OUAN VA DAN NGHE AN V6l VIEC THl/C HIEN
NHIEM vy OUOC TE 6 LAO TRONG KHANG CHIEN
CHONG THl/C DAN PHAP (1945-1954)

BUI VAN H A O '

T

rong cudc khang chiln chd'ng thflc dSn
Phap xam Ifldc (1945-1954), nha't 1^
trong chidn cudc Ddng Xuan 1953-1954 va
chidn dich Uch s i Dien Bien P h i , quan va
dan Nghd An da hoan thanh xu&'t sic nhiem
vu cung cfip sic ngfldi, sflc cua cho cac chidn
trfldng trong nfldc, ddng thdi the hidn tinh
th^n qud'c te' cao ca thdng qua vide ung hd,
giip dd each m?ng Lao. Vdi tinh t h i n "giip
ban Ik giip minh", quHn va dSn Nghd An v i a
phra hdp chat che vdi Iflc Ifldng vu trang each
mang Lao trong chiln dfi^u vli phuc vu chidn
dfiu, vfla tao moi dieu kien cho cac cd quan,
don vi cia Pathit Llio sd tan sang hoat ddng.
Sfl phd'i hdp chiln d&'u, phuc vu chidn
dfiu cua quan vli dan Nghd An vdi lfle Ifldng
vu trang each m^ng Lao diln ra ngay sau
khi Cach m^ng thang Tam d Vidt Nam va
Khdi nghia gilinh chinh quyln d Lao gianh
thang ldi. Trong khi nhan dan hai nudc
dang han hoan m i n g ehid'n thfing, quan
Phfip da quay trd lai chiem cac vi tri quan
trong tren true dfldng 7 noi liln Nghd An

"giip dd ddn vi v i trang tuyen truydn cua
Lao do cac dng Thao Bun, Thao Phan chi
huy trd lai boat ddng d khu vuc Mudng
Ngan, Mfldng Mdc" (3).
Sang nam 1947, tinh Nghd An tich cue
chuan hi hau cfl cho cd quan Dang, chinh
quyln va Qufin dpi Pathet Lao sd tan sang
hoat ddng. Vdi sU giup dd cua chinh quyen


Rghien cihi Lich s i . s6 5.8015
va nhan dan cac huydn miln Tay Nghd An,
Pathet Lao da td chic thanh cdng Dai hdi
thanh lap Uy ban van ddng ddc lap Lao
phfldng Ddng (Uy ban giai phdng Ddng Lao)
(4).
Thang 5-1948, dfldi su chi dao true tid'p
cia Phdng Biln chinh Lidn khu IV, Tinh i y
Nghd An thanh lap 3 Tnmg dpi di tham gia
vao 2 Dai dpi vu trang tuydn truyin ^ a i dpi
210 va Dai dpi 219) lam nhiem vu dam bao
dfldng giao hen quoc te bi mat, xay dflng can
cfl dia Ddng Nam Xieng Khoang vfi hoat ddng
tuydn truyin d Mfldng Md, Mfldng Dfldng,
Mfldng Bo, Mudng Nghia... (5). Cung trong
thdi gian nfiy, trln cd sd huy dpng nhan luc
vfi vfit luc tai Thanh Hda, Nghp An, Ha "Hnh,
Ban cfin sU Dang va Trung dofin Tnmg Lao
dfldc thanh lfip. Trung doan nfiy sau dd da trd
thfinh luc lUdng ndng cdt trong cac cudc chidn

chfla cd dfi'u chan ngfldi, thdi tilt lai h i t s i c
khfie nghidt. D l hoan thfinh nhipm vu
Trung fldng giao, tinh Nghd An da cfi'p tdc
huy ddng 72.940 Ifldt dfin cdng s i a c h i a
170 km dudng, lam hdn 100 clu phao, clu
tam trdn tuye'n dudng sd 7 t i P h i Dien
(Diln Chau) ldn Dd Lfldng, ldn Mfldng Xdn
sang Lfio" (13). Sau khi tuyd'n Qud'c Id 7
sang Lfio da dUdc khai thdng, dudi su chi
dao trflc tie'p e i a Ban kim thd san tinh,
12.000 dfin cdng Nghe An, vdi 1.486 xe dap
tho vfi 1.066 thuyin, ca nd, theo dfldng so 7
va theo dpc sdng Lam v^n chuyin 740 tfi'n
gao, hfing nghin con trau bd, hang trfim tfi'n
mudi, ca khd, nfldc mfim va cfic hang hda
khfie phuc vu chie'n dich" (14). Ngay 20-51953, tinh Nghd An tie'p tuc huy ddng mdt
dpt dfin cdng gfinh bd gdm 12.700 ngfldi.
Dofin dan cdng da phai xe nui, xuyen rflng,
vflpt qua cac diem cao d Noong Hat, Ban
Ban, Phu Qu^c, Hoi Ca Nhom, Pha Phien...
de vfin chuydn Ifldng thflc, thflc phfim vfi vu
khi, dan dfldc sang Xidng Khoang. Tilu

