!"
#$ !"#$
%&'(& )&*+& ,&*-&.&'+
#$/0112+3456 789
:;<=>3+&1*2sai?
%&@A1>3+B92+3&
)&)6>3+B9B82+3&
,&C>3+B56:A1DD*2+3&
.&@E">3+B9>2+3&
#$ F'+9>'>AG$$5H"8+
#BB5>"4
%5H#IJ&&%8K(L3#:D$&
%#I>AJ&%<>#I>AJ&
M8K(L38"E"G>'>A48$
k
F
x
c
=
&
#$' .NL<>3+:<(G<(4
A
O
PQ1R
2
3
π
O
AAA +=
"
O
P
U
*7]>(G^5 >
L<P
cmXGQ
%
#$( M>3DA1_P`GZab&@"P`GPQPcOUGZd
e1&fg1PUGUZ1^B'A2/
%UdGV& &%UhGUQ& %UZGdh& %UQGV&
U
U
UU
ω
v
xA +=
%P
cmUQ
6
cmsTTsttx VGUQQeUZGUTi
Q
1RUQ =⇒+==−=
π
π
#$) F'+J=7"((E>PO`e1
POGVe
V
!
[U`
`
,&5jj;<*#kW4[!<*#N<
lR@#8l85Em2nKT
%OUGh
`
,& &%UZ
`
,& %VZ
`
,& %UhGh
`
,&
.42L6/
Ct
D
D
tt
o
hGUh
U
O
TR&
U
O
O
`
O U
%
+
=
+
& %
U U U U
O U U O
U U
O U
%
−
=
−
& %
U U U U
O U U O
U U
O U
%
−
=
+
→ =
−
= +
&
#$, )'(A3>
O
PQ`G
U
PUZG
V
PU`G;&@J
B'6: \2G6 \2'67&pN2P
U
π
Re1
U
T&0
88>3+DA1_POab4
%&,IB'>:B6&
)&,'3>
V
>DB6DN4':5H
E"&
,&,'3>
U
>DB6DN&
Pl&t
`
PX`&`G`ZPQ
fgE"\IA\:E"\M@,)&
,>J1&@N27\ o2
@/
C\K/
U U Q
& &
V V V
T
t
T
π π π
ϕ ω π
∆ = ∆ = = = +
@\K/vw
O
Pr4\g/x
O
PU%PX
@\K/vw
O
PreV^F54x
U
PU&UPQM2x
POU
#$ F+79GA'A'&088
>3+DE"B9Ve1E"B9V`πRe1
U
%PV`rRe1
U
TPzωPO`rR>e1T%P
π
VG`
RT
y(4>P%1RO`rcϕT
0P`POGZe1i
U
V
UQ
V
U
`
U
U
`
A
x
kA
kx
=⇒=
U
VA
P%1ϕG5HH6z`SSSSz
1ϕ{`&@^12ϕPS
d
π
O
U
U cm s−
4\I
A
U O
Um m=
2>$J +5"j26*D
O
D+BK"&M
U
D"
V V cm s
&0I|
^W"5+>gE"AA6^1"
%
VGdV cm
&%
cm`dGh
%
YGdV cm
%
UGVh cm
C$
U
v
U
m
}U U U }
`
`
U
Q Q
v
A x A
ω
= + = → =
@
U
m
2^"5+>gE"A7N
OU
O`
U
T
t =∆
M2I
U/1PO`@eOU~
U
•SUPhG`d&
#$' F'(3>GIvE[d>&
IBD>UdGUZGIvDE[X>
&,3>BA'/
%&PZ`& )&PQZ& ,&Pd`& .&PV`&
@/
g
l
U
U
U
Q
U
U
UU
==⇒+=⇒+==
ω
ωωω
ω
#$) F'+J=72&026>A3D
Qega =
4"8*B9+B>g"OUGZ&,4>6'+
%&
T&R
Z
s
π
)&
&TRs
π
,&UR1T& ,&
T&R
OZ
s
π
S @ 2 6 >A 3 4 " 8 * B9
sT
%&2<71>^D1W1](&
)&2<71>^D1W1D(&
,&1>^1HA1]N
l
v
f
U
=∆
1W1D(&
.&1>^1HA1]N
l
v
f =∆
1W1](&
.A>*261>^4
f
v
kkl
UU
==
λ
2HA1]
N
l
v
f
U
=∆
1W1D(&
#$, @\4231(&1*2sai?
