1
INTRODUCTION
1. Necessity of the research
1.1. Practical perspective
According to the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC, 2011), tourism is
considered one of the world's largest industries, accounting for about 9% of global GDP,
contributing to economic growth, creating job opportunities, especially in developing
countries. Vietnam's tourism has made remarkable changes, it has continuously grown
for many years with an average rate of tourists over 17% / year from 1990 to 2017. The
total revenue from tourists in 2000 was 17.4 trillion dong, until 2017 was 510.9 trillion
dong (Vietnam National Administration of Tourism, 2018), it has contributed
significantly to the implementation of industrialization - modernization of the country,
improving and improving quality people's lives.
Community-based tourism (often called "community tourism": CommunityBased Tourism (CBT)) appeared in Vietnam since the 1980s in places as Mai Chau Hoa Binh, Sa Pa - Lao Cai ; Hoi An - Quang Nam and some Mekong Delta provinces,
that have brought many economic benefits to the local people.
The Northwest subregion, including the provinces of Hoa Binh, Son La, Dien
Bien and Lai Chau (Decision 1064 / QD-TTg, 2013) has great potential for developing
CBT type due to its natural and literary resources Chemical rich, diverse. However,
those potentials have not been effectively exploited for tourism development, most of
the region's CBTs are fragmented and spontaneous, limited understanding of tourism by
local people is the barrier to the effective development of this type of tourism. Based on
the reality and trends of tourism development in the world in general and in Vietnam in
particular, the author thinks that it is necessary to study which factors have a significant
influence on CBT development in the Northwestern region, thereby proposing
recommendations for stakeholders to have solutions to develop CBT in the Northwest
region in the coming time.
1.2. Theory perspective
Firstly, although CBT has been developing since the 1980s and there have been
many studies on CBT, there is not yet a universal concept of CBT, CBT development.
Secondly, the study of factors affecting CBT development in different localities
is not the same, not representative, associated with the characteristics of each country.

and evaluation.
5. About the research method
- Qualitative research: Using group discussions, in-depth interviews, expert
consultations, field observations;
- Quantitative research: Conducted through structured questionnaires drawn from
qualitative research.
6. Contribution of the thesis
Contribute theoretically
- The study agreed on the viewpoints and criteria to evaluate CBT development
for the research area based on inheriting previous studies. The study results have built a
set of measures to evaluate CBT development in the Northwestern region, which is
systematic and suitable for CBT development in the Northwest subregion.


- Identify five groups of factors that are considered to have significant effects on
CBT development of the study area. At the same time, adjust variables and items to suit
the research context based on qualitative research results.
Contribute in practice

1.1.2. Community based tourism
The term "Community-Based Tourism" was introduced in the 1980s in countries of
Europe, America and Australia. There are many different names related to tourism activities
involving the local community. Within the scope of the thesis, the author uses the term

- The study has identified groups of factors and variables that affect CBT
development in the Northwest subregion.
- From the research results, suggesting some implicit recommendations to the

"community tourism" (CBT) to refer to the types of "community based tourism" in general.
Based on different research perspectives, the concept of CBT is not completely

1.1.1. Community
Local communities play an important role in tourism development, they are the

in participating and improving skills. , and their knowledge and understanding of
tourism development and planning. Create conditions for tourists to experience
satisfying needs, raise awareness and learn about the natural and cultural heritage of the

focal point for providing infrastructure such as accommodation, catering services,
information, transportation and other services. The term "community" has been
mentioned since the 19th century, up to now, many scholars have been interested in
research such as Hillery (1955); Keith and Ary (1998); Ivanovic (2009) ... studies often

destination community.
1.2. Research on community tourism development
1.2.1. Views on developments in research
Summarizing previous research perspectives, the author approaches the

revolve around three issues:
Firstly, communities are often associated with a specific geographical area;
Secondly, the community consists of people who may be located close or not
close to each other (not geographically defined) but share similar characteristics or

development perspective in research which is understood as the process of changing the
quantity and quality of socio-economic issues, based on the exploitation basis, rational use
of natural resources, control of environmental pollution and develop renewable resources.
1.2.2. Community tourism development

interests (functional communities);
Thirdly, the virtual community, which appeared with the development of modern
media in recent decades, the concept of community has transcended time, space and

A tourist destination can be interpreted as a place that tourists choose to come
and stay for a while to visit and experience (Leiper, 1995). A tourist destination is not
only a place to entertain, attract tourists, bring satisfaction to them but also a place for

