@6.XN\,,,E^7NK(O@G34,S7,
MK3w,6.2@3v,@oA+,1]w=
• O7%+,AlABN7WG7.@A(!1H< ,a=
• O7AlXNVK1\I]@(7WG@A(!1H< ,b=
Hình 1. Sơ đồ phẫu diện đất
aK.97%K<X,h,T,A0-O7Aly%+,7WNG\
7v7MAW,5,!7I1J7,,83W9N/@+,
9
A6OW-WJ=.7%K<&;A(!3?KE,6<A
K@7W-A+,=
N=.79A+,
*+, /,6S,M7@N5r,.7X; 7\Iw@-D6.
1=a,.7wA(!10,K-6OF,.,@1VA+,=t 
` -p_X; ,01_}37V\]1216.(O=.
7wN5,+,6S,-<62RX13v,\6. RX'\=.7
.,(:0kZ~,8,A+,=.7-DN5(O,A+,T
KKA+,@,/,2,(:-H,(U@,.7(O3C0Yk~,8
,=.7R101Yk~,8,;-@N5,+,
-190(N@MV6.,R@,A+,N'G,1V,
6.K3-•,=21,A+,]a€
Y

*8MA/,-A+,E,8,/G3+.@(:,3?KE/,
,AK(Hình 2=F@G,8-(3I
• *+,,X3K3-\]1dk~ ,=
• *+,,7,,X3K-\]‚Z•dk~,@Z•kZ~,,@6.Z•YZ~3v,=
• *+,,,7X3-,-\]Z•Yk~,@kZ•dd~,,@6.Ye~3v,=
• *+,,,X-\]Yr•kY~,@YZ•kZ~,,6.k•Ye~3v,=
• *+,3v,7,,X--\]YZ•‚Y~,@cd•Yk~,,@6.Ye•‚Z~3v,=
• *+,3v,TX-\],R‚Y~,@,R‚Z~,,@6.,R‚Z~3v,=
Hình 2. Tam giác định danh các loại sa cấu đất
.@3+A+,;A(!7W,.IX\3+,2@XN\3+,NF@
X\3+=m+A+,GHPL,,3M+,2<7=a-
AT,A+,-LA03+A+,A(!,FN.,Bảng 1=*+,G3+l
G-(!,@K.@,,J-(!,6<sNA+,R-(!A+,G
-(!3v,=F@A+,,G,-__R(-__--ORA+,
11
3v,@K1,(O9,-O=bAG@3R(-O@A+,3v, -
A(!(ORA+,,=
Bảng 1. Một số đặc tính đất có liên quan đến sa cấu đất
Đặc tính đất
Loại sa cấu
Cát Thịt Sét
1
A_
,
,(O
JN
(OMG;
J
,+(O
a.A+,

1v
1G
1J
S

1G
1J


K=aR+A+,X3-3,,V\
aR+A+,X+,`A+,\AS7A0343w7M07T,S7!7-A+,1
=a,A+,.A(!K10,:1V3v,6. R@,,.,S7
!7A+,GR+-O@D1=*+,G,8GKR+(3I
12GR+X,AR:(A+,,6VN8\6.GR+X(
E6@,@70Kl7@1\=
m43,(UW,5A;DA+,GR+,,@6FG (UA0I
12
• "<,+6.,,(O=
• "<+7(OW,5=
• "<`,K(g+,9W=
• */,1=
• "<7,,89W=
• "<.Nh6.sNA+,=
• "<s6.9,31V=
$/,-A+,GR+-H,(U GR+66.G-p_=
A1<.@A+,K,X.Nh@sNA+,\@7v7WJ3W6.A+,
,,R@6.,1=
1.3.2. Tính chất hóa học
a,]90,71@ R9A+,=
59`G,hA6.1,,.A+,=A/,? M