dofin 195 va cfic Dai dpi 121, 123, bd dpi dia
phUdng c i a tinh cung dflpc dieu ddng sang
Xidng Khoang phuc vu vfi trflc tid'p chid'n
da'u tren dfi't Lfio (15).
Nghd An la mdt trong nhflng dia bfin hufi'n
luydn vfi diem xua't phfit tid'n cdng dich cia
cac ddn vi chu liic tham gia Chid'n dich

dem gui, ganh gao, mudi, sung dan dd phuc
vu bd dpi truy kich dich. Nhilu ndi dfin
cdng hda tuyen da phai trflc tilp chie'n dfi'u
vdi phi dl bao vd hang hda va thfldng binh.
Sau g i n mdt thang chid'n dfi'u, ngfiy 3-51953, Chiln dich Thfldng Lfio kd't thuc


nghign curu IJch s i . sd 5.2Q15
thfing ldi. Lien quan Viet - Lao da tidu diet
gin 2.800 si quan vfi binh linh, giai phdng
mpt v i n g rdng ldn khoang 35.000 km^ vdi
hdn 40.000 dan, gdm tinh Sam Nua, phan
ldn tinh Xidng Khoang vfi mdt p h l n tinh
Ludng Phrabang, trong dd cd khu vflc Nam
U, mdt khu vuc cd vi tri chie'n Ifldc quan
trpng vfi giau cd bfic nhfi't Tay Bfic Lfio (16).
Thing ldi c i a Chid'n dich Thfldng Lfio
khdng chi gdp p h l n lam tidu hao sinh Iflc
dich, md rdng can cfl dia cua khang chie'n
cua Lfio, mfi cdn nra hen cfin c i nfiy vdi hfiu
phfldng Thanh - Nghd - l l n h cia Viet Nam
thfinh mdt dai Udn hofin, tao dieu kien thufin
ldi cho cupc khfing chie'n ciia hai dfin tdc.
Dfinh gifi y nghia c i a chilh thang nay, ddng
chi Phumi Vdngvichit da khfing dinh: "Thfing
ldi cua chidn dich Thupng Lao la chien thang
cia tinh than vd san qudc td'cao ca, thfing ldi
cia tinh t h i n doan kd't gifla hai dfin tdc vfi
hai quan dpi Vidt-Lfio" (17). Trong thang ldi
ve vang dd cd si^ ddng gdp khdng nhd cia

Ifldng bp dpi tham gia chid'n dich gdm Trung
doan 66 cua Dai doan 304, Trung dofin 101
va Trung doan 18 cua Dai doan 325, cung
cfic ddn vi cua quan tinh nguydn Lidn khu 4
va mdt bd phfin quan giai phdng Lfio.
Chid'n dich Trung, Ha Lfio diln ra trdn
mdt dia bfin rdng, ydu clu v l hfiu cln rfi't
ldn, thdi gian c i a chid'n dich phai kdo dfii
tdi 6 thang. Trong khi dd, dl dam bao tinh
"bi mat, bfi't ngd", Bd chi huy chie'n dich chu
trUdng khdng td chic cac kho trung chuyan
trUdc, ndn cdng tfic hfiu cln rfi't gfi'p vfi gap
rfi't nhieu khd khfin. De dam bao cdng tfic
hfiu cln, Hdi ddng cung cfi'p mat trfin Lidn
khu IV do ddng chi Nguyin Vfin Thfin chi
huy da dieu ddng Iflc Ifldng dfin cdng hoa
tuyd'n Nghd An vfi Hfi Tinh tham gia phuc
vu chid'n dich. Dfldi sfl chi dao trflc tilp cua
Hdi ddng cung cfi'p mat trfin, dofin Dan
cdng Nghi An do ddng chi Dfldng Vfin Dfit
phu trfich dfi huy ddng 20.000 ngfldi, 1.500
xe dap thd, hdn 1.000 chile thuyin (19)
phdi hpp vdi Dofin Dan cdng tinh Ha Tinh
"vfin chuyen 4.600 tfi'n gao ldn Thanh
Luyen - Chu L l - Tan Ap - Xdm Cue, qua
dudng 15 len dfldng 12, t i dd theo cac ddn
vi bd ddi triln khai di vfio Trung Lfio" (20).
Cudi thfing 11-1953, chiln dich Tnmg
Lfio md man, tinh Nghe An tilp tuc huy
ddng 2.000 dan cdng ganh bd hoac vfin