1.3.6. Community leader
CBT development usually originates from a small group in the community,
however, CBT development initiatives must support the people with appropriate

locals to live and work daily. The study evaluates the attractiveness of the destination to
capture how different local people interact to support tourism development, while
maintaining valuable local characteristics and addressing issues. Negative topics in CBT
development process are needed.

knowledge and skills in managing financial resources and their children. people (France,
1999), as well as planning and implementation. These tasks are often carried out by
community leaders, so community leaders play an important role in successful
community development and in particular, it is an essential part of CBT development

1.3.2. Accessibility to travel destinations
Access to a tourist destination can be interpreted as the ability to travel to the
destination and to travel between points within the area of the destination is convenient,

(Aref and Redzuan). , 2008).
1.3.7. The support of organizations in the community
Related to the organizations in the community, they are essentially groups within

simple, fast and safe. This is considered one of the factors evaluating the attractive attribute
of tourist destination. Accessibility to tourist destinations depends on the transport
infrastructure (roads, parking lots, vehicles ...); transport equipment (type, size, speed, scope
of transport ...); issues related to transport management (trip schedules, directions, routes

Firstly, studies evaluating tourism development in general and CBT development
in particular often follow the direction of sustainable development, based on three
criteria: economy, culture - society and environment. However, from the review shows

Involvement of local people is an important element in tourism development
planning and community support is essential to achieving sustainable tourism
development (Bramwell and Sharman, 1999 Hall, 2003). , Tosun, 2006).

that in addition to the above three criteria, there are other criteria to evaluate tourism
development such as education, health, meeting the needs of tourists ... depending on
the objects and views and different research goals of scholars. Therefore, the author

1.3.5. Tourism knowledge and skills of local people
Research by many scholars (Frank & Smith, 1999; Bopp et al., 2000; Aref et al.,
2009; Moscardo, 2008) has previously shown that in order to improve community
capacity in tourism development, Participants must have the knowledge and skills,

thinks that based on the inheritance of previous studies and research purposes of the
thesis, it is necessary to unify the views and criteria to assess CBT development for the
research area.
Secondly, the research on the factors affecting CBT development as well as the

thereby helping them to think and act in the most appropriate ways. Skills and

evaluation criteria are quite diverse, on different angles and in different localities that


are not the same, not representative, associated with the characteristics of each country
and region. Therefore, the author thinks that based on the synthesis, inheritance of
previous studies and research purposes of the thesis, it is necessary to identify those

around three main factors: Expectancy expectations, Instrumenttality beliefs and the
attractiveness of valuable rewards (Valence). Vroom has come up with a formula to

Northwest subregion;

determine the personal motivation for showing the relationship between these three
factors: M = E x I x V.
In which: M (Motivation): Motivation to work
E (Expectancy): Expect work results

CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL BASIS AND RESEARCH MODEL
2.1. Theoretical basis related to the research
2.1.1. The theory of sustainable development
Perspectives on sustainable development have been discussed in many studies by
scholars in various fields since 1987, at the World Commission on Environment and

I (Instrumenttality): Belief in rewards
V (Valence): The attraction of valuable rewards
In the field of tourism, the theory of expectations is used by Witt and Wright

Development (WCED) Conference, which published the paper. "Our Joint Future"
report (Brundtlant Report), the term "Sustainable development" was formally used to
provide a new perspective on the planning of sustainable development strategies.
Although there are different views related to the theory of sustainable

(1992) to assess expectations about tourist motivation.
2.2. Proposed models and research hypotheses
2.2.1. Proposing research model of the thesis
After consulting experts on CBT development evaluation criteria and factors


and tourist needs are satisfied;
Evaluation criteria for CBT development
- Unifying the name of the variable
"CBT Development in Northwest
Vietnam"
- Use in research model;
The attraction of tourist
- Adjusting the factor name is
destinations
"Attraction of CBT destinations";


NO

Proposed model

3

Accessibility to destinations

4

Amenities of tourist destinations

5

Participation of local people

6


- Use in research model;
- Revise the name of the factor
"Infrastructure and services of CBT
destinations"
- Do not use in research model
- Use in qualitative research

Attraction of CBT destinations
H1a

Natural attractions
Cultural and historical attractions

H1b
H1c

Entertainment activities

H2

Accessibility to CBT destinations
H3

Infrastructure and services of CBT destinations

CBT
Development
in Northwest
Vietnam


of

non-

Demographic Characteristics

Figure 2.1: Proposed model to study some factors affecting CBT development in
the Northwest region
Source: Author's proposal
2.2.2. Develop research hypotheses
Table 2.3: Summary of research hypotheses and predictions of expected
relationships
NO
1
2
3

