TRUING DAI HOC Ql
-•

....-000-

-

J>/

«^

BAO CA® MET QIIA MUMIli
NGHIEN CUU BAG TON vA PHAT HUY
NHCNG GIA TRI VAN HOA CAC DAN TOC

VUNG PHONG NHA - K '

Chii nhiem di tkt TS, NguylE The Mmn
Co quan chu tri de tai: Triideg Bal hoc Qiiiiig linii

Dmg Rm, thdng 10 ndm 20Q7


TRU6NG DAI HOC QUANG BINH
ooo

BAO CAO K E T QUA XGHmiN ClfC DE TAI
NGHIEN c t r u BAO TON VA PHAT HUY
NHIJNG GIA TRI VAN HOA CAC DAN T O C
VUNG PHONG NHA - KE BANG



PHAN 1: T 6 N G QUAN \ t Difiu KE&N TlTNHEfcN - XA U6l CAC DAN
T O C VUNG PHONG NHA - KE BANG
I.l. Dieu Iiien tu nhien
1.2. Dieu Itien xa hoi
PHAN H: N G H 1 £ N CCTU N H U N G GIA TRI VAN HOA CAC DAN T O C
VUNG PHONG NHA - K £ BANG

7
8
8
15
24

1.1. M O T S6 K H A I N I $ M

n.2. NGHlfeN ctru CAC GIA TRI VAN HOA VAT TH^
24

n.2.1 Nghien curu lang ban dan toe
a. Trang thai cu tni cua ngucfi Chut

24

b. Lang, ban cua nguoi Bru - Van Ki^u

28

n.2.2 Y phuc va trang sure
a. Y phuc va trang siic cua ngucri Chiit


n.3 NGHlfeN ctru CAC GIA TRI VAN HOA PHI VAT THE

78

36

n.3.1. Vdn hoc dan gian
a. Van hoc dan gian ngucri Chiit

78

b. Van hoc dan gian ngucri Bru - Van Kieu

83


II3.2. Nghe thuat dan gian

86

a. Nghfi thuat dan gian cua ngucri Chiit

86

b. Nghd thuat dan gian cua nguoi Bru - Van Kieu

90

II.3.3. Cac loai nhac cu


b. Phong tuc tap quan cua ngucri Chiit

122

n.3.6. Ton giao tin ngudng

125

a. T6n giao tin ngu5ng cua ngucri Chiit

125

b. T6n giao tin ngu&ng ciia ngucri Bru - Van Kilu

130

n.3.7. Cac luat tuc

136

a. Luat tuc ciia nguoi Chiit

136

b. Luat tuc ciia ngucri Bru - Van Kilu

141

II.3.8. To chiifc cong dong

c. K£T LUAN
PHAN PHU LUC
TAI

LifiU NGHlfiN ctru vA THAM K H A O

200
200
212
220
213
244


A. THONG TIN CHUNG V£ Dfi TAI
1. Ten de tai: Nghien curu bao ton va phat huy nhung gia trj van
hoa cac dan toe vung Phong Nha - Ke Bang.
2. Chu nhiem de tai: Nguydn The'Hoan
Hoc vj: Tie'n sy
Noi cong tac: Khoa Boi dir6ng-Tai churc Trirdng Dai hoc
Quang Binh.

DT: 0912 483 587

3. Co quan chu tri de tai: Trirdng Dai hoc Quang Binh.
Dja chi: Phirdng Bac Ly- Thanh pho Dong H6i, tinh Quang Binh
Dien thoai: 052 822 010
4. Nhumg ngirdi tham gia chinh:
ThS. Le Thuy MiJi
ThS. Cao Thj Thanh Thuy

ban sdc ciia dan tdc minh. Vi the', day la vdn dl cd y nghia dac biet lien quan de'n
sir sinh tdn va phat triln ciia cac dan tdc d khu vuc nay.
2. Lich sii nghien cihi
Vdn dl nghien ciiu van hoa ciia dan tdc it ngudi d tinh Quang Binh tnrde
day va hidn nay da dugc de cap de'n trong mdt sd cdng trinh nghien ciiu ciia cac
tac gia trong va ngoai nudc nhu. "So lugc gidi thieu cac ddn tdc it ngudi d miin
nui Quang Binh", "Dan tdc A Rem va ddn tdc Rue", "Tim hieu ngudi Rue d
miin niii Quang Binh" "Thanh phdn nhdn chung mdt sd nhdm tdc ngudi d miin
mii Quang Binh" ciia cac nha nghien ciiu ddn tdc hgc: Nguyin Binh, Mac