Sau chid'n dich, nhilu tfip t h l vfi cfi nhfin cua
doan dfi dupc Dang vfi Nhfi nudc khen
thudng. Dai dpi Quynh Luu vinh dfl nhan la
cd "Thi dua lam trdn nhiem vu" c i a Chu tich
Hd Chl Minh va Huan chfldng khang chid'n
hang Nhi. Dai dpi Yen Thfinh vfi Dai ddi
Nghi Ldc dfldc tang thfldng Hufin chUdng
khfing chien hang Ba... (21).
Ngay 2-2-1953, Lien quan Vidt - Lfio da
tfi'n cdng tidu diet c i diem Pui, tap kich
Attapfl, tfl dd phat triln xud'ng Saravan, giai
phdng tofin bd cao nguyen Bdldven. Sau hdn
mdt thang lidn tuc chie'n dfi'u, Lidn quan Lfio
- Viet da loai khdi vdng chiln da'u 9.510 ten
dich, thu nhilu v i khi, giai phdng mdt khu
vflc rpng 16.000km^ vdi 600.000 dan (22).

Tuy nhidm vu chu ye'u lfi phuc vu bd dpi,
nhflng trong chidn dich nfiy, Iflc Ifldng dan
cdng va thanh nidn xung phong tinh Nghd
An da lap nhieu chie'n cdng xua't sfic tren
chie'n trudng. Ddng chi Hoang Sfim, Tu ldnh
Chid'n dich Trung, Ha Lao da danh gifi:
'T)an cdng khdng chi lfi luc lupng hung hfiu
vfin chuyen tie'p te, cflu nan, tai thfldng, ma
cdn la Iflc liTdng chie'n dfi'u nfla" (23).
Vdi thfing lpi cua Chid'n dich Trung, Ha
Lfio, k l hoach tfip trung qufin c i a Nava da
t i n g bfldc bi pha san, qufin Phfip budc phai
phan tfin lUc Ifldng ddi phd tren nhilu chiln

(15), (16), (18), (22). Bo Quoi; phong - Vi|n Lich
s i QuSn sU Viet Nam, Lich su: qudn tinh nguyin
Viet Nam trong cugc khdng chien chong thiic d&n
Phdp tai Ldo, Nxb. Quan doi Nhan dan, H i Noi,
tr. 289, 292, 297, 332.
(20), (21). Ban Nghien c i u lich sd Dang b?
Ngh? Tinh, Lich siC Ddng bg Nghe Tinh, Nxb.
Ngh? Tinh, 1989, tr. 278.
(24). H6 Chi Minh, 7^>'e>i tap, t i p 2. Nxb. S^
th§t, Hfi Noi, 1989, tr. 216.

VU MIE]^ (1718-1782).
(Tiep theo trang 21)
(11), (14), (32), (33), (36). Qucfc S i quan trieu
Nguyin: Khdm dinh

Viit su! thdng gidm

citang

muc, T.II, Sdd, tr. 51, 337, 614, 614-615, 723.
(18). Le Qui Don: Dgi Viet thdng sk

Sdd,

tr.190-211. Vien S i hoc: VUdng trieu Mgc (15271592), Nxb. Khoa hoc xa h3i, Hfi Noi, 1996. Nhd
Mac vd dbng hg Mac trong lich sii. Nhieu tac gia.
Vien S i hoc va Ban Nghien ciJtu Lich s i Hai Phong
xua't ban, 1996; Dinh Khde Thuan: Lick svt triiu
Mgc qua thU tick vd vdn bia, Nxb. Khoa hoc xa

(43), (44). Nguyen Hiiu Tam: Cao Xudn Due- vf
Tong tdi Quo'c s& qudn triiu Nguyin. T^p chi Khoa
hgc xd hdi Viqt Nam, so 6 (67), 2013, tr,90-91, 90.
(45), (46), (47). Quoc s i qufin trilu Nguyen: Dgi
Nam thUc luc, T. I. Nxb. Giao dye, Hfi Ngi, 2002,
tr. 842. 905. 826.
(48). Quoc a i q u a n trieu Nguyen: Dgi Nam
thuc luc, T. I. Sdd, tr. 828. Luc nfiy, vua Gia Long
m6i chi thfinh lfip S i cue, cho nen NguySn Van
Thanh dUdc ban giii chiic Tong tfii Sii cue vfi Pham
Nhu Dfing lfim Pho Tong tai S i cue, den thang 5
nfim 1820 nign hieu Minh Menh nfim thii nhSt,
ten goi Quo'c S i quan mdi chinh thiic xuS't hi^n
trong Quoc s i trilu Nguyin.