Hypotheses proposed
The attraction of natural attractions -> CBT
development
The attraction of cultural and historical attractions ->
CBT development
Entertainment activities in each CBT destination ->
CBT development

Symbol

Expected
relationship


Same direction
development
Infrastructure and services of CBT destinations -> CBT
H3
Same direction
development
Tourism knowledge and skills of local people -> CBT
Same direction
H4
development
Cooperation and support of local authorities -> CBT
Same direction
H5a
development
Cooperation and support of tourism businesses ->
Same direction
H5b
CBT development
Cooperation and support of non-governmental
Same direction
H5c
organizations -> CBT development
Source: Author built by himself
CHAPTER 3: CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH AREAS AND

RESEARCH METHODS
3.1. Characteristics of the study area
3.1.1. Socio-economic characteristics of the Northwest subregion provinces

km2, with a population of 3,161 thousand people, about 22 ethnic groups, most of which


37.335,1

2

Population

Thousand
people

854,131

1.248,415

598,856

460,196

3.161,6

Lai
Chau

Medium
People/km2
186
88
63
49
96,5

- Continue to consult experts in assessing the reasonableness of factors and
variables that the author intends to put into the official research model.
- Combined with quantitative research results to answer research questions.
3.2.3.2. Methods of implementation
The main qualitative data used in this study was collected from community
members at 8 CBT sites in 4 Northwestern provinces. The sites selected represent
different levels of development and CBT activity time.
3.2.3.3. Data analysis
The qualitative data collected from group discussions and in-depth interviews
were synthesized and classified according to each criterion and research content.
3.2.4. Quantitative research
3.2.4.1. Objectives and subjects of quantitative research
- Descriptive statistics of demographic characteristics of the survey subjects and
observed variables related to the research;

- Examine and evaluate convergence and discrimination of observed variables
through EFA discovery factor testing;
- Check and re-evaluate the reliability of the measurement of factors and
variables through Cronbach’s Alpha coefficients;
- Pearson correlation analysis, linear regression implementation of factors
affecting CBT development and testing of research hypotheses.
3.2.4.2. Methods of implementation
According to Nguyen Dinh Tho (2013), quantitative research consists of two
main methods: survey method and experiment (experimetation). Based on the
characteristics of the study and the content of the study, the author chooses the survey
method, also according to Nguyen Dinh Tho (2011), this is the most popular form of
data collection in quantitative research, especially especially, studies on economics and
business administration in underdeveloped markets, secondary data not available or
incomplete, and low reliability.
3.2.4.3. Methods of data analysis

Attraction of CBT destinations
Natural attractions
Cultural and historical attractions
Entertainment activities

Accessibility to CBT destinations

1b

1c

2

Infrastructure and services of CBT destinations

Infrastructure and basic services

CBT

Infrastructure and tourist

Development
in Northwest
Vietnam

accommodation services

Infrastructure and additional services

Tourism knowledge and skills of local people

score, including 12 items of assessment on three aspects: Infrastructure and basic
services (CHC); Infrastructure and tourist accommodation services (symbol CHL) and
Infrastructure and additional services (symbol CHB). Using the 5-point Likert scale
from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree), the intermediate score is 3, with a
sample number of 518.
4.2.2.4. Descriptive statistics variable Tourism knowledge and skills of local people
Statistical results describe the tourism knowledge and skills variable of local
people (symbol: EZ) including 7 items, measured by a Likert scale of 5 points from (1)
= completely dissimilar Note (5) = strongly agree, the total number of samples is 518.
4.2.2.5. The statistics describe variables Cooperation and support from outside the community
Cooperation and support from outside the community are assessed through three
variables: cooperation and support from the government (symbol: HCQ); cooperation
and support from the business side (symbol: HDN) and cooperation and support from
the non-governmental organizations (symbol: HPC).
4.2.2.6. Descriptive statistics for CBT development variables
CBT development variables include 12 items, symbols from PTT1 to PTT12,
measured on a 5-point Likert scale, the total number of samples is 518.
4.2.3. Test the reliability of the items by Cronbach's Alpha
The results of the reliability test of the factors show that the factors measured by
the proposed measures are mostly of good reliability, the Cronbach's Alpha value is


