VAI TRO CUA VAN HOA TON GIAO
DOI v o l DOI SONG TINH THAN VIET NAIM HIEN NAY
Va Dire Chinli (Hba thuang Thicli Thanh Nliieu)

van boa tdn giao thudc ITnh vyc van hda tam linh, la mot Ihanh to cua van hda
finh than ndi chung, xep ben eanh cac ITnh vyc van hda chinh tri, van hda tu tudng.
van hda khoa hge, van hda nghe thuat, van hda giao due, van hda tham my...
Ddi sdng linh than cua xa hdi va ddi sdng vat chat la hai boat ddng sdng coban eiia con ngudi. Khai niem ddi sdng linh than xa hdi bao gdm loan bg hien lb ye
tinh than eiia xa hdi gdm ca y Ihiie ea nhan, y Ihuc ciia cac tap doan ngudi. Ddi
sdng tinh than bao ham loan bg qua Irinh san xuat, phan phdi, tieu diing cac gia tri
tinh than; la tdng hda tat ca cac hien tugng tinh than, trong do ed nhung hien tugng
da trd thanh phd bien, ed hien tugng mcVi phdi thai dang trong qua Irinh hinh Ihanh,
ddng thai ed ca nhiing hien tugng cG tdn tai vdi tu each la tan du eiia xa hdi.
Van hda ton giao ddng vai trd het sue quan trgng trong ddi sdng van hda tinh
than Viet Nam. VcVi tu each la mot thanh Id cua kien triic Ihugng tang, van hda ton
giao ludn ed sy tac ddng trd lai hien Ihyc, cai da san sinh ra no, dap ung nhiing khat
vgng eiia eon ngudi. Van hda tdn giao tao nen nhiing gia tri, thiie day va lam phong
phii ddi sdng van hda tinh than ciia xa hdi; song ddi khi ciing ed nhung can trd ddi
vdi xa hdi.
La mot qude gia da tdn giao, ben canh nhiing tdn giao n()i sinh nhu dao Cao
Dai, Hda Hao, Viet Nam eon ed nhinig ton giao du nhap tu ben ngoai vao nhu Phal
giao, Cong giao. Tin Lanh, Hdi giao... Cac tdn giao d Viet Nam ludn tdn tai song
hanh cung lich su dan toe, da ed nhung ddng gdp tich eye nhal dinh cho nen van
hda, gdp phan tao nen ban sac van hda ddc dao eiia dan tdc Viet Nam.
Bude sang thdi ky hdi nhap, Dang, Nha nude la da nhin nhan lai vai ird cua tdn
giao ddi vdi ddi sdng xa hc)i, nhat la ddi vdi ddi sdng finh than: "Tdn giao la van de
con tdn tai lau dai. Tin nguang, tdn giao la nhu eau tinh than eiia mot be) phan nhan
dan. Dao due tdn giao ed nhieu dieu phu hgp vdi edng cude xay dung xa hdi mdi"'.
ThS., Pho Chu tich Thudng true Hoi dong trj sir Trung uang Giao hoi Phal giao Viet Nam.
1. Nghi quyet 24- NQ/TW ngay 16 - 10 - 1990 cua Bo Chinh tri ve Tdng cuang cdng tdc tdn
giao trong tinh hinh mdi.

cung la gdp phan vao viec eanh tinh, nhae nhd nhan loai hay doan kel bao ve nen hoa
binh chung, tdn trgng quyen duge sdng va quyen ty chii ciia mdi qude gia.
Nhu vay, ed the thay trai qua qua trinh lieh su lau dai tdn tai va phal Iricn d
Viet Nam, Phat giao da duge bd sung, lam mdi bang nhieu gia tri van hda ciia dan
462


VAI TRQ CUA VAN H6A TON GIAO. ..

