B. PHẦN ÔN TẬP CỤ THỂ
PART ONE : PHONETICS
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1. The vowel sounds:
There are 20 vowels in the English language, 12 of them are pure vowels (single vowels), and
the left eights dipthongs (combination of two vowels).
- The 12 pure vowels: / I - i: /, / e - æ/, / o - o:/, / Λ - a: /, / u - u:/, / ∂ - з/.
- The 8 dipthongs: / ei - ai - oi /, / au - u /, / i∂ - e∂ - u∂/

Practical Exercises
Ex1: Classify /i:/ and /I/:
Evening, tin, easy, eat, it, jean, since, this, meat, teach, film, interesting, tea, sea, seen,
sit, seat, minute, fifty, cheese, chinese, free, three, be, she, pleased…
Ex 2: Classify /a:/ and / Λ /:
Cut, cup, cart, card, done, come, mar, march, must, darn, last, lust, heart, harm, hut,
much, calm, farm…
Ex 3: Classify /u:/ and / u/:
Look, cook, book, soot, shoot, pull, pool, could, shoe, suit, stood, stewed, to, too, wooed,
wood, food, cool…
Ex 4: Classify / æ / and / e /:
Dad, dead, man, many, mad, any, at, sat, head, hand, fan, can, land, dense, send, set, met,
letter, stretch, fed, catch…
Ex 5: Classify / o: / and / o / :
Corn, cord, copy, swan, sworn, sod, soared, shot, stock, talk, spot, sport, chalk, shock,
loss, got, caught, bought…
Ex 6: Classify / з / and / ∂/:
Her, teacher, heard, shirt, first, fur, stir, prefer, refer, occur, skirt, hurt, learn, today, sir,
sister, brother…
Ex 7: Classify / au / and / ∂u /:
Now, no, show, how, hoe, loud, load, tone, town, couch, know, noun, known, foal, fowl,

See, seat, please, measure, mouse, pass, mass, bags, close, has, sum, sick, tease, sues,
rise, lays, eyes…
3. The consonant clusters:
3.1. / s / + / p, t, k, f, m, n, w, j /
Spy, stay, sky, smile, snow, sleep, swear, suit, speak,…
3.2. / p / + / l, r, j /:
Plough, play, proud, pray, pure, puritant,…
3.3. / t / + / r, w, j /:
Tree, try, twin, twice, tune, tunic,…
3.4. / k / + / l, r, w, j /:
Clerk, clay, crown, cry, quite, quick, cure, curious,…
3.5. / b / + / l, r ,j /:
Blind, blow, blown, brown, bring, brick, beauty, bureau,….
3.6. / g / + / l, r /:
Glass, glance, grass, grow,…
3.7. / d / + / r, w, j /:
Draw, dress, dwell, dwinkle, duty, duke,…
3.8. / f / + / l, r, j /:
Fly, flat, free, frozen, few, fuse,…
3.9. / θ / + / r, w /:
Throw, throat, thwart, thwack,…
3.10. / v / + / j /:
View, viewer,…
3.11. / ∫ / + / r /:
Shrink, shriek,…
3.12. / m / + / j /:
Music, mule,…
3.13. / n / + / j /:



cheep
chews choose site
cite sight cord
coarse
days daze
dear
dough
fair
fare
feat

fough
gneiss
t
hair
hare
hear
here
hire
horse hoarse
lock
loch
law
male
mail
meat meet mete mite
naught nought
night knight
no
or