greater than 0.6. Particularly, the attraction factor of natural attractions has a coefficient
of Cronbach's Alpha = 0.672
In the variable of infrastructure and additional services, there is a measure of
CHB4 (Souvenir products, convenient for tourists to transport home) with a variable
correlation - total (Item - Total Correlation) = 0.077 1 and the cumulative percentage is greater than 50%. Given these conditions,
there are 11 factors extracted at Initial Eigenvalues of 1,250 > 1, the total variance
extracted is 68,810% > 50%, showing that the 11 factors extracted in EFA reflect
68,810% of the variation of all metrics included in the model.
The final result of the factor analysis explores the measures of the independent

variables have linearly correlated results with the PTT variable, in which the most
positive linear correlation value is the HVX variable (with Pearson Correlation
coefficient = 0.515) and the correlation coefficient. The least positive linear is CHC
(with Pearson Correlation coefficient = 0.090).
42.6.2. Regression analysis of factors affecting CBT development and testing of
research hypotheses
From the above results, it is possible to draw multiple linear regression equations
representing the relationship between factors affecting CBT development as follows:
PTT = 0,261*SVL + 0,136*KKT + 0,226*SHG + 0,203*CHC + 0,150*CHB +
0,124*HDN - 0,113*HCQ + 0,128*KTC + 0,140*CHL + 0,244*STT
Table 4.20: Conclusions on research hypotheses

Hypothesis

Factor/Variable

H1a
H1b
H1c
H2
H3a

Natural attractions
Cultural and historical attractions
Entertainment activities
Accessibility to CBT destinations
Infrastructure and basic services
Infrastructure and tourist accommodation
services
Infrastructure and additional services

Hypothesis
H5a
H5b
H5c

Factor/Variable
Cooperation and support of local
authorities
Cooperation and support of
Businesses
Cooperation and support of nongovernmental organizations.

Expected
relationship
Same direction

Experimental
results
Not enough basis to
accept the hypothesis

Same direction Accept the hypothesis
Not enough basis to
accept the hypothesis
Source: Author's data analysis results
Same direction

CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1. Discuss the research results
5.1.1. About assessing the development of community tourism in the Northwest subregion

impact on CBT development.
The attractiveness of natural attractions (STT) has a second impact on CBT
development, Sig coefficient = 0.000
H1c

Entertainment activities

H2

Accessibility to CBT destinations

communities, focusing on developing skills and basic knowledge about tourism and
business management.
There are policies to support local people, CBT villages in communication,

Infrastructure and services of CBT destinations
H3a

Infrastructure and basic services

Infrastructure and tourist
accommodation services

5.2. Some recommendations
5.2.1. For state management agencies
Simplify documents guiding CBT development, administrative procedures for
people to easily access and implement. Create mechanisms and policies to mobilize

H3b

H3c

CBT

Fifthly, take advantage of the support of the authorities, functional agencies,
especially tourism businesses outside the community in terms of capital, experience and
advice on travel knowledge and skills. calendar. Actively deploying business activities
according to their advice and guidance to ensure the highest efficiency.
5.2.3. For business travel businesses
Firstly, acting as an adviser and support for people to build some CBT models in

Demographic Characteristics

Figure 5.1: Modified research model after quantitative research
Source: Research results of the author

the village so that people can approach and directly organize the implementation.
Secondly, tourism businesses should play a role as a bridge, supporting the
community in marketing, promoting CBT activities, creating a local image, introducing
visitors to the community to participate in activities. tourist activity.


Third, tourism business enterprises should also have investment activities to
support the community, especially programs related to education and training to
improve skills and knowledge of tourism business. From there, build an interrelated
relationship that is cohesive and sustainable.

2. Limitations and next research directions
Firstly, there are many different research schools when studying CBT, however, the
research focuses on only three schools of sustainable development theory; stakeholder
theory and expectation theory.

CONCLUSION
Summary of research contents and results shows that the Northwest subregion

affecting CBT development, building models, scales and hypotheses. The contributions
of the thesis and future research directions are detailed as follows.
1. The contribution of the thesis
1.1. Theoretically
- The study has built a set of measures to evaluate CBT development in the
Northwestern region to ensure systematic and consistent with CBT development of the
Northwest subregion.
- Identify five groups of factors that are considered to have significant effects on
CBT development of the study area. At the same time, adjust variables and measures to
suit the research context based on qualitative research results.
1.2. On the practical side
- The study has identified groups of factors and variables that affect CBT
development in the Northwest subregion.
- From the research results, suggesting some implicit recommendations to the
stakeholders related to CBT development in the Northwestern region.