Dudng, Nguyin Dinh Khoa vao nhirng nam 60 de cdp dl'n mdt sd vdn dl nhdn
chiing hgc ciia cac nhdm tdc ngudi d Quang Binh. De'n nhirng nam 70 cac tac gia
nhu Duong Dinh Khdi Nguyin Van Tai, Ngd Diic Thinh da cd nhirng bai viit
nghien ciiu vl su phan bd dan cu, thanh phdn dan tdc va ngdn ngii ciia mdt sd tdc
ngudi d day. Nam 1988 cd cdng trinh nghien ciiu ve ngdn ngii ngudi Rue d
Quang Binh ciia Trdn Chi Ddi, Nguyin Phii Phong va M.FERUS thudc Trudng
Dai hgc Pari VII. Dang chu y nhdt la cac cdng trinh nghien ciiu ciia Nguyin Van
Manh, Nguyen Van Lgi, Vd Xuan Trang nhu "Tieng Rue", "Ngudi Chiit d Viet
Nam" (1996), "Ngudi Rue d Viet Nam" (1998), gdn day la cdng trinh "Phong
Nha Ke Bang tii tu lieu tdng quan" cua Sd khoa hgc cdng nghe va mdi trudng
Quang Binh nam 2002; "Di san thien nhien the' gidi - Vudn qud'c gia Phong Nha
Ke Bang" cua Cue dia chdt va khoang san Viet Nam nam 2003. Nhin chung
cac cdng trinh nghien ciiu tren dl cap de'n mdt sd vdn de vl nhdn chiing hgc,
ngdn ngii hgc, van hoa va mdt sd linh vuc khac ciia cac ddn tdc ft ngudi d Quang
Binh, nhung chi tap trung nghien ciiu vl cac nhdm tdc ngudi thudc dan tdc Chut
chii cac nhdm tdc ngudi thugc dan tdc Bru Van Kilu ft dugc chii y de'n. Mat
khac pham vi nghidn ciru kha rdng tren dia ban miin mii Quang Binh va nhirng
vdn dl neu ra cd tfnh chdt tdng quat chua cu the , dac bidt la chua dl cap dd'n
nhiing ndi dung ciia dl tai nghidn ciru. Tuy vay, dd la ngudn tai lieu rdt bd fch

Phong Nha - Ke Bang.
Sit dung cdng nghd phdn mim GIS dl quy hoach phat triln cac loai hinh
du lich d viing Phong Nha - Ke Bang nhu: Du lich van hoa, lich sit, du lich lang,
ban dan tdc, kd't hgp du lich van hoa, du lich sinh thai vdi du lich hang ddng va
tham quan cac di tfch lich sii bdng mdt hd thd'ng ban dd, scr dd, tranh anh... Cd
thi xem day la giai phap quan trgng gdp phdn phat triln du lich bin virng d khu
vuc Phong Nha - Ke Bang.
Sii dung cac phucmg tidn ki thuat hidn dai nhu: Camera, may anh, bang,
dia... nhdm luu gia nhiing di san van hoa tfch cue cung nhu tuydn truyin gidi
thidu rdng rai vdi khach tham quan vl cac loai hinh van hoa nghd thuat ddc dao,
phong tuc tap quan, nd'p sd'ng ciia cac dan tdc d viing Phong Nha - Ke Bang.
Tie'n hanh dilu tra xa hdi hgc de xem xet viec tid'p nhan mdt sd gia tri van
hoa cQa dan tdc khac (chii yeu la dan tdc Kinh) trong ddi sd'ng sirih hoat ciia cac
dan tdc ft ngudi d khu vuc nay. Mat khac tha'y dugc cac ye'u td van hoa ban dia
ciia cac tdc ngudi d day cdn luu giu dugc trong bdi canh giao luu van hoa va thuc
hien cac chuang trinh, du an xay dung cd sd ha tdng dien, dudng, nha d, va
chuang trinh xoa ddi giam ngheo dd'i vdi cac dan tdc it ngucri d vung Phong Nha
- Ke Bang trong nhirng thdi gian qua.
b. Ddi tuang phgm vi nghien cicu:


