. * **-•

^t

A •

DE CI/ONG MON TAM LY HOC Tl/ PHAP
Cau 1: So sanh hoat dong nhan thuc giua giai doan dieu tra voi giai doan
xet xu?
Traloi:
*Giong nhau:
-Deu la hoat dong nhan thiic trong hoat dong tu phap, la qua trinh tarn ly
phan anh hien thuc khach quan vao ban than ca nhan thong qua cac CQ cam giac va
trinh do tarn ly von co cua ca nhan.^ :

-Be co chung muc dich hoat dong nhan thuc:
+ Nham xac minh sir that khach quan cua vu an, phan tfch tong hop cac sir
kien, xac minh tat ca tinh tiet, chung cu co lien quan den vu an.
+ Xac minh co hay khong co hay khong co hanh vi pham toi de tien hanh xet
xu.

+ Nhan thiic de hieu ro tam ly cua nguoi pham toi va nhung ngudi tham gia to
tungkhac.-

*Khac nhau:

Tieu chi

/
i


- La hoat dpng mang tinh

- La hoat dpng mang tinh npi dung, la

Npidimg,

chat nhan thirc ban dau ve

tat ca cac tinh tiet lien quan den vu an

hoat dpng

vu an hinh sy va chua co

hinh sy, chung cu ve toi pham, ve

nhan thirc.

sy dinh huong truac (vi

nguoi pham toi, ve sy thiet hai cung

day chi la nhan thuc ban

nhu nhan thuc ve nhung quy dinh cua

dau nen rat kho khan).

phap luat de co the giai quyet dung dan
vu an hinh sy.


tmh chat giao tiep tam ly cao han va

vien phai tiep xuc vai hien

cung cang thang han, phuc tap han so

truang, phuang tien pham

vai giai doan dieu tra.

toi va thiet hai do toi
pham gay ra nen de mat
binh tinh.

"


- Phai giai quyet mot
So lirong

khbi - Tien hanh giai quyet vdi lugng thong

lugng thong tin rat Ion, da tin cd dong hon va nhilng thong tin do

cong viec giai

chieu va chira dirge chpn

da mang tinh dinh huong.


-Phuong phap tac dong tam ly dupe sir dung pho bien nhat la:
+ Phuong phap truyen dat thong tin ket hop voi thuyet phuc.
+ Phirang phap menh lenh (chu yeu la hoat dong cai tao).
+ Phuong phap giao tiep tam ly.
-Cu the cua cac phuong phap nay nhu sau:
+ Phucmg phap truyen dat thong tin ket hop voi thuyet phuc: Biroc sir dung
hau het o cac giai doan to tung.
Thuyet phuc la sir dung ly le, kien thirc, tinh cam de thuyet phuc nguoi khac
thay doi nhan thuc, thai do, cam xuc cho dung dan hon, tich cue hon va phu hop voi
yeu cau to tung.

Truyen dat thong tin la phuong phap ma nguoi sir dung no cung cap cho
nguoi khac nhung thong tin can thiet, lam cho ngudi do nhan thuc duoc sir viec,
dong thoi hinh thanh cho ho tam ly tich cue phii hop voi muc dich to tung.
Hai phuong phap nay tac dong Ian nhau, neu co truyen dat thong tin ma khong
co thuyet phuc thi hieu qua dat duoc cung khong cao va nguoc lai. Nguoc lai hai
phuong phap nay phai xuat hien dong thoi citng luc voi nhau.
+ Phuong phap menh lenh (chu yeu la hoat dong cai tao): La phuong phap
cuong che tam ly nham ap dat y chi cua nguoi tac dong toi nguod khac, doi hoi
nguoi do phai tuan theo y chi cua nguoi tac dong. Bay la phuong phap ap dung pho
bien nhat trong phuong phap cai tao de pham nhan thay doi thai do song, lao dpng.
Tat nhien, cac giai doan to tung khac cung co the ap dung phuong phap nay, nhung
ap dung han che hon va phai tuan theo quy dinh ciia phap luat khi ap dung.
+ Phuong phap giao tiep tam ly: La su dung hoac thiet lap cac quan he giao
tiep, dinh huong va dieu khien cac giao tiep nay dien ra theo huong nh^m dat dupe


mue dich cua ngudi dilu khien. Day la phuang phap dugc ap dung hlu hit a tat ca
cac giai doan to tung.

