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NGUYEN N(;OC CO*
NGUYIN THI THU THUY"

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ham nhiing la van nan ciia moi nha
nudc, nd thudng lam bang hoai cac
gia tri dao dUe, gay ton tha't thanh qua
kinh te - xa hdi, tao ra nhiing nhan to' ba't
on trong cdng ddng. Chd'ng tham nhung
dUdc xem la mot trong nhiing tigu chi hang
dau de duy tri, cung cd', tang cudng sUc
manh qud'c gia. Trong lich sii, nhieu trieu
dai quan ehii d Viet Nam da dd" ra cac bien
phap phdng chd'ng tham nhiing khac nhau.
Den trieu Nguyen, nan tham nhiing trd
nen nghiem trong, den miic nha nUdc da coi
day la mpt thU giae. Bo Hodng Viet luat le
(1815) ciia vUdng trieu nay da nghiem khac
xii phat cac toi cd lien quan den tham
nhiing, nhu: nhan hdi Id; giai quyet cac
cdng viec vi tU tinh; an bdt, la'y trdm tien
bac, lUdng thao trong kho; dung tai san
chung lam viec rieng...
Bai viet nay khao sat cac dieu luat, did'u
le trong Hodng Viet luat le de xem xet
chinh sach phdng chd'ng tham nhiing dUdi
thdi Nguydn, hi vong gdp phan hid'u sau sdc

tang vat de dinh tdi: "Pham quan lai (nhan
chuyen uong phap hay ba't udng phap (1))

' GS.TS. Khoa Lich sii, Trudng Dai hoc Su pham Ha Ndi
" TS. Khoa Lich sii, TrUdng Dai hoc Su pham Ha Npi


ddi vdi quan lai nhan hd'i 16 hai I^n ciia mpt
chu va nhan hd'i Id cua nhieu chu cung lue:
"NgUdi ed loe (nhiing ngudi ed lUdng thang
tU mdt thach trd len), nhan tien cac chii ma
udng phap... neu pham hai lan nhan tien
trd len ma chii phat giac va da luan tdi roi,
thi nhiing ngUdi khac phat giac sai, thi dii
tdi nhe hdn hay bang tdi trUdc deu tinh he't
de luan tdi.
Bat uong phap, nhan hdi Id ciia nhieu
chii, tinh chung xU tdi theo niia so dd (tuy
nhan cung mpt luc, tien cua 10 chii, viec do
be, tinh gdp ehung xii phan niia toi, mpt
chu ciing xii phan niia toi)" (7).

ma nhan tien ciia thi tinh theo tang vat dd
ma xii toi. NgUdi khdng an lUdng nha nUdc
thi giam bac, la'y lai nhiing eao sSc vua ban
cho, xda ten so quan, lai thi bai ehdc dich
(tang vat chi 1 lUdng), khdng ke thU bac
nao" (2). Tang vat nhan hdi Id chi 1 lUdng
thi quan da bi xda ten trong so quan, Iai hi
bai ehdc.

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'i" is, =

(giup cho ngudi pham tdi nghe theo ho di
eo' y tha tdi) 120 lang la xii treo cd', giam
chd. Ba't udng phap thi du 120 lang trd len
tdi ciing chi den mUe phat 100 trUdng, day
3000 dam" (9). NgUdi khdng cd Idc nhan hdi
Id ud'ng phap den 120 lang mdi hi xii tdi
treo co, giam chd. Ngudi khdng cd ldc nhan
hdi Id ba't ud'ng phap thi tang vat du tren
120 lang cung chi bi phat 100 trUdng, day
3000 dam.
Nhan hdi Id khdng phai vi lam viec uong
phap va ba't uong phap tpa tang chi tdi (10),
ciing bi xii tdi: "Pham quan lai khdng phai


nhan cd viec ud'ng phap hay ba'y ud'ng phap
ma nhan tien cua ngUdi tUc la toa tang chi
toi cac chii, thi tinh toan toan bo tang vat
chiet di mot niia ma dinh toi. NgUdi cung
tham du xii giam nhe 5 mUe. (Nhu ngudi
la'y trdm tien ciia hoac danh bi thUdng neu
ngoai tien bdi thudng va tie'n thud'c thang

phat den 100 trUdng, do 3 nam. Dieu luat
cdn giai thich; "(Vi toa tang d day khdng
phai la thUc tang cho nen den 500 lang la