•
\=a12N
,1VA+,+7,E@KAGKK.+,AK(O?,2=aGA<,
K(RA(! ,Xn(
…
@a
Y…
@$
Y…
@
…
@
…
6.
‚
…
\=a
,A(!,`,+7,E,NT,9,1VA+,GA<,W=_
3,,A_,/,,-(!A+,+,AA(! 1J,
A_,Xa‡a\ˆ;A(! 1J,A_N3V‰6.A(!K,N^
 VL6-V,ycZZA+,XVLycZZ\=
*6O/,,.AG@-(!-VL6-V,cZZA+,G,8A(!K
,N^2,]3I
14
$VLycZZA+,M
V2,],I$VLycZZA+,9
…
@a
Y…
@$

\=$/,7912A(!W+7,E3CN
M@,,.,,VX€
r
•
\6.
…
=SL  A+,,=
15
1.3.3. Các tính chất hóa lý khác của đất
=VA+,
A+,Gr,.7Iw-D6.1=8w6.-D+,7],7N
5+,7,?G1,(O1=b46.A/-O6.]A/7W
,,KK(O9,8w(:, r-I
•  ,G1,(OcZ
•[
 <7W,7W,?=
•  ,G1gcZ
•[
•cZ
•‚
 KK1V<7W,1V=
•  ,G1,(O-ORcZ•‚ <7W,,2=
N=J+7,E9A+,
b,A+,G] 1VA<,@G1J+7,E=0
M?-HA+,N^/,7W-,,Xa-\,F
…
9.NA+,+77E
6.,KKA+,-M+,</,,1=J - +,U
,,;,T/,71+,7W,UK1V ,+,
D@636S,6. ,87',21 1J+77E9A+,=

A+,=a,A/9636S,.GHPL,6V,<R+
A+,@A/,1@A/s`,(O6. ,KK(g,U 
KEW,5=$TK'636S,&K(g+,6.MV
L,FN0K(g9G@6.(,0,6OW,5@-!K`
--OR=
G636S,(,`,A+,@61s0+,
63-(!=(:,-A+,61s0,u-<,NF,hdZ•fZ~
,_3636S,=-61s1@61s1‹1@61s,4
K(g@61sKK(goM1s6.6+0d•cZ~=a;- G
,ARN.6.3A/6S,=u-<.,A_,',V-A+,@,A+,0
A/,@,:6E164A-H@o
,8636S,,(:7WNU,Z•YZ=A+,. RG
A1<2,(:,!7+,636S,7,,8(IA/s@<,A/@
3@A/,2,=
17
1.4. Phân loại
h1_(gA:A0@,,0OABF,.
7(R777W-A+,1@_NS, r7(R77=
• W-A+,,V7,3X; ,(:77W-A+,9\K4
6.A1<F,.@L,FF,.A(!,8<#UF,A+,
A87W-A+,@7(R7790T,A,=
• W-A+,9F}m-MIR3U97(R77 K46.
L,FF,.6. ,+,<,9A+,=a,+,A+,A(!
A-(!,V<,,sT,CA5,:J]A87W-A+,@
7(R777W-A+,9F 7W-A+,,VA-(!=
• W-A+,9„z€•Œ‡ma€A(!MWK4K4,,0,7,
3A+,9"="bV66. AT,@,+,<,9A+,=
aR3U17W-A+,9„z€•Œ‡ma€6JN&6O
7(R777W-9m-MAG <,7W-„z€•Œ‡ma€=
a,+,<,9A+, 37s9L,F7,3TN0A_K