quan giao la nhat ky, phieu ghi chep, danh gia ve tirng pham nhan.
c. Dae diem ciia hoat dong giao due trong qua trinh cai tao:
-CM the quan trong nhat la can bo quan giao, hoat dong giao due hudng den
doi tugng dac thu la ngudi pham toi.
-Noi dung giao due sau rong, toan dien, mang tinh he thong, bai ban nham
thay doi each nhin nhan, quan diem, lap truong, hinh thanh mot so ky nang, ky xao,
nghe nghiep mim sinh cho nguoi pham toi. Hoat dong giao due trong qua trinh cai
tao co the coi la hoat dong quan trong nhat tac dong d^n ngudi pham toi, no la muc
dich cuoi cung cua hoat dong to tung.
-Mang tinh cuong che, khong mang tinh cong khai nhu trong giai doan xet
xu.

Trong hoat dong nay luon ton tai mqh bat binh dang giua chu the va doi tugng

giao due dong thai the hien sau sac y chi cua chu the giao due.
-Phuong tien giao due: Mang tinh da dang, phong phu (thong qua ngon ngu,
phi ngon ngu, tai lieu, phim anh, con nguoi thuc te, thong qua cac hoat dong san
xuat, lao dong, hoc tap, giai tri...).

-Thai gian tac dong: mang tinh on dinh, lau dai.
=> Hoat dong co vai tro quan trong nhat la hoat dong giao due vi:
-Giao due la de hinh thanh nhan thuc tich cue va giao due ky nang, ky xao
trong thoi quen lao dong, trong nghe nghiep
-Giao due de bien 1 nguofi khiem khuyet trd thanh 1 ngudi hoan thien nhd tac
dung giao due co he thong.

Can 5: Trinh bay hoat dong nhan thuc cua giai doan cai tao?
Tralcri:
-Hoat dong nhan thuc cua giai doan cai tao:
+ Chu the nhan thuc: Ngudi quan giao.

can bo quan giao.
+ Boi tuong dugc giao due: Nguai pham toi.

+ Mucdich:
+ Dac diem:
+ Noi dung:^
Giao due ve chinh sach, phap luat cua Nha nude.


Giao due ve nhan each.

Giao due ve ky nang va thoi quen lao dong.
Chuan bi tarn ly de tai hoa nhap cong dong.

Cau 6: Trinh bay dac diem tarn ly cua pham nhan va tap the pham nhan?

YnghTa?
Traldi:
a. Dac diem tam ly:
* Cua pham nhan:
-Co the la chan chuong, buon ba, bat can, mac ke, pho thac cho nguoi quan
giao. Lo l^ng, s^ hai ve cac bien phap giao due se bi ap dung cung nhu cac moi quan
he gia dinh, XH trong hien tai va tuong lai. Mac cam, tranh tiep xuc.
-Tuy nhien cung co nhung tam ly khac nhu:
+ Boi voi nhung pham nhan da hoan toan hoi han thi ho thich nghi voi moi
truong, tham gia tich cue vao cac hoat dong cua trai, tich cue cai tao tot de som tro
ve voi gia dinh.
+ Doi voi nhung pham nhan cho rang bi oan hoac cho muc an qua nang,
khong nhan thuc duoe hanh vui nguy hiem cua minh thi tho o, lanh nhat voi cac hoat
dong cua trai, neu co cung la doi pho, phan khang, mang tinh chieu le, co khi tron

b. YnghTa:
-Ap dung cac phuong phap tac ddng tarn ly phu hgp.

-Kip thdi phat hien nhung xung dot nhd trong tap th! pham nhan; ngan chan
su xuat hien cac nhdm nhd tieu cue, ddng thdi cd nhung bien phap nham xda bd tarn
ly tieu cue trong tap the pham nhan.

Cau 7: Dae diem tarn ly cua can bo quan giao trong cai tao pham nhan?
Nhung nhuoc diem tarn ly can khac phuc?

Traldi:
a. Dae diem tarn ly:
-Long yeu nghe, say me vdi cdng viec.