tdc Viet Nam. Phat giao cQng da gdp phan ciing ed, duy tri va chuyen lai cac gia tri
van hda Iruyen thdng Viet Nam. Nhirng gia tri van hda tmyen thdng ay chinh la mot
phan quan trgng trong nen lang van hda linh than Viet Nam, de dan tdc la lien hanh
xay dyng mot nen van hda lien lien, dam da ban sac dan tdc trong thdi dai mdi va
xay dung mot dat nude Viet Nam dan giau, nude manh, xa hdi dan chu, van minh.
Mue dich eiia nude ta hien nay la dao tao duge nhiing eon ngudi ed day du
ea lai lan due. Chii tich Hd Chi Minh da ndi: neu ehi ehii y den "cai tai" ma quen di
"cai due" thi ehi la ke pha hoai. Nguge lai, ed due ma khdng cd tai thi lam viec gi
ciing khd. Cho nen, edng viec dao tao ngudi tai gidi phai gan lien vdi viec giao due
luan ly dao due. Vi the, theo tdi, khdng ed gi tdi ban la bao tdn, phal buy cac gia tri
luan ly, dao due Iruyen thdng. Trong dd, nhiing ddng gdp ciia Phat giao cho nen
luan ly dao due eiia ngudi Viet ndi rieng, eiia dan tdc Viet Nam ndi chung, trong
lich su va hien tai dang duge Iran trgng, ty hao va can phai gin giir.
2. Anh hudng ciia van hoa Cdng giao den van hoa tin nguong va luan ly
dao diic nguoi Viet
Cu dan ngudi Viet d ddng bang Bae Bd vdn trong tang sau cua nd ed chua
dyng van hoa tin ngudng, tdn giao vdi tinh chii dao la tam giao (Nho giao, Phat
giao, Dao giao). Cho den the ky XVI, trong tang van hoa Viet chua ehiu sy anh
hudng ciia Cdng giao. Tu the ky XVll, Cdng giao dan dan ben re vao van hoa ciia
eu dan ngudi Viet. Do nhieu nguyen nhan, trong thdi ky dau, boat ddng Iruyen giao
vao Viet Nam het sue cham chap, sue lan tda khdng Idn va chi phat trien ehii yeu

lam thue thd Mau, mot loai hinh fin ngudng dan gian ed tu lau ddi va la hinh lluic
tin ngudng dan gian sdm nhat, cd sue sdng nhat va tdn lai lau dai nhlt trong tin
ngudng Iruyen thdng cua ngudi Viet.
Nhu tren da trinh bay, Phat giao budi dau Iruyen ba vao Viet Nam da sdm hc)i
nhap vdi tin ngudng Mlu dh rdi hinh thanh nen Phat Tu Phap: Van, Vii, Ldi, Dien.
Vl vay, khdng cd gl ngac nhien khi Due Maria duge ngudi dan, tin do ton siing theo
lam thue thd Mau. Giao dan ggi Due Me Maria la Mau, Thanh MIU. NhCrng liic gap
khd khan gian khd, hoan nan, cac giao sT ciing nhu tin do den cau xin Due Me
Maria che chd, euu khd. Trong quan niem etia tin dd Cdng giao, Chiia Giesu la
ngudi cd nhieu quyen nang ban nhung lai khdng gan gGi nhu Due Me Maria. Diic
Me Maria ludn quan lam den cude sdng hang ngay ciia fin dd. Tin do Cdng giao fim
den Due Me Maria de xin duge ban on nhiing thu bet sue binh di trong cude sdng
hang ngay nhu: sue khde, no dii, budn ban dat hang, binh an, di lai an loan... Due
Me Maria edn duge tin do Cdng giao tdn thd la hien than cua sy sinh sdi nay nd.
"Nhung ngudi mudn man ve dudng eon cai fim den Due Me Maria - Me - clu xin
cho duge sinh de con cai"'.
Nhu vay, trong tam thue cua giao dan Viet Nam, Due Maria va eac Thanh da
khdng edn giu nguyen vai trd theo nhu quan niem tin ly eiia Giao hdi Cdng giao
(Due Maria va cac Thanh chi duge tdn kinh, khdng duge ban on cho tin dd. Ba va
cae Thanh thdng edng ehi ddng vai trd trung gian "cau bau ma xin an Due Chiia
Trdi" cho tin huu).
Vdi tin ngudng thd ciing td lien, ngay lir budi dau du nhap, Cdng giao da vap
phai sy phan khang eiia van hda, tin ngudng ban dia. Mot thdi gian dai trude Cdng

1. Nguyen Hong Duong (2001), Nghi le vd loi sdng Cdng giao trong van hoa Viet Nam, N
Khoa hoc xa hoi, Ha Noi, tr. 314.
464


VAI TRQ CUA VAN H6A TON GIAO...

thanh td nghe thuat, vat pham dang ciing... nhu cac le hdi dan gian khae nhung
cQng cd nhirng net rieng biet. Le hdi Cdng giao lay le ia edt ldi, vi vay thdi gian
dien ra le hdi ngan (ciing ed ky tam nhat hay euu nhat nhung it xay ra) va le hdi Idn
hay nhd liiy thudc vao quy md td chuc giao phan, giao tinh hay qude gia vdi sd
lugng giao sT tham gia nhieu hay it. Le hdi nao ed nhieu Giam mue, Hdng y dang le
Nguyen Hong Duong (1999), "Bude dudng hoi nhap van hoa dan toe eiia Cong giao Viet
Nam", Tap chi Nghien cim Tdn gldo, so 1 va 2, tr. 58.
465