Van hoa vat the va van hoa phi vat the ciia ddng bao ddn tdc thidu sd khu
vac Phong Nha - Ke Bang sinh sdng d viing ldi (vung trung tam) va viing dem
ciia khu di san. Bao gdm cac tdc ngudi Van Kilu, Ma Coong, Khiia, Tri (Dan tdc
Bru - Van Kieu) va Rue, Sach, Arem, May (Dan tdc Chiit) cu the:
+ Vung loi cd 02 xa: xa Tan Trach (Bd Trach) cd ban 39 gdm tdc ngudi
Arem, va ban Dodng ciia tdc ngudi Van Kilu. Xa San Trach (Bd Trach) cd ban
Rao Con cua tdc ngudi Van Kilu.
+ Vung dem d khu vuc Phong Nha - Ke Bang cd 12 xa nhung trong dd cd
7 xa la cd ddng bao dan tdc sinh sd'ng, nhung dl tai chi tap trung nghien ciiu d 2

PHANI
\t DIEU KIEN TU NHIEN - XA HOI
CAC DAN T O C VUNG PHONG NHA - KE BANG

T6NG QUAN

I.l. DI^UKlfiNTlTNHlfiN
a. Vi tri dja Iy, dia hinh
Khu vuc Phong Nha - Ke Bang ndm vl phfa tay bdc tinh Quang Binh, dgc
bien gidi Viet Lao, cd tga do dia ly 17°20'- 17°48' vi dd bdc, 105° 46'- 106° 24'
kinh dd Ddng. Chieu dgc nai dai nhdt la 70 km tir deo Mu Gia dd'n mii U Bd theo
hudng Tdy bdc- Ddng nam. Chieu ngang ncri rdng nhd't la 31 km tii Tay Gat (xa
Xuan Trach, huydn Bd Trach) din bien gidi Viet Lao, theo hudng Ddng bdc Tay Nam, ndm dgc theo bidn gidi Viet Lao vdi chilu dai khoang 50 km [20]
Theo sa dd kid'n tao lanh thd Viet Nam, khu vuc Phong Nha-Ke Bang thudc ddi
udn nd'p Vidt -Lao, tit ddu dai cd sinh nd da dugc hinh thanh, do tfnh chdt bao
mdn tao thanh mdt dia hinh Karst diin hinh .Nhin mdt each tdng quat trong khu
vuc cd 3 kilu dia hinh chinh (kilu dia hinh mii da vdi, kieu dia hinh phi karst,
kilu dia hinh chuyen tid'p).
- Kieu dia hinh niii dd voi
Kilu dia hinh nay chiem phdn ldn didn tfch trong Vudn Qud'c gia gdm khd'i
mii da vdi lidn tuc tit day niii Phu Toe Vu, deo Mu Gia (huydn Minh Hoa keo
dai tdi hang En, Rao But, Ca Rodng (huyen Bd Trach), dai khoang 70km. Ddy
chfnh la khd'i mii da vdi lien tuc rdng ldn nha't ciia Viet Nam. Pham vi ciia mii da
vdi trai rdng sang Lao cd didn tfch khoang gdn 200.000ha. N^u tfnh toan bd khd'i
mii da vdi lidn tuc ca vl phfa Vidt Nam va Lao thi day la mdt trong nhirng khd'i
mii da vdi rdng ldn nhdt hanh tinh (Pierre G,1966). Tai day, cac day mii da vdi
phat triln hdu nhu lidn tuc, thanh phdn tuang dd'i ddng nhdt, do cao trdn 1000m.
Dia hinh mii da vdi bi chia cdt rdt manh, vdi nhung vach da dung diing, xd'p ldp,
dinh ldm chdm, thudng kem theo qua trinh karst do hoa tan va ngung ddng
cacbonat hinh thanh ndn cac nhu da, mang da, ndm da, chudng da, cdt da da

Khu vuc Phong Nha -Ke Bang ndm chii yd'u trdn dia phan hai huyen Bd
Trach va Minh Hda la vilng niii thudc Bdc Trudng San hiem trd, cd dd cao trung
binh 700 - 800m so vdi mat nudc bien, vdi tga do 17°42' den 18°16'vi do bdc.
Viing da't nay phfa bdc tid'p giap tinh Ha Tinh, phfa tay giap nude Cdng hda Dan
chii nhan dan Lao, phfa Ddng giap huydn Quang Trach. La mien mii ndm dgc
theo triln ddng ciia day Trudng San ndn dia hinh Bd Trach va Minh Hda kha
hilm trd. Niii d day nghieng ddn theo hudng Tay Bdc - Ddng Nam va cd do dd'c
khdng diu nhau. Cd day mii nd'i liln nhau triing didp tao thanh hinh vdng cung
cd mdt ddu nhd ra sat biln (day Hoanh Son), bdn canh dd lai cd nhiiu nggn mii
da vdi hinh chdp nd'i dai lidn tuc, giua chiing cd khi gian doan bdi nhung thung