tail
tale
threw
too
would

four

two
wood

fort

warn
yoke

worn
yolk

way
your

PART TWO

ate
been
cheap
chord
deer
feet

knot
pear
pair pare
key
quay
rowed road rode
sent scent cent

sort
throug
h
weigh
yore

sew
stare

sow
stair

tied

tide

week
wore

weak
war


Usually on the root syllables with words having suffixes or prefixes: become, react, foretell,
unpleasant, disorder, peaceful, kindness, scientist,…
(But: foresight, forecast, unkeep)
1.3. Usually on the sound of “ate”, “ize”, “ise”, “fy”: dictate, surprise, defy,…
2. For words with more than 2 syllables:
Usually on the 3rd syllables from the end: family, cinema, regular, singular, international,
satisfactory,…
Usually on the 3rd last syllables with words ending in “ate”, “ize”, “ise”, “fy”, “logy’, “logist”,
“cracy”, “ility”: recognize, demonstrade, qualify, psychology, biologist, biology, democracy,
responsibility…
Usually on the 2nd syllables from the end with words ending in “ian”, “ience”, “ient”, “al”, “ial”,
“ual”, “eous”, “ious”, “iar”, “tion”, “sion’: physician, experience, expedient, parental, essential,
habitual, courageous, dilicious, familiar,…
(Except for: Television)
Usually on the suffixes “ese”, “ee’, “eer”, “ier”, “ette”, “ade”, “esque”: Portugese, refugee,
employee, engineer, volunteer, adequade, picturesque, cigarette,…
3. Others rules:
3.1. Words having more than one function:
Noun
Verb
Noun
Verb
rebel
rebel
conflict
conflict


progress
progress


PART THREE : VOCABULARY
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I.

Nouns (n):

1. Definition: To call out the names of things, objects, actions, or movements…
2. Functions:
Subject (S): Gender of a verb (A teacher usually works at school)
Object (O): Follow verbs or prepositions (He buys some cakes for his birthday party)
Complement (C): Make the coplementation (She was a famous singer)
Compounds (Co): Summer holiday, birthday cakes,…
Possessive cases (Pc): the boss’s car, his teacher’s remarks,…
Noun phrases (Np): Free words combination or compounds
3. Plural forms:


Adding “s” to almost count-nouns:
singular
plural
singular
plural
a table
tables
an apple
apples
a student
students

a torch
torches
a potato
potatoes
a tomato
tomatoes
a box
boxes
3.3. Adding “ies” to the count-nouns that end in “y” with its preceding consonants:
singular
plural
singular
plural
a lorry
lorries
a lady
ladies
a story
stories
3.4.

Adding “ves” to the count-nouns that end in “f, fe”:
singular
plural
singular
plural
a wife
wives
a leaf
leaves

3.7. Always plural form-nouns:
clothes
police
breeches
pants
pyjamas
trousers
scissors
pliers (kìm) binoculars glasses
scales
shears (kéo cắt
arms
damages
earnings
cỏ)
goods
greens (vegetable) outskirts
savings
pains (trouble, effort)
spirits
surroundings
stairs
valuables athletics
ethics
mathematics
physics
politics
3.8. Unchange the names of creatures: deer, sheep,carf, cod, pike, plaice, salmon, squid,
trout, turbot (these nouns can take either singular or plural verbs)


courage
death
experience
fear
help
Hope
horror
information
knowledge
mercy
Pity
relief
suspicion
4.3. Others:
baggage
camping
damage
furniture
luggage
parking
shopping
Work
weather
4.4. Notes: Particular sense of uncount nouns:
4.4.1. a help: A great help to + O (He gave a great help to our family)
4.4.2. a relief: A relief to + V (That gave me a relief to continue my study)
4.4.3. a knowledge: A good/ bad knowledge of + N (Pete has got a good knowledge of
history)
4.4.4. a dislike / dread / hatred / horror / love of + …(He had a great love for funny
stories)

II. Adjectives (adj):
1. Kinds (Classification):
Main kinds:
a. Demonstrative: this, that, those, these.
b. Distributive: each, every, either, neither.
c. Quantitative: some, any, no, little, few, many, much, numbers.
d. Interrogative: which, what, whose.
e. Possessive: my, your, his, her, our, its, their
f. Quality: clever, dry, fat, golden, heavy,…
Participles:
a. present: ING-form boring, interesting, exciting,…(for objects)
b. past: ED-form broken, tired, bored,…(for human-beings)
c. Notes: Present participles are different from gerund
e.g He was fishing./ His hobby is fishing.
2. Functions (Position):
2.1. Noun-subordinator: a new book, a kind lady, a large room,…
2.2. Verb-complementation: Follow the certain verbs as be, become, seem appear, feel,
get, grow (become), keep, look (appear), make, smell, sound, taste, turn,…
But some verbs can take either an adjective or an adverb:
Eg: - He looks calm (=He himself is calm)
- He looks calmly at the angry crowd (= He shows no attitude to the angry crowd)
- He turned pale (= He became pale)
- He turned angrily to the man behind (=He was angry with the man behind)
- The soup tasted horrible (= The soup was not delicious itself)
- They tasted the soup suspiciously (= They thought there was something wrong with the soup)
3. Comparison forms:
3.1. Positive degree:
as + adjs + as
Eg: - She is as tall as my wife.
- Peter was as hard-working as I was (me).