-Co niem tin vao kit qua cai tao ngudi pham toi cho du cong viec co the gap
r

rat

nhieu kho khan.
-Can bo quan giao phai ed trinh do van hoa va trinh do chuyen mon cao; co
long nhan ai, kien nhan, kien tri trong viec giao due cai tao pham nhan; phai co 6c to
chuc, sap xep, quan ly cong viec cai tao cua pham nhan va tap the pham nhan hop ly,
dat hieu qua cao nhat; co kha nang giao tiep.
b. Nhirffc diem tam ly:
-Xem nguoi pham toi nhat la cac nguoi pham toi rat nghiem trong, dac biet
nghiem trqng la nhung nguoi nguy hiem, kha nang cai tao ho la han che.
-Tam ly khong ton trong nguoi pham toi, de gat gong, lam dung phuong phap
menh lenh trong qua trinh cai tao.

+ Muc dfch: tao dieu kien ke hoach hda hoat dong bao chua.
+ Hoat dong thiet ke bao trum cac giai doan to tung hinh su nhung d giai doan
xet xu hoat dong thiet ke rat quan trong vi day la giai doan tap trung cao nhat cho sir
chuan bi cua ngudi bao chua va cung co tinh chat hien thuc nhat ve kha nang bao ve
cho than chu cua ngudi bao chua.

-Giao due trong bao chua: Mang tinh chat gduc nhat dinh doi vdi ngudi bi
buoc toi cung nhu cong dong

+ D/v than chu: kheo leo phan tich cho than chir thay diem sai cua ho de ggi
cho ho thai do an nan hoi cai, thanh khan khai bao, chap nhan mot muc do trach
nhiem nhat dinh ve viec lam cua minh.

+ Doi vdi cong dong: khi xin giam nhe cho ngudi pham toi hoac chung minh
ngudi pham toi bi oan sai ngudi BC da dua den nhdng thong tin mang tinh giao due
cho cong dong, cung co long tin cua ngudi dan vao cong ly va su cong bang cua
phap luat.
-Giao tiep, to chuc va chung nhan trong hoat dong bao chua:
+ Hoat dong giao tiep: Muc dich la thiet lap tarn ly tin cay Ian nhau de tim
kiem nhung kha nang phap ly va thuc te de giup dd cho than chu. Dae diem: mang
tinh quan he da chieu va tinh dong thuan cao.
+ Hoat dong to chuc: dugc thuc hien bdi chinh ca nhan ngudi bao chua, the
hien d viec chuan bi nhung phuong tien, dieu kien ve vat chat, tarn ly de dat hieu qua

11


cao trong cac giai doan to tung. Ngudi bao chua phai chuan bi chu dao tarn ly, sir
thdng nhat ve xu sir cho than chu de dam bao hieu qua tot nhat cua boat dong bao
chua.

su khac biet ve chuc nang to tung cua hai ben.

12


-Kiem sat vien: mdi quan he co tfnh chit dac biet vi mang tinh to tung doi
trong nhau, day cung la nhan to can ngai su thiet lap quan he giao tidp giua cac ben
vdi nhau va la rao can cho viec thiet lap tam ly giao tiep tarn ly giua ho de dan den
nhung tam ly tieu cue anh hubng den hieu qua cong viec.
-Vdi Tham phan va HTND: luon coi ngudi bao chua la khai thac thong tin
mot chieu, thien ve chieu hudng gd toi cho than chu nen khong mang tinh khach
quan; mot vai ngudi trong HDXX cho rang ngudi bao chua chi dua ra ly le de gd toi
cho than chu ma fchong co trach nhiem phap ly ve nhung de xuat cua minh trong khi
HDXX phai chiu trach nhiem phap ly ve quyet dinh cua minh. Neu bao chua thang,
ngudi bao chua duoc hudng toan bo danh lgi, con HDXX thi khong.

Caii 10: Ngudi bao chfra co the giup gi cho than chii trong viec vuot qua
nhfmg trang thai tarn ly tieu cue va bang each nao?

