 
Lời mở đầu
 !"#$%&'()
*+*)!,*-./0!12 % 344%5
 06-)%#789:()+
*) *7%2.!;%#%-2<%5$%=>*
?!@6A!8%  B%#%CD2
A2(D(3%2.!;)-3E/A%E
8-F2<$%5;C2.!;25*!G*7
H=.%!GF25DCI*J6K<!LA%M
%&'NMO.P>O>% *22
%5-)2.!;(2.!;(0
!;6)Q789.P*25
.PO>7%#%!G! RP%!G
>FF*J2.!;6
ST>U2>8M M97%2.!;%#*257
%;()M'FL.>$>%A%7!6
U88:()5VF8(D%&'N
MO*+*) $% M'%M@$
%!342=90)68-
:O*+*) 78*7%2.!;%4%WRA
-2B$*GH%#*2*2;%J<>2.!%=
>*4!;>86K#D8*-O2D
X83-%!; 0%7!$O>2.
!; 6%M*A7%2.!;%=
!()A>E8-$LAC).FCI
*J$()(82%RA(B$.Q22.!;!2.!;
.HY6%#MO!?*A%5(C7(A
0%;(C#56K<!O<%M%&'
K$RDMO>F*JHG% R
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 
CHƯƠNG I: CƠ SỞ LÝ LUẬN CHUNG CỦA VIỆC ÁP DỤNG CÁC
CÔNG CỤ KINH TẾ TRONG QUẢN LÝ MÔI TRƯỜNG.
I. Tổng quan về các công cụ kinh tế trong quản lý môi trường
I.1. Các nguyên tắc cơ bản của việc xây dựng các công cụ kinh tế.
I.1.1. Nguyên tắc người gây ô nhiễm phải trả tiền ( PPP)
KD8*258-3FB7% *2<
B>*V.PF*J2.!;$%!G
!-0^<! _`Za%!
%!G7V/O2bcde6W8-3!;D.Q2
fgF8%49UO!;D8.Q22.!;
4>2H%VF2.!;2A
%502LD8f A%5%M*G8.G
g6Z"W8-3LH0(h.%!GG
7%CI*J.Q22.!;$LZH0G7(h*2>
D8.Q200 A%5$2!;D8.Q2%MM
HfM *H=gHF8$(%M(h
%!G%!Fi>2.!;M(h%!G%!.
L2.!;922 .Q2650 A%5
%MH!V8B(hD3O*GHH%
<%M%jA%502L*MPC2.
!;.FCI*JP%MMH8*%!25.
>CI*J!C.%MMH6ZHLV8
22<%MMfD8.Q2g?%D8%!GC
%4%N4*GH*A02.!;8M
H2B'9=,HCI*JDF2.!;R
BD8$M!V828HR>AC
)8>*3%=.>CI*J!C6
8-8-3!;D8.Q2".

>"*AV%8-0B6K!
MBM/2.!;&%!@L
.M9$%MB4H
>D8.Q2/!6
4
Z8-%>
4
 
ZHLRP8-38"MO%.
G*J65*!;D8.Q2!*A1!;@
4H6\*MO82.!;N. 2%!G
9=>%4M*7M$%M>RP8-
38(h.HC>C%42<0 D8
VF2.!;6
K *2o,8-38C125HRP)Q?T>
U2$%M*!;GC0.>!GKL(.
.4%#D8.Q2!R&(.D8>A
BRD(-;(..46U!V8.>!G
KL%#D8.Q22.!;!*A.27H
D8.Q202L6UW8-3L.>!G
KL(h%:>AO5RD(?-;(.=
*(h*3%=25>CI*J!!CR&
(.=*4%M25HHF8%4!,
% B%!.L2.!;6T(I9>H
!0.>!GKL*%NH228
'% *3%=CI*J!L%MB(h%k8H(
k2*-6U!V8.LH.Q28(h%k8(
!;-R:(k20.>6
1.1.2.Nguyên tắc người hưởng thụ phải trả tiền ( BPP)
U!8-3!;D8.Q2%&'0

F2.!;*?\A6T(%!G8
F*JR*4\A(hR:M% >>2.!;
R*4'O.Q2M C86U!257%%=
*O!;((?AB.2725Hf.
271g!BX%!G!?25.H*
!?A%s6
!,*8-3p(h*25O8-3,
H(>2.!;6TL2P%H:08-
38*!92>2.!;-M8%!G
!-FD2NJ.F*J2.!;6
6
Z8-%>
6
 
I.2. Các loại công cụ kinh tế trong quản lý môi trường:
Z.P%!G *O.PH(928%^
H*GH0O%500 A%5!;
C8-%52.!;$RP.P*2!;J
<>2!>D8.Q22.!;00
A%56Z.PA%5.F$ND
0%5*2^A2.!;*-=A0%5
>2.!;C6Z.P"R*)B
.8Df0 %5g!7(:G
%>0B6
Z.P%!GCD8R)R)-08-3
8-3p$G8-32>*> 2
(fZtZg$ >.FF8%40*V6Z.P
%!G%2)>?H)n-%!G+G)9
.P*JO!;G6THRP!;GRP
2<!%#*#(78%R)D>2.!;$