lung karst. Qua trinh karst d ddy dang trong giai doan phat trien manh me, Ichdp
viing ta thdy nhung phdu karst, gieng karst lam cho "riing niii, mudn hd, ngdt
ngheo dm u" Vi thi cac ddng chay d day thudng bi diit quang, cd nghia la
nhiing ddng sudi dang chay lai biln mdt va lai Id ra d mdt ncri khac tao ndn
nhiing mach nude ngdm (ddng bao quen ggi la rue nudc) va cung vi dja hinh
Karst hoat ddng manh ndn d day da hinh thanh nhiiu hang ddng ndi tie'ng.
VI mat cdu tao dia chdt, mii d day la mdt khdi da bien ehd't rdt cd, cd tir
trudc ky Dl vdn, dac biet d ddy la cd nhiiu mach mii granft cdt ngang. Nhutig
ididi da granft bi diit gay da lam cho ddt pdralit trao ra bao phu mdt viing rdng
ldn.
Mat Idiac do su didn bien phiic tap ciia qua trinh trdm tfch va phun trao da
vdi qua cac thdi ky kid'n tao dia tdng, ndn dja hinh d day khdng ddng diu, cd
vung niii nha'p nhd triing diep, cd ddt trdm tfch, viing ddt trdm tfch tao thanh
nhung thung lung tucmg ddi bang phing. Nhung thung lung d day thudng rdt
hep, sau va khdng md, cd nghia la niii diing bao phii xung quanh.(chang han nhu
thung lung d Ban Ddong, thung lung d Rao Con). Vdi dien tfch 68.119 ha, ne'u
tfnh ca khu vuc rirng dac chiing, dac dung trdn mii da thi khu vuc Phong Nha-Ke
Bang cd tdng didn tfch tren 147.000 ha [22].

ndm, mang...Dd la nhung nguyen lieu phong phii hd trg cho ngudn thyc phdm
ciia ddng bao. Xen ldn giira sdng, sudi, mii rimg, trdn cac sudn ddi la nhiing bai
cd xanh tuoi. Ngudn lgi thidn nhidn nay la dilu kidn dl mii ritng Bd Trach va
Minh Hoa phdt triln chan nudi dai gia siic.
Niii rimg Bd Trach va Minh Hda cdn la noi sinh sd'ng ciia hang tram loai
chim, thii nhu: hd, huou, nai, Ign rimg, chdn cao, son duomg, khi...mdt vai khu
riing gia cdn tdn tai nhiiu ddng vdt quy hid'm nhu: voi, gd'u, cdng. Mat ong cung
la mdt dac san rdt phong phii d day.
Nhin chung tham thyc vat va cac loai ddng vat d Bd Trach va Minh Hda cd
dilu kien phat trien thuan lgi, rimg d day nhiiu tdng, nhiiu ldp chiia dyng mdt
tiem nang ldnh td' ldn khdng chi trdn ITnh vyc khai thdc gd lam san, dugc lieu,
huang lidu... ma cdn la mdi trudng ly tudng cho nhiiu loai thu quy sinh trudng.
Bd Trach va Minh Hda cd mdt hd thd'ng sdng sud'i kha day dac. Mdt vai
con sdng nhu: sdng Gianh, Rao Nan, Rao Ndy, sdng Cu Nhang, sud'i. Ha Vi,
sdng Son va hang tram khe sud'i nhd khac, da chia cdt dia hinh d ddy dd'n miic cu:
vdi chuc km, cd noi vai km da thdy xudt hidn nhiing sdng sud'i kha Idn. Trong dd
dang chii y nhdt la sdng Gianh. Sdng Gianh phdt nguydn tit deo Mu Gia xud'ng
khe Ve dugc ggi la sud'i Bam va tir dd ra bien mdi ggi la sdng Gianh. Sdng Gianh
cd rdt nhiiu ghlnh thac sdu va rdng. Vung ha luu cua sdng chiu anh hudng ciia
thiiy trilu ndn cd chd' dd IQ lut theo mua, vdi dac trung myc nudc dang theo lu.
Sdng d ddy cd hidn tucmg dao long kha manh, do bdt ngudn tit vimg
thugng luu cd dd cao ldn (trdn 1.000m) rdi thdp ddn d viing ha luu va dd ra biln
Ddng. Vi thd' ddng sdng cd do dd'c ldn (tir 10,5 - 35°). Dd dd'c ldn nhdt la Iiic
ddng sdng chay qua vung da vdi Ke Bang. Luu Iugng nudc cua cac sdng, sud'i