SUY NGHI VE Vj THE CUA PHONG TRAO TAP THE HOA NONG NGHIEP
MIEN BAG TRONG THOI KY CHONG MY, ClJfU NlTCTC (1954-1975) *>

NGUYfiN DINH hf

P

hong trfio tfip t h l hda san xufi't ndng
nghiep d miln Bfic dflpc phat ddng
tfl nfim 1958 vfi k i t thuc 3 nam cai tao xa
hdi chu nghia (1958-1960), ve cd ban phong
trao hpp tfic hda ndng nghidp da thfinh
cdng vdi khoang 75% ndng dan vfio lam an
tap thl.

cua cfic Iflc Ifldng tren d dd thi vfi vung
ddng bang vfio nam 1956, vung rflng niii
phia Bfic sud't tfl nam 1959 dd'n t^n nfim
1961... da thanh nhflng biln co lich sii...
Dac bilt tfl dau thap ki 1960, nd'u qufin dan
miln Bfic khdng canh gific, chinh tri xfi hoi
khdng d'n dinh, thi cudc chie'n tranh pha
hoai nhieu mfit ciia ke thfl, d^c bilt cua li^c
Iflpng bidt kich, gian diep se gay nhflng h^u
qua khdn ludng tai hfiu phfldng ciia cufic
khang chid'n chong My, cflu nfldc.
Nhan thflc sdm y nghia dd, sau nfim
1954, cdng tfie xfiy dflng an ninh trfit tfl o
mien Bfic ludn dfldc cung co. Trdn pham vi
miln Bac, viec cung co an ninh chinh tri vfi
trat tu xa hdi d vung ndng thdn cd vi tri
chid'n Ifldc vd ciing quan trpng. Bdi vi trflde
hd't, dan so ndng thdn vfio thdi gian nay
chie'm trdn 90% td'ng dan so miln Bfic (2).
Dfic bidt vung riing mii phia Bfic cd dfin cfl
thfla thdt (cd ndi 13 ngfldi/km^, ddi sdng


Buy nghi vi vj thg ciin phong trao tap the hda..
cua cfl dan d day cdn lac hfiu (mdt K do de
cac thd' lfle phan ddng gay phi trong nhflng
nam niia sau thap ki 1950). Hdn nfla,
dfldng bidn gidi trdn biln vfi dfi't lien cua
miln Bfic rfi't dfii, nd'u chi rieng Iflc lUdng
Vli trang mien Bac se khdng t h l kilm soat

quan tri hpp tfic xa san xufi't ndng nghidp.
Bdi vi lfi ddn vi nam cd sd vfit chfi't trong
tay, ndn cac boat ddng tren dlu Ifi'y nhan
luc vfi vd'n tfl hpp tac xa san xufi't ndng
nghilp. Vi le dd, cd t h l ndi d thdi ky fi'y, vi
tri ciia Chii nhidm hdp tac xa khdng kem vi

tri Chu tich Uy ban Nhfin dan, nd'u khdng
ndi cd p h i n nang can hdn.
Vide quan ly lao dpng trong cfic hpp tac
xa rfi't chat che vfi ciing vdi chinh sach bao
cfi'p, phan phd'i Ifldng thflc trong thdi chiln
da cd tfic dung dinh hudng hda tfl tfldng
moi nhfi, loai trfl dupc tinh vu ldi cua ndng
dan cfi thd - cai mfi the' Iflc chd'ng ddi cd t h l
ldi dung. Lao ddng tfip the theo td' dpi vfi
thfldng xuyen hpi hpp ciing cdng tfic quan li
hd khfiu - lao ddng chat che trong cac hdp
tac xfi da gdp phan triet tieu mdi trfldng
boat dpng cua luc lupng gian di$p bidt kich
cua Hoa Ki vfi chinh quyln Sfii Gdn tung ra
miln Bfic. Sinh boat, san xufi't (vfi nhilu
hdp tac xfi fin trfla tap thd) chung - dilu
chfla bao gid cd trong lich sfl Viet Nam, lai
thfi'm nhuan tfl tfldng "3 khdng", ndn mpi
thdng tin dd'n, qua dfl lufin dfim dao, de
trflde khi cd t h l lot ra ngofii, la ddn tuye'n,
mdt chilu ndn bao dam an tofin, bi mfit tdi
da cho dia phUdng va qud'c gia, Nd'u khac
di, fit phai tra gia. Bdi trong nhflng nam