Tra Idi:
-Ngudi bao chita cd the giup cho than chu vuot qua dugc nhung trang thai
tam ly tieu cue bang nhieu each nhu:
+ Su dung phuong phap truyen dat thong tin de: thong nhat trong xft su; nhac
lai nhung su kien da dugc phan anh trong ho so de giup than chu nam thong tin mot
each than dien nham tao ra su tuong hgp trong each nhin nhan van de va dat den su
nhat tri ve phuong an bao chua; cung cap cac thong tin ve phap luat de hudng den
mot each hanh xu dung.. Dong thai co the su dung phuong phap truyen dat thong tin
bang nhieu each khac nhau nhu cung cap cac chung cu cd lgi cho than chu; cung cap
cac dia diem hoac ngudi chua thong tin va de nghi co quan chuc nang tien hanh
tham tra, thu thap tahnh bang chung.


Traldi?
a. Dae diem tarn ly cua nguoi bi hai:
-Buc xuc, phan no (muc do co the giam han so vai gdoan dieu tra do tam ly
cua

nguai BH da on dinh han).
-Sg set, lo lang rang bao chua se tra thu (do giao tidp cong khai tai phien toa
nen bao chua biet dugc nguai bi hai va noi dung to cao cua hg).
-Bi am anh, mat binh trnh, xau ho trong 1 so trudng hgp*

14


-Thuong hai, thong cam cho hdan canh cua bj cao (cung co th do bj mua
chuoc, boi thudng thda dang).
-Che giau mot phan loi cua minh va bat hop tac.
-> VI tinh chat cong khai ciia hoat dong xet xu va trong trudng hop quyen loi

cua ngudi bi hai da duoc giai quyet, thong thuong ty le ngu'di bj hai tham gia phien
toa it hem trong giai doan.
b. Phuwng phap tac dong tam ly:
-Phuong phap thuyet phuc: trong truong hop ngudi bi hai co bieu hien bat
hop tac, co tinh giau diem sir that.
Noi dung thuyet phuc:

+ Chi cho ngudi bj hai thay trach nhiem cua minh trong viec hop tac khai bao
nham lam sang to vu an.

+ Moi quan he phap luat khi phat sinh toi pham khong chi la mot qhe ca nhan

Tra 161:
*Khai niem: nguyen nhan cua tinh trang pham toi la tong the cac nhan to xa
hoi va tarn ly mang tinh chat va tu tudng do tu ban than cua no mau thuan ved nhung
moi quan he co tinh chat nhan dao cua xa hoi da lam phat sinh toi pham.
Nguyen nhan cua tinh trang pham toi khong dong nghla vdi nguyen nhan
hanh vi toi pham cua hanh vi toi pham cua mot nguoi con nguoi cu the.
-Xet trong mot moi quan he nhan qua thi nguyen nhan cua tinh trang pham
toi la tat ca moi quan he eo lien quan den tinh trang pham toi.
-Nhung nhan to xa hoi tarn ly co tac dong tarn ly trong viec tao nen khuynh
huong di den hanh vi pham toi cua nhung ca nhan cu the. Dieu kien cua tinh trang
pham toi cung la tong the nhan to cimg ton tai voi nguyen nhan tinh trang pham toi
nhung tu ban than no khong lam nay sinh ra hanh vi pham toi ma chi cd tac dong voi
hanh vi pham toi tao dieu kien nay sinh ra chung.
*Nguyen nhan:
Moi trudng Ion la nhung yeu to va hien tuong (thuoc ve kien true thuong tang
cua xa hoi) mang tinh tieu cue tac dong den sir nay sinh va ton tai cua tinh trang
pham toi.
-Do tac dong tieu cue cua cac nude TBCN.

16


+ Cac niroc tir ban luon tim each chdng pha CNXH noi chung va Viet Nam
noi rieng mot each toan dien tren tat ca cac mat ve kinh te, xa hoi, chinh tri, van hoa,
tutuong....

+ Hinh thuc thuc hien: Bao vay cam van kinh te, sir dung chien tranh tarn ly
gian diep.... ttr do nham kich dong pha hoai, tuyen truyen loi song Phuong Tay.
Dong thai gieo rac tir tuang khong lanh manh. Truyen ba van hda do truy kich dong
due vong thu tinh cua con nguai. Tat ca cac hoat dong do lam cho mot so nguai trd

+ Anh hudng sau sac cua co che quan ly bao cap, co che vua da bong vua thdi
cdi con vuong van lai trong qua trinh ddi moi da lam phat sinh nhieu hien tuong tieu
cue sach nhieu, tham nhung.