Sillier
the silliest
good
Better
the best
bad
Worse
the worst
far
farther/ further
the farthest/ furthest
little
Less
the least
many / much
More
the most
old
older/ elder
the oldest/ eldest
3.4. Parallel: - “The…..the”: The older she gets, the wiser she become.
- And: It’s getting darker and darker.
She has now more and more free time.
- Gerunds/ infinitives: Riding a horse is not as easy as riding a bike.
It’s nicer/ better/ more fun to go with someone than to go
alone
3.5. Like/ alike: Tom is very like Bill.
Tom and Bill are alike.
3.6. Like/ as: He swims like a fish.
You look like a ghost.

Special cases:
- Due: (time) >The race is due to start in 5 minutes.
- Due to: a result of >The accident was due to his carelessness.
- Owing to: because of >owing to his carelessness, we had an accident.
- Certain/ sure + to V= opinion >He is sure to take legal action.
- Certain/ sure that + (clause) = opinion >I am certain that the price will be higher.
- Certain/ sure/ confident of + N/G: He was sure of entering the haunted house.
- Bound + to V= obligation > We were bound to leave.
- Afraid/ ashamed of + N/G: She was afraid of being left alone.
- Sorry for/ about + N/G: Tom felt sorry for making so many mistakes.
- Afraid/ ashamed/ sorry + to V: I’m sorry to tell you that bad news.
- Anxious about = worried He was anxious about going in the dark alone.
- Anxious for O to V = wish He was anxious for you to go in the dark alone.
- Anxious that + (clause) We are anxious that we couldn’t come.
- Fortunate/ lucky that +(clause) = It’s a good thing…It was lucky that we
weren’t late.
- S + be fortunate/ lucky to V She was lucky to have such an interesting book.
- Possible/ probable/ likely + future = perhaps It’s possible that man will live longer.
- Aware/ conscious of N/G We should be aware of protecting our nature.
- Aware/ conscious + that +(clause) She was concious that she would be late.
5. Suffixes:
able/ ible/ ish/ ed/ ing/ ful/ less/…: talkable, visible, whitish, bored, amusing, careful, hopeless,…
y/ ly/ en/ ese/ ous/ al/ ive/…: wealthy, manly, golden, chinese, poisonous, logical, effective,…
ade/ ate/ ent/ wide/ ic/ ist/…: adequade, humanate, dependent, worldwide, domestic, communist,
…
like/ style/ type/…: childlike, Romantype, Germanstyle,…
Nationality:
a. an: American, Venezuelan, German, Mxican, African,…
b. ese: Chinese, Vietnamese, Portugese, Sudanese, Lebanese,…
c. i: Pakistani, Iraqui, Israeli, Yemeni, Saudi,…

The female film star drove him mad.
3. Affixations:
en: added to nouns or adjectives (mean make, or lead to )
e.g. danger…….to endanger
wide……....to widen
courage……to encourage
lenghth……to lenghthen
rich………..to enrich
broad ……..to broaden
ize/ ise: added to nouns or adjectives (mean make, or develop, or specify)
e.g. modern……to modernize
industrial….to industrialize
maximum….to maximize
capital……..to capitalise
natural……..to naturalize
minimum….to minimize
4. Sentence models:
4.1. S + Vintrans:
e.g. They laugh/ The wind is blowing.
4.2. S + Vmonotrans + O:
e.g. He did his homework/ Harlay carried an umbrella.
4.3. S + Vin/ extensive + Cs: e.g. He became famous/ They are nearly exhausted.
4.4. S + Vintrans + A:
e.g. He went abroad/ She arrives late.
4.5. S + Vditrans + O + O:e.g. She buys me presents/ That brings my father success.
4.6. S + Vcomplex trans + O + C: e.g. The story made me bored/ You drive me mad.