xO`O``>)&,*m‚
`
PO`
SOU
ƒe
U
&,*"x"UGZ/
%X&O`
SU
ƒe
U
& &%Od&O`
SU
ƒe
U
& %Oƒe
U
& %`GZƒe
U
&
UU
O
O
O
eO`&O` mWI
I
I
L
O
−
=→=⇒
#$ F1>^6>*2BD1
λ
W1&aF
O
GF
U
93U<8
8*B9|"A
X
λ
OU
λ
&„:<A…"
#4l1|F
O
1DF
U
%
O U
O Vu u = −
&%
Ue
UO
−=uu
%
Ue
%VQ& &%Od& %VU %Oh&
x"FB6E">
U
†>
O
Pλ
@>
O
PV`eUcVPOXi>
U
PV`eU†VPOU
0>
U
†>
O
Pd&MDPU&0/λPV&x>DB6E"6"%)
/
SUQ≤>
U
†>
O
≤UQ
a2SUQ≤λ≤UQ⇔SX≤≤XG*E"5<WD+61E"6
+VQSUPVU&
#$' Fj*;#8#1N<y
`
PZƒ&‡23=D&)5
#85K6:>[8#D<(2347236I
O4H*IZˆ1DD>1EN< #23*&)5‚
`
E
E
EE
n
n
=⇒=⇒=⇒=
−
M27*"8j*O`/
( )
dB
Id
P
L XGYV
&Q
YZG`&
O`
`
U
O`
`
≈=
π
!"/0 12
#$( 0' [,
O
>4A1>6_
O
Pdab&0
2L ,
O
1& %O`
SQ
1&
H[
TR1
U
U
U
`
ϕω
+= t
C
Q
E
đ
H^
TR1
U
U
U
`
ϕω
+= t
C
Q
E
t
&
‰
U
`
U
U
`
V
C
L
r
E
UCU
r
E
LLI ==⇒=
=
Z
#$+ @">p,8!&aBI D%G)DA
I&@"
O
BI 7ND%[8
`
U
O
qq
>+[\I3^%5)&
.&
`=
A
q
>+[\I3^)5%&
)>ŠB56\#\K(\2G1D<(\Y`
`
&
#$, F">[^j>*2AIB [[>,
`
#L'
11D 2[>B56^O`pF5UZ`pF42B56^`
`
5OU`
`
&
s[> [l[D2JBN&F"A1B56^O`Fab5
V`Fab&0"A1O`FabGA11OZFab4A2 ]N
%
`
O`
&%hZ
`
& %
`
V`
%
`
O
O`
OU
`
h
U
−
+
==
CL
f
π
6,
`
PU`
pF
&
sA1"
Hzf
h
V
O`&ZGO=
FC
µ
O``
V
=
7D
`
>+[E"
"4[76[[8E"6BI f
‚
%
m m
C
Q I
L
π
=
& &%
m m
LC
Q I
π
=
& %
m m
Q LC I=
& %
O
m m
Q I
LC
=
π
=
1*2đng
3l ?