+ Mat trai cua nen kinh te da lam cho mot so Ion ngudi mat viec lam, ddi song
kinh te mat on dinh.... Day chinh la dieu kien thuan loi cho nhung net tarn ly tieu
cue hinh thanh nhung thieu sot lech lac trong dinh hudng dieu hanh va hoat dong,
phan phoi phuc loi lao dong, quan ly lao dong da lam xuat hien o ca nhan, tinh each
ich ky tham lam, tu do, tuy tien khong tin vao sir cong bang, khong tin vao duong loi
each mang cua Dang quay lung lai voi che do XHCN.
+ Sir cai each va quan tarn den nganh giao due chua phu hop, sir du nhap cua
nen van hoa ngoai lai khong co sir chon loc lam anh hudng Ion den sir hinh thanh
nhan each. Tu do dan den xa hoi nhan each co sir lira chon lech lac tu tach minh ra
khdi quan he tich cue dua ca nhan den con dudng pham toi trong nhung dieu kien
nhat dinh.
* Mdi trudng nhd: La moi trudng cu the cua ca nhan. la nguyen nhan gan nhat
lam nay sinh tarn ly y thuc pham toi va hanh dong pham toi cua ca nhan.
- Nhu vay trong hai yeu to neu tren moi trudng nhd giu vi tri cue ky quan
rrrr\
trong tat
ca cac yeu to lech lac thieu sot trong sir van dong cua mdi trudng nhd deu

cd tac ddng true tiep den sir hinh thanh va phat trien tarn ly pham toi va thuc hien toi
pham cua ca nhan.

Nhung yeu to tieu cue cua mdi trudng Ion la nguyen nhan sau xa lam nay sinh
tam ly toi pham nhung khdng tac ddng true tiep den ca nhan. Mdi trudng nhd cd sir
tac ddng true tiep ddi vdi sir hinh thanh va phat trien tam ly pham toi.
Trong cdng tac dau tranh phdng chdng toi pham viec loai bd nguyen nhan sau
xa lam nay sinh tam ly toi pham la nhiem vu chien luge co ban lau dai va viec lam

toi. Ke cd y do pham toi se tim hieu cic yeu to khich quan de lua chon phuong thuc

hanh dong phu hop de dat dupe muc dich, sao cho khdng bi phit hien chong tri va
khdng bi su trung tri cua phip luat.
-Ket qui ve mat tam ly sau khi thuc hien hanh vi pham toi.
+ Thda man vdd ket qui dat dupe khi hanh vi pham toi da dat dupe muc dich
va y do pham toi cung cd the an nam hoi han.

20


+ Doi vdi bon pham tpi chuyen nghiep: Tang niem tin, cung co y chi lap ke
hoach xoa dau vet va lap k^ hoach co hanh vi pham toi mdi.

+ Co trang thai tarn ly cang thSng, lo ling moi de doa bj phat giac, hi trimg tri,
ho co nhung hanh dpng khong phu hop vdi hoan canh, giam kha nang dieu khi^n,
tram tur, co nhung ngudi da giai toa' bang each dung cac chat khich thich va cung co
truong hop giai toa bang each ra dau thu.
*Tam the ke pham toi:, La tong the nhung pham chat tam ly trong nhung
trang thai tam ly dan den hanh vi pham toi. muc do tam the phu thuoc vao doi song
ca nhan, each giai quyet cac quan he xa hoi, each giai quyet nhung van de tir tirong.
•=> Hanh vi pham toi cua moi ca nhan la ket qua tac dong ket hop cua cac yeu
to ben trong (tam ly) va cac yeu to ben ngoai the la cac dieu kien khach quan trong
do yeu to tam ly la yeu can, yeu to ben ngoai la dieu kien du.
Hanh vi pham toi cua moi ca nhan hinh thanh la do phuong thirc thoa man
nhu cau 1 each trai phap luat, dao due trong cac trudng hop nhat dinh dieu kien
khong cho phep ke pham toi thuc Men duoc hanh vi pham toi cua minh thi ho van co
y tao ra nhhng dieu kien hoan canh tinh huong phu hop de dat dupe muc dich de ra.