11


thay ddi theo mua. Miia ndng nhirng ddng sdng, con sud'i thudng khd can thuan
Igi cho vide di lai cho con ngudi, nhung lai gay trd ngai ldn dd'n qua trinh san


12


Gid miia he: Do yeu td dia hinh ndn cac nggn mii cao ngan chan gid hudng
Tay Nam va ddi thanh gid Tay Bdc tit thang 5 de'n thang 8. Gid nay khd ndng
gay khdng ft khd khan cho san xudt ndng nghidp va vide bao vd rimg.
Hang nam cd trdn 50 ngay cd gidng va 1 den 2 com bao di qua hoac anh
hudng den khu vyc vdi tdc do gid trdn cdp 8.
Nhu vay, dac trung cua chi do khi hau ciia viing Phong Nha- Ke Bang vdn
mang nhung net chung nha't ciia khf hau Quang Binh la khf hau nhidt ddi gid
miia, cd mua he khd ndng va mua dd'n mudn (Thu Ddng), chiu anh hudng manh
me ciia bao va gid tfn phong lanh phfa Bdc.
Khu vyc nay ndm ggn trong luu vyc cua cac ddng sdng sud'i: Rao Thucmg,
sdng Chay, sdng Trode, sdng Son... diu la thugng ngudn ciia sdng Gianh. Vudn
Qudc gia bao gdm mdt vimg da vdi rdng ldn, vi thd' hien tugng nudc chay ngdm
la phd bie'n. Tren mat da't cd mdt sd khe sud'i nhd dd vao Rao Thuang, chay Id
thidn nhung bi ngdt quang khi chay ngdm qua cac hang ddng, sau khi quy tu Iai
chay vl sdng Chay, sdng Trode vd hgp luu vao sdng Son rdi dd vd thugng ngudn
sdng Gianh.Miia mua, cac sud'i can cd nudc dang cao, tao ddng chay ldm va lu
cue bd, nhung can mua nudc nit rdt nhanh qua cac "mdt hut". Mua lu tir thang 9
den thdng 11 trimg vao nhiing thang mua Idn nhdt. Lii ldn thudmg xud't hidn vao
giua thang 9 va thang 10. [9]
Ngoai miia mua IQ chfnh, sdng Son cdn chiu anh hudng ciia dgt mua phu
(mua tiiu man) vao cdc thang 5,6. Mua tiiu man ddi khi gdy lu lut ldn. Khi lu lut
nudc sdng Son mang nhiiu phu sa, bdi ddp cho cac dai ddt ven bd va lam bid'n
dang ddng sdng do hidn tugng "bdi, lo"
Miia nudc can vao cac thang 1-7, cac khe sud'i nhd trd thanh "khe ehd't" Sdng
Chay va sdng Son cd muc nudc rd't thd'p va ddng chay tdi thilu.
Bd Trach va Minh Hda ndm trong viing nhidt ddi gid mua, khf hau ndng dm

Tuy nhidn, dilu kien ty nhien d day khdng kem phdn khdc nghiet, khf hau
nhiet ddi ldm ndng nhiiu mua, gay nen han han keo dai d miia khd va lu lut d
miia mua, them vao dd che dd gid Lao va gid mua Ddng-Bdc trai diu 2 miia
trong nam. Dac biet vdi he thd'ng mii da Ke Bang trimg didp, hd thd'ng sdng ngdi,
khe sud'i, mach nudc ngdm day dac lam cho dia hinh niii rittig d day vd'n da hilm
trd lai cang hilm trd han. Tdt ca nhumg dilu dd da gay nen khdng ft khd khan
trong vide phat triln san xudt, dn dinh ddi sd'ng va qua trinh giao luu di lai ciia
ddng bao.
Horn nira, do ldi sd'ng du canh, du cu vdi hinh thiic canh tac ndng nghidp
bdc Idt ciia ddng bao cac dan tdc, he sinh thai rtoig ddu ngudn bi pha vd nghidm
trgng Iam cho ngudn tai nguyen eiia khu vyc bi thoai hda, can cdi, rittig bi tra
trgi. Vide pha vd he sinh thai riing ddu ngudn se ddn dd'n sy ndng ndng gay gdt d
mua khd va Iu lut triln midn d mua mua. Tdt ca nhumg dilu dd cang gay thdm
khd khan, phiic tap cho vide dn dinh ddi sd'ng ciia ddng bao cac dan tdc trong
vilng.