%&s‹#"B4D$8 2&
)&02 [>H>A^]N41‹H>A&
d
,&02 [>I>A^DN41‹H>A&
.&02 [>^]N5DN41‹H>Aj1
"I>A&
#$'/s""[23j[!AŒG>*2AIRIATp [,
'5<&08[
Œ
G
p
G
,
(7[[57!A<A…ŒGp,&f
[3<[[52
%&
Œ
Š<reU1D
,
& )&
,
Š<r1D
p
&
,&
p
U
== U
R
U
P
#$) ,"[ŒGpG,'5<G>*2AI&)5
FCHL
ππ
QX
O`
G
Q
O
U−
==
GŒB5
!&0;A"[<
tcou
π
OU`1UOU`=
&s3lB5!4N2
Œ
O
Œ
U
#1N6 ":yPZhdƒ&C$
O
ϕ
U
PU`
Ω
GŒ
U
PZ
Ω
6
O
ϕ
POeUi
U
ϕ
PU&M2<
&
#$ * s; A " " Œp, # <* [ [ 5 2 3
TUe1R
`
πω
−= tUu
M4>+["P‚
`
1R•credT%&s""[2#
%&Ž
p
{Ž
,
& )&Ž
p
PŽ
,
PU•
p
2ŒPUŽ
p
ROT
0M
U
E"/
Œ
ŽŒ•
•
U
p
U
,
+
=
JROT•
U U
p p
,
p
• QŽ c Ž
• Z
• P
UŽ U
=
RUT
0"/
p
• U
M2M•
O
PX`M&
#$,/0[[57N<2H5>*2I[VZ0M4l[<8>I
[HOdˆ&Fl[<8l+Qˆ4[[57N<<I
%&@H6h`0M )&@H6VZ0M ,&H6OQ`0M .&CIBDh`0M
,#1N<8
ϕϕ
UUUU
U
U
1&
&
1&
&
&
U
RP
P
P
U
RP
RIP =
∆
⇒==∆
x2
O``
Od
1&
ϕ
M2<IH6VZM.
#$' K1>*213[23#jB?
%&,26'">E6[I7[^> ^\2&
)&p"(>:1"(<&
,&‘(B<#1ND&
.&F 8*[1#1N(H[> \(&
#$' ,"[%)j[!AŒG ,*2'5<&’KF|Œ
,G " ) 7 >*2& )5 [ [ 5 A " " B 7
T
d
O``1RUOU`
π
π
+= tu
AB
6,>+[[> "‚PU%6
MB
u
[<πeV
AM
u
6
MB
u
[<πed
AB
u
6
AN
AM
MBA
AM
BMA
AB
=⇔=
( )
VMBAMU
R
VQ`===⇒
c∆F)C/
( )
( )
Ω==⇒
===
VO`
VU`d`1&VQ`d`1&
``
I
U
r
VMBU
r
r
#$' F""5<j>*2[!APO``
p
PO``1R
ω
c
U
π
TRMT& &%
p
PO``
U
1R
ω
c
Q
π
TRMT&
%
p
PO``1R
ω
c
Q
π
TRMT& %
p
PO``
U
1R
ω
c
pPOeU
π
a& .&ŒPZ`
V
Ω
pPOe
π
a&
.:28A2
#$'( F>*2>k<=>u4|Z``+>*2G>[8–+UU`
U
&
0\23DZ`+e*2\ 79;<=>*2G
X
^3K(I7^
B
ur
#D \2D)&s"1N
[[> ‰PUU`M4I7^)D
%&
π
V
& )&
U
Z
π
@& ,&
π
U
@ .&
…&
#$'* yB1*2đng 3>+[23B<?
%&0#j">+[6B>*2<3B9#&
)&@E5">+B<^B2<<&
,&,>+[6>*2+#B9#&
.&0>+[<E"4>+[<+"E&
#$'+ F([23#1N7U``ƒ"B4D[<
[> UU`MG[!A(
Ω=
U`R
&s("[1NY`ˆ
"B44[1#1N(<I
%&
U
V
1 =
ϕ
)&
OZ
OQ
1 =
ϕ
,&
XZG`1 =
ϕ
.&
OO
O`
1 =
ϕ