Cau 15: Nhan each cua ke pham toi co nhung net tam ly dac trimg gi

trong, loai nhu cau nay thudng xuat hien d loai luu manh chuyen nghiep.
+ Nhu cau qua ldn: Co the thuc hien dugc nhung khong co kha nang va dieu
kien thuc hien.
*Y nghia:
-Trong phong ngua: Dong gop vao xay dung cac bien phap phong ngua phu
hgp trong viec hinh thanh nhan each ca nhan. Co sir uon nan kiep thoi cac hanh vi
lech chuan de ngan ngua dan den tinh trang pham toi do su suy thoai ve nhan each.
-Phat hien dau tranh: Tu cac dau hieu dac trung nhan each pham toi de phan
biet ke pham toi vdi ngudi binh thudng. Tir cac dac trung nhan each ma ta bik dugc
de de ra bien phap dau tranh phu hgp.
-Ddi vdi lire lugng canh sat nhan dan: Phai lam cdng tac giao due chinh tri tu
tudng, cdng tac hgc tap, ren luyen dao tao can bg. Xay dung mo hinh pham chit dao
dire cao dep. Ddi vdi ban than tu ban than ludn ren luyen phim chat ca nhan.

22


Can 16: IN hung thieu sot trong qua tiinh xa hoi dan den nhan each toi
pham. Lam the nao de khac phuc nhung thieu sot do?
Tra loi:
* Nhfmg thieu sot trong qua trinh xa hoi dan den nhan each toi pham:
- Gia dinh: Phirong phap giao due cua gia dinh thieu sot co so khoa hoc khdng
phu hop.
Qua nudng chieu, thda man vo nguyen tac cac ddi hoi cua chung, khong tap
cho con cai lao dong. Day chinh la nhung nguyen nhan lam cho tre tra nen ich ky

hep hoi khi dugc nuong chieu khong phai lao dong do do tre cd khoang trong ve thai
gian nen chung thudng tim each lap cho trong bang each lam cac vice tu phat. Tu
day cac yeu to tieu cue co dieu kien len loi vao y chi cua cac em ra khoi quy dao
giao due song thu dong y lai, ich ky hep hoi khdng quan tarn den ngudi khac.

den thuc hien cac hanh vi pham tbi.
Nhung tac dong tieu cue tu quan he gia dinh: Day la yeu to dau tien tac dong
den su hinh thanh nhan each cua ca nhan.
-Nhung yeu to tieu cue a nha truang:
+ Cac truang chua chu dong tich cue trong viec phong ngii'a, giao due tre em.
Chua phat huy het nhung ca tinh cua tre trong hoc tap, lao dong va sinh hoat. Chua
co bien phap uon nan kip thai cac tre em ca biet....
+ Giao due tu tuang phap luat chua duqc dua vao chinh thong, chua cd
phuang phap kich thich hoc tap d tre em, chua co sir quan tarn dung muc den su giao
due dao due y thuc, trach nhiem lam nguai.
+ Su ket giua giao due trong nha trudng va xa hoi cd nhieu thieu sot.
-Nhung tac dong trong mdi trudng xa hoi: Mdi trudng song cua cac em qua
phuc tap vi an ninh trat tu nhu: Toi pham hinh su, cac hien tuong tieu cue, sir suy
thoai ve dao due Idi song sir ldi kep cua tqi pham va cac phan tu xau trong xa hoi.
-Nhung tac dqng cua nhdm khdng chinh thuc: Day la cac nhdm tu phat duqc
hinh thanh tren ca sd cua sir hda hop ve mat tarn ly cac ca nhan.
+ Ca nhan tham gia nhdm nay nham thda man nhu cau giao tiep, giai tda
nhung bde xuc tam ly
+ Neu nhdm khdng chinh thuc tieu cue: Se lam cho ca nhan tiem nhilm
nhirng thdi hu tat xau va nhung tieu cue dan xuat hien.
•v + Neu nhdm khdng chinh thuc mang sac thai toi pham: Su anh hudng cua
nhdm den ca nhan trong hoc tap va anh hudng Ian nhau hoac bat chudc Ian nhau.

24


* Cac bien phap kh^c phuc thieu sot:
-Gia dinh: Phai co phirang phap giao due khoa hoc do la lay guong tot de cac
em noi theo, ngan chan anh hudng xau nhung anh hudng cua nen van hda doi tray,
trong gia dinh ngudi Ion phai la tarn guong tot cho cac em noi theo, chdng cac thdi