14


1.2. DIEU KIEN XA HQI
a. Tinh trang dan cu
Khu vyc Phong Nha Ke Bang ndm trdn dia phan cua 9 xa thudc hai
huydn Minh Hda va Bd Trach, dd la cac xa: Dan Hda, Hda Son, Trung Hda,
Thugng Hda (Huydn Minh Hda), Xuan Trach, Thugng Trach, Tan Trach, Phiic
Trach, San Trach (huydn Bd Trach).Cac xa giap ranh gdm: HungTrach, Phii
Dinh (huydn Bd Trach) va xa Trudng Som (huyen Quang Ninh). Miin Tay Bd
Trach va Minh Hda la huyen miin mii cua tinh Quang Binh- ncri sinh sd'ng chii
yeu cua ddng bao dan tdc Chiit va Bru Van Kilu. Day la mdt vung ddt ndm vl
phfa Tay Bdc ciia Trung Trung bd Viet Nam, cd day Hoanh Som giang ngang d
phfa Tay Bdc, day Trudmg Son vay kin phfa Tay Nam, vung ddi ban san dia khep

thdy mdt manh xuang gdt chan trai, cd vd't khda cd the la ddu rdc thit. Tuc rdc
thit ngudi ehd't phd bid'n nhiiu d thdi dai dd da mdi. Dac bidt thii vi han la cdn
tim thdy mdt cai rang bi cut nhu bi giua, bi mai bdi mdt cdng cu sdc cd hai ranh
song song. Phong tuc ca rang ciia ngudi tiin sit Quang Binh hidn nay vdn cdn d
ngudi Thugng [9].
Nhu vay Idp cu dan ddu tien d viing nay la nhiing bd lac nguyen thiiy. Hg
chua bie't lam nha, ma cdn d ddng, d hang, cho nen ngudi ta cQng cdn ggi hg la
ngudi cdc hang ddng. Hg khdng dimg sdt nhu chiing ta. Dao, rya ciia hg diu
bang da.
Ngay nay, chiing ta chi biet Idp cu dan cd mat rdt sdm d vung nay la ngudi
Chiit, bao gdm cac nhdm Rue, May, Sach, Arem, Ma Liing. Vi ddy la mdt bd
phan dan cu cdn bao luu nhiiu yd'u td cd nhdt vl van hda va ngdn ngii ciia khdi
tiin Vidt- Mudng. Chdc chdn nhdm cu dan nay tach ra khdi khd'i Vidt-Mudng
chung trudc khi Mudng tach khdi Viet. Hem nGa day la mdt tdc ngudi bi phan
tan, xe nhd, sd'ng tdch rdi nhau, ft cd lidn hd vdi nhau va chi trir nhdm Sach cdn
lai cac nhdm dang chiu mdt qua trinh thoai hda vl nhiiu mat ndn y thiic vl tdc
ngudi cua hg cdn rd't kem. Ngoai dan tdc Chut, d day, cdn cd dan tdc Bru- Van
Kilu sinh sd'ng. Do sy bid'n dgng lich sii, nhdm dan cu thudc ngdn ngii MdnKhame da trai qua nhiiu cudc thidn di trong dd cd dan tdc ngudi Bru - Van
Kilu. Day la bd phdn cu ddn cd tdn ggi cung vdi ten ggi Vdn Kilu d Quang Tri.
Trudc kia, ngudi Van Kilu chi cu tni tir huyen Quang Ninh trd vao phfa Nam. Tir
nam 1990, ngudi Van Kilu mdi di cu ra xa San Trach (Ban Dodng, Ban Rao
Con) mdt bd phan ft cua ngudi Khua sd'ng d xa Thugng Hoa. Trong nhdm Bru van Kilu thi tdc ngudi Ma Coong chid'm bd phan ldn. Ngudi Ma Coong la cu
dan chii yd'u ciia xa Thugng Trach. Nhdm Tri, vdi sd Iugng ft cimg cd dia ban cu
trii vdi nhdm Ma Coong. Mdt sd hd ciia ngudi Ka Rai, ngudi Mudng cung cu tni
dday.
Nhu vay, so vdi ngudi Bru - Van Kilu d Quang Tri, ngudi Bru - Van Kilu d
Quang Binh cd dac diem tdc ngudi khac han. Sy khac nhau dd thi hidn d chd: d
Quang Tri cdng ddng nay la ddng nhdt, trong khi dd d Quang Binh tuy sd Iugng
ngudi ft hon nhung lai cd tdi 4 nhdm cu dan khac nhau: Khiia, Ma Coong, Tri, va
van Kilu. Dd'n nay cd hom 2.000 ngudi phan bd chii ye'u d Thugng Trach, Tan