-V3•,ŽYZZf\
‚ZA0kZJL@A+,2<7ABA(!U/N^6<A
A_h@ATN<, U6'<,AOXtNN36./34@YZcZ\=$/,]
6M(O,L1]6.7(R7,,8,,(R-K4,
1N1XN6.tV3,@YZZ[\,+34+,,hG,83C
,07,EU6'<,AO@,1U6'2AOh,5G,80(,0=
,,6./34XYZcc\AB7,,81N3?KEA+,N^-10,K
-<-3?6OK4,(R-$2F<,A+,A8K4A 
,A_N1S=2FA,_!7,AckZZ•YcZZ
,+343E,9h3&(16412Gh=
20
*+,,5,,<01cZ~X1c=kZZ,<\K<,A+,
,,0O@,1AGA+,2<701rr~36O,_3X1
‚=fZZ$\=hcf[c•YZZeK<,3?KEA+,W,5,J1cc~@
,(RA(R1ckZ$,,.@6O1N<,-O 164=
‡Œ•ckXATN<, )6.W\@*2•X@-@{\6.
w$Š X$Š\K< , A+,,5 ,, @ ,1AG , $ŠXŽ-@
zV,@\@aWXV@mK\6.W‘X@qKV3\
A+,,5,,-,JXHình 6\=
Hình 6. Thay đổi về sử dụng đất nông nghiệp (chỉ số 1961 bằng 100)
m41N<, L6.6'-B,_A(!,,N
9M(O,.&(34,J,(RL,0="KE@343
A+,,5,,UW• <L96<,,03M+,,]J,(O
N^AS,(RS71s,h$Š,Xb-K6./34@YZZd\=
"M(O@€‡abXYZZdN\(O,A+,2<7,.•A+,,5
,,6.A5D6P6•U/N^1cZ~A0JYZrZX,(R]
c‚~,(OJYZkZT1[fZ$\=<7X$‡zYZZk•Œ‡
YZZe\7,,J,JA0JYZkZ,he~A0rc~@T1,h
rkZA0c=kZZ$@,',/6.A1<N6.A1=<,
21

Bảng 3. Xu hướng thay đổi sử dụng đất qua các năm XF\
Năm Đất nông nghiệp Đất phi nông nghiệp Đất chưa sử dụng
YZZZ Yc=ZYc@r c=fd‚@e cZ=Zec@k
YZZk Y‚=edf@d r=YYd@‚ k=Zkf@Y
YZZe Y‚=f[d@d r=rdY@Z ‚=eY[@e
YZZd Yk=cZ[@r r=‚[[@r ‚=kZ‚@d
YZcZ Y[=Ycc@f r=eZr@Z r=c[Y@[
YZcc Y[=Y[[@k r=erd@[ r=ZeY@‚
Nguồn: Tổng cục Thống kê (số liệu đã hiệu chỉnh, xem Phụ lục 2)
Hình 7. Xu hướng thay đổi diện tích đất Việt Nam giai đoạn 2000-2011
_K<,GA+,2<79(OJYZcZ Y[=cZZ=c[Z@
,Jk=cef=rdkX+7c@Yk-\36OJYZZZ=AG@-(!,J90U
-A+,-W<7X,J r=[er=ffd\6.-A+,3M+,2 <7 X,J
c=c‚Z=rfr\=
b<,A+,72<7,(OG],J,(U,(RA
6.,0,,6;/,,S7L=NFpJ@K<,A+,
72<7,J,1dY=ZZZ6.,A/,J,(UNFLW
^JU]M+7MQYf~=
24
4,0@K<,A+,(3?KEAB@6.A183/,
,S7=aQ3kJ,hJYZZZ•YZZk@K<,A+,(3?KEAB/,
?,hcZ=ZYe=Y[kM;k=Z[k=dd‚=JYZZZ@K<,A+,(3?KE
0,OrZ@k~,,_R+A+,AXYyrK<,(O\@,FJYZZk
3.Q;ck@r~@A0JYZcZ3. cZ~= 3.
,+@LŠA+,A(3?KE12;= h
3&ABN,.7A87E6EEA(39(:=
2K<,A+,3?KEEA2<7..
K/,7K<,A+,3M+,2<7ABA(!833?KE
EA72<76.EA1@(IMWK42,F2
<7@2,F,9-!@,2@.U@2,F,MB/===