4.7. S + Vintrans + A + A:


high*
ill
just*
kindly
late*
left
little
long
low
Much*
more*
near*
pretty
right*
Short*
till
straight
well
wrong*
Most*
Note: Adv* can either have “ly” or not, but differences in meanings.
3. Positions (Functions):
Adv of manner:
Follow verbs:
e.g: He danced gracefully.
Before prepositions or follow objects in “V + pre + O”:
e.g: He looked at me carefully.
He looked carefully at me.
Follow S:
e.g: He suspiciously tasted the soup.

Neither…nor
Never
No sooner…than Not only
Not till
Nowhere
On no account
Only by
Only in this way
Only then/ when Scarely ever
Scarely…when
Seldom/ so

PART FOUR : Tenses
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I. The tenses:

A. The simple present tense:
1. The form:

{+} S + V
{-} S + don’t/ doesn’t + V
{?} Do/ Does + S + V?
2. The usage: - To denote actions that happened repeatedly. (She never comes late)
- To denote long lasting events.(We live in Concord st)
- To denote a true fact. (The earth moves around the Sun)
3. The recognition: - now/ nowadays/ today/ this summer/…
- always/ usually/ often/ sometimes/ occasionally/…
- the proof of constant truth.
4. Notes: - To denote a plan/ prediction/ timetables/… (The train leaves at 9.00)

- To denote past actions having no certain time expression, using “already”.
(We have already seen that film)
3. The recognition: - just = recently = lately.
- ever/ never (comments)
- already/ yet/ since/ for/ so far/ until now/ up to now (present).
4. Notes: - Past participles: + regular verbs adding “ed”.
+ irregular verbs “learn by heart”
- The differences between the present perfect and the simple past tense.
- The present perfect progressive is used to denote past actions “happening”, or “will
happen”. The tense is often related to the verbs: live/ learn/ wait/ work/ study/… .
The form is “S + have/ has + been + V-ING”

D. The simple past tense:
1. The form:

{+} S + V-ed (V - ed = the past form of verbs)
{-} S + didn’t + V
{?} Did + S + V?
2. The usage: - To denote a finished past action. (We went to the park together)
- To report past events, past habits, or long lasting action in the past. (She did all
the work yesterday./ We used to sit next to each other.)
3. The recognition: - last week/ month/ year/…
- yesterday/ ago/ in 1969/ in the past/…
4. Notes: - The past form of the verbs: + regular “V-ED”
+ irregular (2nd column in the irregular verbs list)
- “ED” pronunciation /id/; /t/; /d/.


E. The past progressive tense:
1.

{+} S + had + past participles
{-} S + had not (hadn’t) + PP
{?} Had + S + PP?
The usage: - To denote past finished actions that happened and finished before a certain
point of time or another past event (the past of the past tense).
e.g: She had sold all the baskets before 9.00 yesterday.
She had sold all the baskets when we came there yesterday.
The recognition: - when-clause/ after/ before/ already/ since/ for/…
- The past perfect progressive “S + had been + V-ING”

G. The simple future tense:
1. The form:

{+} S + will + V
{-} S + will + V
{?} Will + S + V?
- “shall” is restrictedly used only for I/We with the formal senses.
- The negative forms “will not = won’t”.
2. The usage: - To denote future actions. (They will build more hospitals)
- To denote future plan/ idea/ timetable/…(The car will start in time)
3. The recognition: - someday, tomorrow,…
- next week/ month/ year/..
4. Notes:
- “ shall” is used as a suggestion/ invitation/….

H. Various forms of the future tenses:
1. The future progressive tense:
1.1. The form:
{+} S + will be + V-ING
{-} S + won’t be + V-ING


THE SEQUENCES OF TENSES:

Main clause
Simple present tense.