- van Kilu d Quang Binh, sd'ng rai rac d cac triln mii, khe sud'i gdm 18 ban vdi
397 hd 1967 khdu. [45] Tdc ngudi nay da dinh cu d day kha lau. Theo cac nha
nghidn ciiu, lich sit cua tdc ngudi Ma Coong cho rang, hg la nhung ngudi cu dan
ban dja cd nhung dac diem khac vdi ngudi Van Kilu. Ngoai ra hg cdn cd md'i
lidn hd vdi ngudi Lao, trong ddi sd'ng van hoa cung cd nhumg anh hudng cua van

17


hoa Lao (phong tuc tap quan, y phuc.) Day la mdt lyc lugng quan trgng gdp
phdn bao vd vung bien gidi Viet - Lao thudc dia phdn tinh Quang Binh.
7. Nhdm Khua, Tri, Kai Rai, Mudmg: Day la nhdm tdc ngudi cd sd lugng ft
nhdt d viing Phong Nha - Ke Bang sd'ng chung vdi cdc tdc ngudi khac va d
nhOng dia ban khdc nhau, do vay vl mat van hod vira mang nhumg dac diim cua
tdc ngudi minh vira chiu anh hudng nhung net van hod cua tdc ngudi khac. Cu
thi: ngudi Khua sd'ng d ban Ydn Hgp (Thugng Hoa) cd 3 hd 11 khdu, d Ban 61
(Thugng Trach) cd 3 hd 15 khdu; tdc ngudi Tri d Ban But, Ban Cd Dd (Thugng
Trach) cd 13 hd 59 khdu; ngudi Mudmg d Ban But va Ban 51 (Thugng Trach) cd
6 hd 29 khdu, ngudi Ka Rai d ban Aky (Thugng Trach) cd 3 hd 14 khdu. [45]
Theo kd't qua dilu tra khao sat ciia chiing tdi hien nay sd lugng dan cu va phan
bd dia ban cu tni ciia cac dan tdc d vimg Phong Nha - Ke Bang nhu sau:
1). XA THUONG TRACH- HUYEN BO TRACH [45]

Ban

Sd hd

Sd khau

1, Ban A-Ky


Tdc ngudi

5. BanCdDo

37

180

Ma Coong

6. Ban Cham Pu

23

122

Ma Coong

7. Ban 51

15

58

Ma Coong

S.Ban Nodng Cu

11


31

144

Ma Coong

11. Ban Ka Rodng 1 25

129

Ma Coong

12. Ban Ka Rodng 2 21

98

Ma Coong

13. Ban Cu Tdn

32

154

Ma Coong

14. Ban Code

22


9

38

Ma Coong

Cong

397

1967

1 hd ,5 khdu ngudi
Tri, 1 hd ,5 khdu
ngudi Mudng

2) XA TAN TRACH - BO TRACH [45]
Ban

Sd hp

So khau

Tdc ngudi

Ban 39

47


142

van Kilu

Ghi chu

4) XA THUONG HOA - MINH HOA .[44]
Tdc

Ban Phu Ninh

Ban dn

Ban Yen Hgp

19

Ban Md 0


ngudi Sdhd
So khau Sdhd Sd khau Sdhd Sd khau

Sd
hp

Sd
khau

Sach


50

231

3

11

22

267

Khiia
May

1

Cong 14

2

9

43

1

3


ngudn thu nhap cho dcri sd'ng. Vi the tuy hg cd nudi Ign va nudi ga nhung la sy
chan nudi ty nhidn ndn nang sudt rdt thdp.