chfi't cua ndng dfin hdm nay khfi hdn trflde
bpi phin, nhflng te nan xfi hdi tang gfi'p bdi
va nhieu nep sd'ng tdt dep cd phan dang
mai mdt.
2. Hdp t a c xa s a n xua't n o n g n g h i e p tnot yeu t o q u y e t d i n h xay diing t h a n h
cong h a u phi
thdi gian dfii, toan bd qufin dpi vidn chinh
ciia Hoa Ki vfi quan Sfii Gdn tfip trung giai
quylt nhiem vu sd'ng cdn lfi binh dinh ndng
thdn miln Nam. Trong khi dd, vfio luc cin
thilt, miln Bfic cd t h l huy ddng gin nhfl
tofin bd binh Iflc cua minh cho tiln tuyln.
Chinh phong trao hpp tfic xa san xufi't ndng
nghidp da dat nen mdng vflng chfic cho
cudc chid'n tranh nhan dan, t h i n thanh,
lau dai vfi bao dam an tofin hfiu phfldng.
Ciing cin ndi them rang, trdn 90% can
bp, chiln sy trong lfle Ifldng vu trang cfich
mang Viet Nam, chien dfi'u d miln Nam
hay mien Bfic, deu xufi't phfit tfl dia bfin
ndng thdn. NhQng ngUdi ndng dfin mfic fio
linh nfiy cd tinh t h i n chid'n dfi'u ngoan


Suy nghT ve vi the
Tdm lai, phong trfio hdp tac xa ndng
nghidp, phong trfio san xufi't tfip the cua
mien Bfic lfi mdt nhfin to cd ban gdp phan
dfinh thang giac My xfim Ifldc, giai phdng
miln Nam, du ban thfin phong trfio nfiy cd
nhiSng ban c h l thid'u sdt, nhfi't lfi md hinh
tfip thl. Song nhflng han c h l fi'y chfla bdc Id
hd't khilm khuylt ciia nd trong thdi ky
chd'ng My, cflu nfldc. Bdi trong nfim thfing
hfio hung dd, qui lufit ciia cupc chien tranh
fii qud'c Vl dai dfi tao dilu kidn khfich quan

thufin ldi phat huy tinh flu viet, mat manh
cua phong trfio tfip the, ddng thdi chi phdi,
kilm che khuyet tat cua nd.
Dfit phong trfio san xufit tfip the trong
khi the hfio hung cua cudc khfing chid'n ai
qud'c vi dai Iuc dd, ngfldi xa vien san xufi't
ndng nghidp tuy khdng cd ddng lfle kinh t l
manh, nhflng cd ddng Iflc chinh tri sau sfic:
Mdi ngfldi lfim vide bang hai" vi miln Nam
rudt thit. Hdp tfic xa san xufi't ndng nghidp
da hun due, nfing cao tinh t h i n ydu nfldc
qufit cfldng cua bfi con ndng dfin.
Ngfiy nay, md hinh hdp tac xfi nong
nghidp da khfie thdi ky chdng My, cflu nfldc.
Mat khac boi canh qudc te, khu vflc ciing
dang d^t ra nhieu va'n de trong cdng cupc
xay dflng va bao ve Td qud'c. Chfic hfin nhieu
bfii hpc trong viec xfiy dflng chd' dp mdi, con

xfi ndng nghidp thfing lpi se d i y manh sU nghiep

xufi't ndng nghiep; Thang 4-1960, Ban Bi thil ra

thfl'ng nhfi't nU6c nhfi. Dang Cdng s i n Vi^t Nam:

chi thj chi dao cfic dia phUdng gfin cung c6 h^p

Vdn kien Ddng, todn tap, tdp 20 (1959). Nxb.

tac xfi vdi cai tien ki thufit, d^y m^nh san xufi't;

Chinh tri Quoc gia. Hfi Noi, 2002, tr. 367.

Thfing 6-1960, Ban bi thU neu phUdng chfim cho

(2). Tinh den ngfiy 1-3-1960, tofin mien Bfic co

phong trfio san xu^t tfip the lfi ciing co h(;p tfic xfi

19.900.000 ngudi, trong d6 nong dan ehilm 90,4%

san xufi't ndng nghidp la ctiinh; Thang 8-1960,

dfin so. Theo Tong eye Thong kd. Sd'lieu thong ki

Ban Bi thU neu phUdng cham eung co h^p tfic xa

(3 ndm cdi tgo kinh te, phdt triin vdn hoa cUa nUdc