Simple past tense

Present perfect tense
Past perfect tense

Subordinate clause
-

simple present tense.
present perfect tense.
present progressive tense.
simple future tense.
“be going to V” form.
simple past tense (certain point of past time).
simple past tense.
past progressive tense.
past perfect tense.
“would + V” form.
“be going to + V” past form.
simple present tense (showing the truth).
Simple present tense.
Simple past tense.

III. the adverbial clauses:

Pronunciation: using stresses and intonation.
e.g. Are you free?
Really?
Written forms (transformation): e.g. She could hardly understand.
~Hardly could she understand.
2. Styles:
Verbs: do/ does/ did + bare infinitives
e.g. He visited us yesterday. ~ He did visit us yesterday.
Hoa loves romantic films. ~ Hoa does love romantic films.
Adjectives: It is/was + adjs + to infinitives.
e.g. + Knowing your limitation is important. ~ It’s important to know…
+ He found that learning English was difficult. ~ He found that it was …
Reflexive pronouns: myself/ yourself/ himself/ herself/ itself/ ourselves/ …
e.g. She did it.
~ She herself did it.
He thought that. ~ He himself thought that.
Emphasis case: It is/ was …that …(cleft sentences)
e.g. I hated him.
~ It was him who I hated.
I need a replacement not others. ~ It is a replacement, not others that I need.
Inversion case: here/ restricted adverbs
e.g. He could never find out the truth. ~ Never could he find out the truth.
We seldom eat snails.
~ Seldom do we eat snails.

II-

QUANTITIERS:

1. Single verbs agreements:

e.g. Tom and his friends were walking to school.
“the + adj(s)” form:
e.g. The English are cool. The rich are not always happy.
collective nouns:
e.g. Cattle are driven to the field.
some/ a few/ a lot of/ both/…
e.g. Some boys are resigned.
3. Various agreements:
3.1. Either
or
Neither + N1 nor
+ N2 + V
Not only
but also
e.g. Either Tom or his friends are coming.
Neither the Prime Minister nor his ministers have been injured.
3.2. The number of + N(s) + singular V
A number of + N(s)
+ plural V
e.g. The number of attendants is poor.
A number of visitors are killed.
3.3. Pronoun1/ N1 + pre + pronoun2/ N2 + singular V.
e.g. A pair of shoes is cheaper than a table.
Two pairs of shoes is much more expensive than a table.
3.4. All/ some/ plenty / a lot
singular N(s) + singular V
Half/ most/ the rest/ lots + of + plural N(s) + plural V
e.g. A lot of money is lost.
All of them have been arrested.


enjoy
escape
finish
keep
mention
mind
postpone
prefer
miss
practice
quit
recall
report
resent
Resist
recollect
resume
rish
suggest…
time counting
Object (O):
Direct objects: Follow these certain verbs
Verb preposition:
Approve of
Apologize for
Believe in
Count on
Care for
Complain of
Confess to


Absorbed in
Annoy at
Careful in
Content with
Far from
Given to
Interested in
Responsible
for
Skilled in (at)

Accustomed to
Ashamed of
Careless of
Delighted at
Fond of
Good at
Keen on
Right in

Afraid of
Aware of
Certain about
Different from
Fortunate in
Grateful for
Nice about
Scared at (of)



Successful in
(at)
Upset at

Worried about

Adjective preposition:
Idiom phrases: (phrases of words that have literal meanings)
- can’t bear; can’t face; can’t stand; can’t help; feel like….
- It’s no use.../ It’s (not) worth…/…
Adjectives:
amusing
comfortable difficult
easy
Great
hopeless
lovely
Nice
off
Pleasant
strange
useless
wonderful…
Noun preposition:
Choice of
Excuse for
Possibility of Intention of
Reason for
Method

e.g. My parent didn’t let me do what I really liked.
Perfect infinitive: Form “have past participles”
e.g. He was believed to have escaped from the prison.
2. Position:
Follow the verbs below:
Agree
Arrange
Ask
Attempt
Care
Cease
Choose
Claim
Continue
Decide
Deserve
Demand