chet dUdc giam mdt mUc, tuy dii so'tang vat
tdi ciing dUng lai d mUc phat 100 trUdng,
ddy 3000 dam. Dieu nay da ndi chuan theo
uong phap ma luan tpi, lai noi giam mot
mUc. Gia du nhu dong y nhan tang de lam
sai phap luat ma tang dii s6' de'n tpi tU thi
dUdc giam mpt mUc, tUc la chi phat 100
trUdng, day 3000 dam. Lai dUdc giam mpt
mde thanh phat 100 trUdng, do 3 nam mdi
dung theo luat nay" (33).
Dieu le kem theo dieu luat nay ciing
xem xet khdng nghi tdi ddi vdi quan lai hiia
nhan tie'n nhUng chua nhan: "Dong y nhan
tien cua, ne'u mdi hUa thi tang dd khdng
xac cU, khdng dUdc dua ra nghi tpi. Ne'u
tien ciia hiia dem de'n cdn ca't giG chd khac
hoac vie't gia'y td van khoan hoac giao cho
ngudi dl Io viee thi xem xet truy thu cac
khoan tie'n ngudi dd da hda de sung cdng"
(34). Tuy nhien, quy dinh ciing chi ro: "Ne'u
ngudi pham tdi dang tpi, cU chieu theo luat
ma dinh tdi" (35).
Trudng hdp quan lai nhan hdi Id ba't
uong phap bi xii tpi che't, neu bdi thudng
day du tang vat dUdc xem xet cho giam tdi:
"Neu quan lai nhan cd viec nhan tie'n tham
lam bd tiii, xet rd la ba't ud'ng phap ... cae
tang vat qua dung trong han 1 nam da boi
thudng day dii thi neu la tpi tii, chieu

cdn hi xii tram. NhUng ngUdi hua theo viec
Cling bi day ra viing xa: "Cac vien thU bien
d cae nha mdn, bd, vien dam xUng la bd phi
de thu gdp tien bac, dpa dam, lUa ddi can
pham. Phap luat-'hha nUdc khdng the so vdi
tpi an hdi Id tam thudng, ne'u viec bi phat
giac, xet diing sU that, xii tram. Ngudi bie't
rd sU viec van hua theo de chia sd' bae dd,
chid'u le dudi ra viin bidn" (47).
Trudng hdp nhan hdi 16 dudi hinh thUe
qua tang ciing deu hi xii tpi, nhUng miic
hinh phat tUdng doi nhe: "Ne'u tiep nhan ll
vat, thd san eiia dan sd tai dUa tang, thi
ngudi nhan phat 40 roi, ngUdi dUa giam
nhe 1 mUc" (48).
Nhu vay, hach sach, doa nat de la'y tien;
vay tien... ciia dan dUdc coi la nhUng bieu
hien eua tham nhung, nen mUc xU phat cac
loai t6i nay ve" cd ban tUdng dUdng vdi tpi
nhan hdi Id ndi ehung, ciing can cU vao tang
vat de dinh tdi theo die'u ud'ng phap va ba't
udng phap, quan Iai dUdng chUc va quan lai
da thdi chUc. Tuy nhien, do dac thu, nhiing
quy dinh lien quan de'n tpi nay cdn can cU
vao hau qua d6l vdi ngudi bi hach saeh, dpa
nat lam ed sd de dinh mUe phat. TrUdng
hpp hach sach, dpa nat de de'n ndi dan phai
chet, ba't luan la tang vat bao nhieu deu bi
xU tdi ehe't,
3. Lay t r o m c u a cong

gia thuoc cila pham nhan ciing dUng xem
ban ngay ta't ca cac hang dd vat. Ne'u cd te
nan an chan hoac yeu sach thi cho phep gia
thupe ciia pham nhan cung vdi ngUdi ehii
mua cac vat td* cao. Cac quan tham nhiing
dd, cU chie'u theo luat an trpm tie'n lUdng va
nhan cua cai udng phap de tri tpi" (54).

Quan lai bat trpm cUdp thu dUdc tang
vat khdng nop len quan tren ciing bi xii
phat theo dieu ba't udng phap: "Pham quan
tuan bd' da bat dUdc bpn trdm cUdp kem
theo tang vat ma luu giU tang vat khdng
dUa len quan thi phat 40 roi. Ne'u bd tiii
tinh tang thi la'y ba't udng phap luan tpi.
Tinh ca tang vat (luu giii Iai) va tang vat
(da dUa len quan) de'u luan tdi trdm d p .
Ne'u quan nhan pham tdi nay, tinh tang vat
du nhieu ciing chi phat tpi de'n mUc 80
trUdng (tinh tang vat luan theo tpi trdm
cdp)" (55).
NgUdi di tuan bat ke trpm ma lam hao
hut tang vat bi xU theo luat uong phap:
"Nhiing ngUdi di tuan b i t ke trdm ma lam
hao hut tang vat, thi tinh sd' tang vat chie'u
luat bat udng phap, luan tpi xU nang" (56).
Nhin chung, mUc binh phat doi vdi quan
Iai la'y tang vat ciia pham nhan tU tui nhe
hdn so vdi tpi nhan hdi Id ndi ehung,
4. D u n g do c o n g l a m viec tU