VIET NAM HOC - KY YEU HOI THAO QUOC TE LAN THlT T U

thi giao dan nd nue di dy. Vi du, ll hdi hi mac nam Thanh La Vang 15 thang 8 nam
1999 duge coi la mot trong nhung le hdi Cdng giao Idn nhat d Viet Nam vi duge to
chuc tren binh dien qude gia, vdi sy tham gia cua 16 Hdng y, Tdng Giam mue,
Giam mue; 260 Linh mue va khoang 15 van giao dan.
Trong le hdi cdn cd vdn, mot hinh thue dien xudng dan ca ed tir lau ddi. Trong
Thang Hoa - Thang Nam - Thang Due Ba nhiing van hoa eo duge trinh dien bang
nhirng ldi duge dat, nggi ca tam Idng ciia Due Maria. Ciing vdi cae van hoa la eac
lan dieu hat dan ca khae nhu trdng quan, ed la, hat xoan, hd mai nhi mai day. hat
phuong vai, hat vi dam..., duge cai bien vdi nhiing ca tu mdi; tham ehi, hat ca tru,
hat ndi ciing duge dung de trinh dien. Ciing vdi hat la miia vdi nhirng vii dieu dan
gian, xep hinh, keo ehir, la hinh thue dien xudng cua hdi lang Iruyen thdng (xip
hinh md neo vdi y nghia Due Me la niem trdng dgi; hinh ngdi sao - Due Me la ngdi
sao bien; keo ehii A, V, ehii dau cua Ave Maria - kinh mirng Due Maria...).
Nhae dieu cho nhiing bai hat, gigng ngam, gigng dgc Mua Vgng, Mua Phuc
sinh, Mua Giang sinh la bat am (dan, sao, nhi, trdng...), cung ngG am dugm hdn
Viet. Di theo kieu Thanh Quan thay, kieu Due Ba (Maria), ben eanh ban nhae Tay
la ban nhae Nam vdi phudng bat am tmyen thdng, mua md, miia trae, miia trdng,
miia senh lien am vang rdn ra; trdng, ken, hdi bat am, cd ngii sac; ehii lim di kheo,

chiic lai giao dan, mung tudi cac em nhd. Sau dd, tat ea ciing ra Uy ban xa dy le
ehao cd, thap huong, vieng md liet sT eiing nhan dan dia phuong.
Ngay mdng Hai, giao dan eau nguyen cho td lien, lang xdm, xu hg. Trong
ngay nay nhan dip di chiic let, cac phu lao hay nhiing ngudi cd uy fin trong xu
Ihucmg den cae gia dinh cd chuyen bat hda, luc due de dan xep. Khdng it gia dinh
"com chlng lanh, canh chang nggt" da lay lai duge hda khi yen vui giiia vg chdng,
cha me va con cai. Hanh phiic eiia nhiing gia dinh nay da duge ban gan va hanh
phiie cdn den ca vdi lang xdm eiia hg.
Ngay mdng Ba, theo lich Cdng giao la ngay Thanh hda edng viec lam an.
Ngudi Cdng giao biet rang, lao ddng, lam an chan chinh la vat va, nhung hg hieu,
chinh Chiia Giesu cGng phai lao ddng eye nhgc de kiem sdng, nudi ca cha va me.
Tam guong eiia Ngai dem lai nhan thue cho giao dan mong mudn cd viec lam chan
chinh. Do vay vao ngay mdng Ba, cae gia dinh thudng tu tap eiing nhau ben mam
e(mi de riit kinh nghiem lam an trong nam qua va dinh hudng cho nam mdi; eiing
nhau hat bai "Clu xin Chiia Thanh Thin", dgc kinh "Xin chiia sang soi" dl xin
Chiia hudng dan cho edng an viec lam nam tdi thuan Igi va lien trien.
Nhiing trinh bay tren day cho thIy, tinh thin "dao", "ddi", tmyin thdng va
hien tai da cd sy hda nhap, gan bd. Ba ngay let cd tmyen la dip de ngudi Cdng giao
thye hien nhiing viec lam mang "finh" dao ly, dao due. Nhung dao ly tren ciia Cdng
giao phu hgp vdi dao ly cua ngudi Viet Nam the hien qua phong tuc: "Mdng Mot
let cha, mdng Hai let me, mdng Ba let thay".
Ngoai ra, trong ngay tit, nhilu gia dinh Cdng giao eiing dyng cay neu (tren
cay neu cd hinh Thanh gia) tmdc ciia nha. Ngudi Cdng giao khdng tin cd ma ta
nhung hg tin ring, cung vdi viec dyng Thanh gia va vay nude phep vao dem Ba
niuoi, gia dinh hg duge yen vui, tranh duge sy cam dd ciia ma quy. Tren ban thd
eac gia dinh vao nhiing ngay let cdn thap den, thap huong, ddng thdi ciing vang len
tieng kinh cau deu dan ea sang va tdi...
Tiiy thudc d mdi miln, mdi xu dao, mdi giao phan, ngudi Cdng giao deu cd
nhCmg sinh boat let cd Iruyen khae nhau, nhung tat ea deu ddng gdp vao nen van
hda dan tdc tao ra mot ban sac Viet Nam nhan van va tinh te.