20


Hai lugm: Day la loai hinh kinh tl dam bao ngudn cung cdp thyc phdm
chfnh cho ngucri Bru - Van Kieu. Di cd dugc luang thyc, thyc phdm cung cdp
cho ddi sd'ng hang ngay ciia minh, ngucri Bru - Van Kilu sit dung nhiiu phuang
tidn dl danh bat cac loai: bat ca, bdt thii riing, bdt chim va hai qua
Cd thi
ndi, kinh td' san bdn, hai lugm vdn la mdt hoat ddng kinh td' quan trgng trong ddi
sd'ng cua dan tdc Chiit va Bm - Van Kilu d Phong Nha Ke Bang hien nay. Tuy
nhien, hinh thiic ciia hoat ddng ldnh te nay cdn rdt thd sa vi nd phu thudc hoan
toan vao dilu kidn sinh thai ty nhidn ciia mii rimg. Bdn canh dd ddng bao cac dan
tdc d day cdn phat trien cac nghe thii cdng (dan lat va mdc). Cho dd'n nay d vung
nay vdn khdng cd chg, san phdm lam ra thudng dem trao ddi vdi ngudi Kinh d
ddng bang ldn hoac giua cac ban vdi nhau.
Nhumg nam gdn ddy, vdi sy giiip dd cua cac chuong trinh, dy an, ngucri
Bru-Vdn kieu va Chiit da cd nudi trdu, bd. Do chfnh sach bao vd rimg cua Nha
nudc, ngudi Bru - Van Kilu va mdt sd tdc ngudi Chiit (Arem, May) d Phong
Nha-Ke Bang ndi chung cung da dugc giao didn tfch rimg de bao ve. Mdi hd
dugc giao bao vd khoang 30 ha rirng. Tuy nhidn hinh thiic hoat ddng kinh tl nay
chua dem lai nhiing hidu qua cu the cho ngudi dan d day vi sd lugng bao vd rimg
la khdng dang kl so vdi didn tfch rimg ty nhien rdt ldm d Phong Nha - Ke Bang.
Nhin chung, tinh hinh kinh td' d ddy kem phat triln, ddi sd'ng ddng bao dan tdc
cdn gap nhiiu khd khan, thu nhap binh quan ddu ngudi hd't siic thdp. Tinh trang
thid'u ddi vdn didn ra thudng xuydn. Phan bd lao ddng Ididng ddng diu, ty Id
tham gia lao ddng cdn tha'p, do dd thid'u ngudn nhan lyc tai chd dl phat trien cac
nganh nghi kinh td' mdt each cd hidu qua. (xem bang).


Tan Trach

282

86

30,5

51

18,1

Som Trach

142

37

26,1

22

15,5

21


Thugng Hod


tha'p kem, nin kinh te cdn gap nhiiu khd khan, do vay tinh hinh van hod giao
due d ddy cd nhiiu han chd'. Phdn Idm ddng bao dan tdc d day trinh do dan tri cdn
tha'p, chil yd'u la nhiing ngudi ldn tudi. Qua khao sat ciia chiing tdi d 25 ban cd
ddng bao dan tdc sinh sd'ng gdm cac tdc ngudi Sach, Rue, May, Arem, Ma
Coong, van Kilu, Khiia, Tri cho thdy ty Id mii chii rdt cao, sd ngudi bid't dgc biet
vid't chi dat dd'n trinh dd Idp 1 Idp 2, sd hgc sinh phdn ldm la tiiu hgc, ft cd hgc
sinh d bdc trung hgc ca sd. Dac bidt, cd nai ty Id mii chu hdu nhu hoan toan
(ching han d Ban Dodng - Tdn Trach). d day lai khdng cd trudng hgc, tre em
hdu nhu thdt hgc, ca ban chi cd 2 ngudi bid't chQ. Tuy nhien hien nay do sy quan
tdm ciia cd'p uy Dang chfnh quyIn, sy nd lyc ciia nganh giao due dao tao va sy hd
trg ciia nha Nudc, he thd'ng trudng ldp viing ddng bao dan tdc d Phong Nha - Ke
Bang da tang Idn (xem bang).

22


Tinh hinh giao due vung ddng bao dan tdc d Phong Nha - Ke Bang
[46,47,48,49]
Tinh hinh phat trien giao due
Cac xa cd
ddng bao dan
tpc

So trudng
hpc
Sd
hp

Sd hpc sinh


128

75

0

Tan Trach

60

282

01

0

4

12

25

19

2

Som Trach

26


76

33

6

4

Tdng cdng

652 3131

3

2

40

454

194

94

6

Cac loai hinh sinh boat van hod va ddi sd'ng tinh thdn ciia ddng bao cac
dan tdc d khu vyc nay cdn rdt thid'u thd'n va lac hau. Miic hudng thu van hoa
nghd thuat cdn thdp. Cudc sd'ng ddi ngheo, kinh td' bdp bdnh, bdnh tat de doa,
dilu kidn di lai khd khan da lam cho biic tranh van hoa, xa hdi vimg ddng bao