RPF*J2.!;$!%%#2*AOF
*+*)A().Q22.!;C2<%M 6RP
8
Z8-%>
8
 
.PF*J2.!;*2>FH$>
(IRP% *2!%2BA%5*-F2.!;
%#*2.8L22%!G2<H>F7
*)B0B65%O*RP.P(h
8H,>%^2RD88.>"i*A
V9.>D>2.!;,6Z.P
"A(<N2A2h%R>LMNR
>H%!G2<H!7>CI*J.Q22.
!;6
88$>GO8*J
.PF*J2.!;%#%2*A>F
*-%!; O00F
6
I.2.2. Thuế và phí bảo vệ môi trường:
H*25O*A.P^
%!GRP5#7-*l)>2.!;
M*l)F*JM6H2.!;
2H*J%!G%2)>9*V6p70
H**2-2OA%5
2N2>?2P->2.!;V
0C#56MM 
HHRP(k2%$(k2
%$%!;(C78!;-R:Y6)
LH*.PO>7F*J

5L<!,2A^>8%!G(IRP
F*J2.!;%M*<V2M %^
2-4!;6KD8*L<!,2A08%),RP
?F >86T%=>M%#%!G%!
4%4!8.!*25>22
04%4!92*22 ><H.F<
V2%!G.Vf!M V%
10
Z8-%>
10
 
%%>%^2<V28g6THRP
, (A$-2?%D8*25! %
!25.>%>A83(<M828>%>?
25!12 F%MB%#H%!G*!GHH
%!G32;.>886T! (h%!7
25<V2!8M %W2<V8
25!vW%>02L6\8CW25H
RP!;G.781CO.8tp6z
(I9.8tM(/25*!G781CfR.8t)
>%!.>CI*J7g.8p%25*!G
781$%M.88M !,*!Gp20t
*!G781R!/%M6T!V8tME/>78
1&pP%!GC6KE;*!G7X%!G
^*!G7812F*J6
U>2781C-4!;&M
2*A781!781A%5-P(
k2%=>$781.7%5A$81V.
-(.Y
I.2.4. Hệ thống đặt cọc hoạn trả:

H%=BF*J2.!;<. )>W
%N2!%8-*A2.!;2'
%#A(IRP6
I.2.5. Những chính sách khuyến khích về tài chính:
ZH(8HH*-F%2.!;$
!;%!G!%!G7-P(k2$G7
866%R)D>2.!;8R)
A2.!;$)>2,(?)>>
>2.!;Y6K.P8%#8H%!G
R>FD2%7%2.!;R!,L8M
*-F)H*GH00 %56M
8HW!?4;>2.!;65
12
Z8-%>
12
 
H(8HH*H0(h2F
8*#(79.%R)2.!;6
II. Kinh nghiệm thực tiễn áp dụng các công cụ kinh tế trong quản
lý môi trường của các nước trên thế giới:
II.1. Kinh nghiệm của các nước phát triển trên thế giới:
Z!8B%#F;v.>>%A
/*D"LV82B%#M7>27%CI*J
=.Q22.!;6*4(I.Q22.!;
0!%!%#<29.P%#7M>
*)F*J2.!;67*A.P!}2.
!;$>%=B$8HHY%%#%!G
! 5_`Za(IRP7>F6x%D8N(h
CW2C125(>2>(IRP.P
F*J2.!;0B6

RP6Z!8(IRPL92A254
!;….Q2[<*A4!;% !;M 2
=8 !GF8%!GD8.Q202LO
!;6)?i%#(IRP7>F.P8
*l).Q22.!;.H6
\L<G7H%#%!G(IRP2P%H>2.
!;?_`Za08%!G*2*AG7.*A$
!;*G7H!;G!;D8.
Q2(h)>>% 22<%5.Q2!,
*}Z8*#(77$*A8!;%!GRPO
!;D8.Q2BRP>2 .Q2=
OR)D>2.!;}*A<*G7F
RO!;RP>.Q2%#F8
%46
II.2. Kinh nghiệm của các nước đang phát triển:
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257A.j%!% 2M%#*7%0
D*A6ZHL8A!% *#
14
Z8-%>
14
 
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! %!:>%!G())NiV"
!H0.!_`Za25(H0%#NJB
>R:.P!*25>O>.5
>2.!;0F2L68-.P2j
^?!.>2 25(!M
8 %^?K.U2†i6A!8M25%=
% 2*.P.(IRP;2M!;%!G