Cdng giao da ed tac dung thue finh luong tri eon ngudi, dieu chinh hanh vi ciia cac
ea nhan va edng ddng de xay dyng mot cude sdng tdi dep hon. Tren eo sd dd, con
ngudi se duge sdng trong mdi trudng hda binh, nhan ai, khdng ed chien tranh hiiy
diet, khiing bd qude te va xung dot tdn giao.
Tir nhiing nghien euu tren, cung cd the khang dinh rang, nhung anh hudng
trong ddi sdng van hda tinh than, khdng ed anh hudng nao manh hon ton giao va
eiing khdng cd sy "quyen hi" nao bang sy "quyen ru" ciia tdn giao, mot khi nd da di
vao Idng ngudi. Tdn giao, tuy ed mot sd mat ban che nhat dinh (bai viet khdng de
cap tdi), nhung xel ve mat ban chat, tdn giao chinh la van hda, la mot trong nhirng
ngudn gde ciia van hda. Va nhu vay, sy du nhap eiia Phat giao hay Cdng giao vao
Viet Nam chinh la sy du nhap van hda tu ben ngoai vao, hda quyen vdi van hda
truyin thdng de tao ra mot ludng van hda mdi lien tien nhung dam da ban sac dan
tdc Viet Nam.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Dao Duy Anh (2002), Viet Nam vdn hod sir cuang, Nxb.Van hoa thong fin. Ha Ngi.
2. Toan Anh (1996), Phong tuc thd ciing td tien trong gia dinh Viet Nam, Nxb. Van hoa
thong tin. Ha Ngi.
3. Ban Tu tudng - Van hoa Tmng uang (2002), Vdn de ve tdn gido vd chinh sdch tdn gldo
ciia Ddng Cdng Sdn Viet Nam, Nxb. Chinh tri qude gia. Ha Ngi.
4. Bg Gido lugt (1983), Nxb.Tdn giao, Ha Noi.
5. Giuse Maria Trinh Van Can (1985), Kinh Thdnh Tdn Ude, Toa Tdng Giam mue, Ha Ngi.
469


VIET NAM HQC - KY YEU HOI THAO QUOC TE LAN THlT TU

6. Linh mue Thien Cam (1987), Ddc tin vd vdn hod, Uy ban Doan kit Cong giao Viet
Nam, TP.H6 Chi Minh.
7. Nguyin Hue Chi (1998), "Ve hien tugng dung hgp trong van hoa Viet Nam". Tap ehi
Xua & Nay, so 57.

24.Dd Quang Hung (1991), Mot sd vdn de lich sir Thien Chiia gido a Viet Nam, lap san
ciia Dai hge Tdng hgp, Fla Ngi.
25. Nguyen Lang (2000), Viet Nam Phat gido su ludn, 2 tap, Nxb.Van hge. Ha Ngi.
26. Tda Tdng Giam mue TP. Hd Chi Minh (1998), Kinh Thdnh trgn bg Cuu Ude vd Tdn
Ude, Nxb. TP. Hd Chi Minh.
27. Tda Tdng Giam mue TP. Hd Chi Minh (2002), Kinh nghiem hdi nhap vdn hda trong
nep sdng Ki td gido tai Viet Nam, Tai lieu luu hanh ngi bd.
28. Le Manh That (1999), Nghien ciru ve Thien uyen tap anh, Nxb. TP. Hd Chi Minh.

470


VAI TRQ CUA VAN H Q A T O N GIAO...

29.
30.
31.
32.

Le Manh That (1999), Lich .su Phdi gido Viet Nam, tap 1, Nxb. Thuan Hoa, Hul.
Le Manh That (2001), Lich .sir Phat gido Viet Nam, tap 2, Nxb. TP. Ho Chi Minh.
Le Manh That (2002), Lich .su Phat gido Viet Nam, tap 3, Nxb. TP. Ho Chi Minh.
Ngo Due Thinh (chu bien, 2001), Tin ngudng vd vdn hod tin ngudng d Viet Nam, Nxb.
Khoa hge xa hdi, Ha Ngi.
33. Tnin Ngge Them (1999), Casdvdn hda Viet Nam, Nxb. Giao due, TP. Hd Chi Minh.
34. Nguyen Khae Thuan (2006), Tien trinh vdn hda Viet Nam tit khai thiiy den the ky XIX,
Nxb. Giao due.
35. Dang Nghiem Van (2005), Ly ludn ve tdn gido vd tinh hinh tdn gido a Viet Nam, Nxb.
Chinh tri qude gia, Ha Ndi.
36. Van phdng Tdng thu ky Hdi ddng Giam mue Viet Nam (2004), Gido hdi Cdng gido