


 !" #


$%&'%&
()*+,-.!/0123*4(4()*.,44!51678)*9
:;<(=>1,0*8+?,*1?@1-A1= 02 BC
;< B(D 2*6(=,0*1? B(,0
;<E,44E,4.?,F1" D 4C B78,0G@16(2
4"-678)*,(=>1,0D.7) 2*6(=,0*1?
H;<=,>1),0,47/,04!51+!" D!ID(D!=*
A-20?,47/,0+!",6(=,0*1?4,04(2D02*?
 B(,0D

J%&
;<
KL&
&

;<
J
&

;<
&M
&

;<

P,0 V,4S42*4@1,
<KL&&
9


;<J&
?,F1" DA71 4(O,04,04(234?
>7)D(-!"1 (",(@1-!" 6C,4R
&N,*72D(6O16!5+!" *22(*(202 BC48,6(O0I-
4-,078)*A)R

480,
A(6(=,0F/4(=
*I, 4!" 
R
=- 480,
A(6(=,0F/4(=
*I, 4!" A0ER


480,MF/4(=
*I, 4!" 6!54,0
4(2A 480,*I,
4!" *4(+" *72A(
6(=,0,( !",4,4
D82P(=  BE,46(= 4,4
4)( B1,0+E,4DP(= 
*78,06(= B1,0+E,4
B(,0,47/,06!I1S!=,
B1,0+E,4.(D824(,

bằng thời gian
lao động XH.
Vì vậy có
lãi trung bình.
Người thứ hai
thời gian lao
động cá biệt nhỏ
hơn thời gian
lao động XH.
Vì vậy có
lãi cao.
Người thứ ba
thời gian lao
động cá biệt lớn
hơn thời gian
lao động XH.
Vì vậy sẽ
bị lỗ.

!514!=,@1-A1= 02 BC
B(,0
.?,F1" 
$(= 
,0(2

1 2 3
480,A(6(=,0
F/4(=*I, 4!"
:GG480,
A(6(=,0*2+!=



B(,0A71 4(O,09
,04(2
>7) B!O,
,04(2
480,A(6(=,0F/4(=*I, 4!" 4-
,01-!O, \*,0,002
08
08
B(6(5

Trong
l­u th«ng
Thêi gian lao ®éng
XH cÇn thiÕt cña
hµng ho¸ A
=
Thêi gian lao ®éng
XH cÇn thiÕt cña
hµng ho¸ B
§­îc trao ®æi
víi nhau

M!I16(2*(2,04QA9M*I, 4!"
6!5.?,F1" 4,04(2WM
*I, 4!" .?,F1" 4,04(2;
(2*2*4S42*9 B(6(54,04(234?
>7) 4!(,01-!O, \*,0,002;


?,4478?,0
6!",02*?
S4(O,0R M&
V*?
'P.1-,04ĩ0E
D!I.86(I.1


-
2*?*1?P(= 4,04(2*(2 4!5+2,*(4(f*
4"3G,47,0+(08*1/,034?F(-@1,4
B1)*02 BC4,04(2;
<7)D=,6(=,0*1?02*?F(-@1,4 B1)*02
BC4,04(2*4V,4A*8*4!"4() 6(=,0*1?@1-
A1= 02 BC;
4=,F!2


B(,0A71 4(O,0GD!=* B(6(507/4
4,04(2D34?>7) B!O,*8.8?,(R
<480,A(6(=,0*2+!= 
+<480,A(6(=,0F/4(=*I, 4!"
*<&?D+6!I1612,0
>;<&?D+.
M[9
[
:

&2*,4.?,F1" F!484= +?,*(2*4!",
A78)*.?,345P*4" A78),0ae:b.(D82F!*1?