A%52(324.Q26T>8%!G
RP.!7AR!;!.*8H%
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>2.!;6
=*&%!H(F*J0H%
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2.!;.k2%48R)D6
F%->8%#?*-^%D!D
DF+R68->2789D
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* Một ví dụ khác từ Trung Quốc:A%D8L<H*>H
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R>=,(?(C7C!GF-kF8%4L(h
P25H7%46Z%>8q%#
CD8R)%!G25>HD8.Q2R)-8-3
,bee2<H€8D8.Q2%M*Z$H$
7*3%B$E*A68-2<H8
&7-!)()8%!G>F>2.
!;2 .Q26
16
Z8-%>
16
 
* Tại Maláysia:T>(IRP.PF*J2.
!;"%#2*AOF%6%M.P

 
\>(fxZˆZg"H*HA<-25%,4
(k2A7f`Zg$F%MM
t = MSC – MC =MEC6
<N-%!G%W(*!GRV8% %*G
VC#5LR>42<‰Ht
*
= MSC – MC =
MECA2<(*!G!0R>%#H%HA
<6T2<85!;(C7%jA%5
2<!q
~
V86%M(h%A%*GVC#56
25R>%!8%^FL.>% *2
27.Q22R>XO%!G(*!G!
2%!GA<l*R>%#'25H% *2
27.Q28*CI*J7!2.!;6ZH
% 2-25%,4*!G7H*HV-2
.Q265R>27.Q22.!;
H% 26KD8:*<>
C%4(7H-25%,47HG(C#5*X
R>%M*G$8.-4>6
P-0>H.Q22.!;M $M
92>7*!G2.!;.F>8%^0
!;D8.Q2=922P%HRD(
!6U!H2.!;2H*V$MlM.
922P%H5(C7/(C7$".L2P
-*GV2•A2.!;6
K C%4H2.!;CW2C1-22F>HV
-*22.Q2ftZgHD8.Q26ZHV-*2

,(?% ,FF*J8H>2.!;6.F
>C%4^*!G7f?%D8*^*!G!g0/
R>2NM %!G*!*!G!0R
>8*8'/%MC%4%!G2<%5-2B0
C%2.!;0R>86
3.2.2.Dựa vào đặc tính của các chất gây ô nhiễm.
19
Z8-%>
19
 
K=H07D8.Q2*258.
%C%4C7HR>C6x%D8*25(7
D8A%=!!;8M2.!;!0R
>6
+ Nhâu cầu oxy sinh hoá BOD:KD8*j-.RP7% C
%42<%5.Q27O,M D•?(V!
%.47.>6Up_a%!G%4l*
C8(VFLD•7O,6)
!;. *!GC8% D•7O,L
!F;2HC%4*!GC8€
8%?>%50ye
e
J>p_am€6j-8%!Gk
(IRP?3!-6z4p_a*l*2<%5.
Q27O,6
+ Nhu cầu oxy hoá học COD:.(8%!GR:% %=!
2*!G7O,0!!)-6Z_a%!G%4
l**!GC8FLC8B7O,
2XZ_y!6!GC88!,%!,2*!G
7O,M 4C86.(Z_a 477O,$

$).>$C76
3.2.5.Dựa vào chi phí biên bỏ ra lắp đặt hệ thống giảm thải.
T>C%4HD8.Q2!!;R)-,(?H
H>CI*J!2.!;6Z8-)7
M)>RH-% 2-225%,477
$*252(P5(!^%;$7*!G
04$>(>F046\,O%(R>T>
U2MF8L.>(C7"4282M0CH>
*AYa%M$MC%4C7HHC68-XM
!H%!GC7HR)-!,89B25(
42R)%:GR>T>U2RP*78
LFDH‡048922-2b%,47
:*A% C%4(7H6.!;$H-% 2 .
Q2%25*A7E%50M28R
21
Z8-%>
21
 
>(h4H2j7D8.Q26
KR>$H-% 2jD8.Q2;"
P5F2.(C76
3.2.6.Dựa vào giá trị ước tính tác hại do một đơn vị chất thải gây ra.
K8M)>?L.C%4%!GHC2>
A07-)2<%5>A07L
.M %)$2%&'H.F25(8
$MRQ78!%.*A7M786
3.2.7.Dựa vào tiêu chuẩn môi trường.
-k2.!;M *25k2)R:% C%4
>20%!GD8.Q22.!;6UM!;
(C77.Q2ME%5!G-k1LB%#

)k2.>%>$%>I6U.>78>
%2•B!,%bd•!%M!2/
R!GL.G! 00%.6
U2yeey\U5MyŠ€R>.>FR%M
MbŠ‹R>qR,}b€„„eR>.
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‹e€R>+Gb€‹Š€5R 6\U5*%4
V.>7?p3p5%<<0!6•*>
23
Z8-%>
23
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zaŒ.>?7\U5>2‹Š•%M
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1.2.Những tác động tới môi trường nước của hoạt động sản xuất công
nghiệp.
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Nguồn: 1999 - Dự án nghiên cứu cỉa thiện môi trường TP
Hà Nội.
2001 - Sở KHCN & MT Hà Nội.
2002 – Công ty thoát nước Hà Nội.
ZED8.Q2H*/.>
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25
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