Begin
Come
Determine

Desire
Expect
Fail
Fear
Forget
Hate
Help
Hesitate

Follow the adjectives below:
(un)able
afraid
amused
annoyed
anxious
ashamed
astonished
boring
careful
certain
content
crazy
curious
dangerous
delighted
determined
difficult
distressed
due
eager
easy
hard
fortunate
free
frightened
furious
good
glad
grateful


Follow nouns pronouns of the verbs below:
Advise
Allow
Ask
Assume
Beg
Believe
Cause
Challenge
Command
Compel
Consider
Enable
Encourage
Expect
Find
Forbid
Force
Get
Guess
Hate
Imagine
Instruct
Intend
Invite
Know
Lead
Like
Love


1. Either infinitives or gerunds:
stop:
a. stop + to infinitives (= stop this work to start the other work)
e.g. He stops to smoke. (He stops his work and starts smoking)
b. stop + gerunds (= to give up a habit )
e.g. He stops smoking (He no longer smokes)
try:
a. try + to infinitives (= manage successfully to do)
e.g. He tried to lift the case. (He managed to lift the case and succeeded)
b. try + gerunds (= to experience)
e.g. He tried lifting the case. (He wanted to know whether he could lift it)
remember:
a. remember + to infinitives (= to make oneself aware of a task)
e.g. He remembered to lock the door. (He had to lock the door)
b. remember + gerunds (= to assure oneself a fulfilled task)
e.g. He remembered locking the door. (He was sure that he had locked the door)
forget:
a. forget + to infinitives (= to miss a task)
e.g. Sam forgot to buy food. (Sam didn’t buy food)
b. forget + gerunds (= the fulfilled task is forgotten)
e.g. Sam forgot buying food. (He bought food but he didn’t remember)
regret:
a. regret + to infinitives (not want to do this task)


e.g. Kim regretted to say the truth. (He didn’t want to say the truth but he had to)
b. regret + gerunds ( the task is done unexpectedly)
e.g. Kim regretted saying the truth.(He said and he regretted what he’d done)
2. Would:

We might go to the park if it were Sunday today.
uncertain speculation:
e.g. It could/ may/ might rain tomorrow.
It will possibly rain tomorrow.
perhaps/ maybe:
e.g. Perhaps he won’t come.
Maybe it will rain tomorrow.
8. Should:
command; request; obligation:
e.g. You should study harder.


She should bring along an umbrella.
an expectation/ a wish:
e.g. My letter should arrive next week.
9. Speculations/ deduction:
could/ may/ might + have + P.P: Past possibility

PART FIVE

THE PASSIVE VOICE
A sentence can be either in active or passive voice. We use an active verb when the subject
performs the action. When the subject receives the action, we use a passive verb
( the subject is what the action is directed at )
I/ Form: Be + VPII
II/ How to change an active sentence into a passive sentence
To change an active sentence into a passive , we follow these steps:
1) Change the object of the active sentence into the subject of the passive sentence, and
place it at the beginning of the passive sentence.
Active: The workers

- The subject ( the project) is singular so the form of be is singular (has been)
Passive: The project
S

has been
V


3) Place the main verb from the active sentence after the verb be and this main verb must be
in the past participle form
Active: The workers

have finished

the project

V

O

S

- The main verb Finish is in the Present Perfect so the past participle finish is placed after the
present perfect form of be (has been)
Passive: The project

has been finished

S


Note:
1. The step 4 can be eliminated if the subject of the active sentence is not necessary to refer to
or is understood.
(A): People grow rice in Vietnam
(P): Rice is grown in Vietnam
2. If there are any auxiliaries in the active sentence, place them immediately after the subject in
the passive sentence, then insert the verb be ( in the same form as the main verb in the active
sentence) after the auxiliary.
(A): Lightening can cause a fire.
(P): A fire can be caused by a lightening
3. Adverbs of place in the active sentence are often put in front of “ by + the agent “ in the
passive sentence.
(A): A passer - by took him home .
(P): He was taken home by a passer - by
4. Adverbs of time in the active sentence are often put after “ by + the agent “ in the passive
sentence.
(A): We will receive the gifts on Monday
(P): The gifts will be received by us on Monday