62 Xa hoi hoc sd 4 (112), 2010
BIEN DOI
XA
HOI
6
VIET NAM QUA 20 NAM DOI
M6I
(Qua phdn tich cdc bdi viet tren Tap chi
Xd
hoi hgc)
TRAN MINH CHIEN*
Bien ddi xa hoi luon la chu de nghien cflu trung tam cua xa hdi hpc. Tfl nhflng
bien ddi chinh tri, kinh te
Idn
den nhflng bien ddi trong chuan mflc, cac gia tri, hanh
vi,
y nghia
van
hda
va
cac quan he xa hoi deu dfldc cac nha xa hoi hpc quan tam.
Qua hdn hai thap ky Ddi mdi (1986 - 2008) Viet Nam da dat dfldc nhflng thanh
tflu
Idn
ve kinh te cflng vdi nhflng bien ddi sau
sac
trong
llnh
vflc xa hdi tfl vi md den
vl
mo. Bien ddi xa hoi chinh la mot trong nhflng chu de da, dang

la khai quat ve thflc te bien ddi xa hoi cl
Viet Nam dfldc phan anh qua cae bai viet dd.
1.
Bien doi xa hoi:
tuf
cd cau xa hoi den tam ly xa hoi (giai doan
1986 -
1989)
Giai doan nay ed 5 bai viet trong dd cd 4 bai ndi ve bien ddi ed ca'u xa hdi, mot
bai ve bien ddi tam ly xa hdi. Bai viet dlu tien ve bien ddi xa hoi xua't hien tren tap
chi
vao nam
1986.'
Cae bai viet deu ed xu hfldng di sau phan tich sfl bien ddi cd ca'u
xa hdi giai ca'p (giai cap ndng dan
va
tang
Idp
tri thflc) de tfl dd chi ra xu hfldng da
dang hoa cac thanh phln xa hdi, eac nhdm xa hoi trong cd ca'u xa hdi eua xa hdi Viet
Nam nhflng
nam
dau ddi mdi. Phan
tich
noi dung cac bai viet
giai
doan
nay
cho tha'y
2 xu hfldng bien ddi xa hdi quan trpng.

viec chu ddng ap dung
cae
tien bp ky thuat. Thd ba, sfl thay ddi trong tfl duy va
trinh dp dan tri (xem sd dd 1). Ba qua trinh bien ddi nay da
lam
thay doi
Ifle Iflc
san
xua't d ndng thdn
va
tfl dd lam thay ddi cd cau
xa
hoi ndng thdn tfl cd ca'u gdm hai tap
doan:
ndng dan tap the
va
ndng dan ca the thanh ed ca'u gdm 4 thanh phln xa hoi. Cd
ca'u
nay
bao gdm thanh phln ndng dan tap the, ndng dan ca the thflc cha't
la
kinh te
hp gia dinh, tieu thu edng nghiep,
va
thanh phan "can bp ky thuat, dieh vu" phuc vu
san xuat nong nghiep.
Tap the hda
ndng nghiep
(QHSX)
SM

quan
ly,
Tri
thuc, dich
vg
Ngudi Idm dn cd
the
So do
1:
Qud trinh bien ddi ca cdu xd
hpl
nong thon
Vlft
Nam vd bieu
hifn
cua no
Hai la, Sfl bien ddi cd ca'u xa hoi tang
Idp
tri
thflc.^
Cd the tdm tat nhflng khia
canh cua sfl bien ddi CCXH tang
Idp
tri thflc nhflng
nam
dau ddi mdi bang mot sd dd
dfldi day (sd dd 2). Sd dd
nay
eho tha'y CCXH
ting Idp

co
cdu xd hdi
tdng Idp tri
thQc
So lupng
Co cdu gidi
Co cdu
thdnh phdn
ddn tdc
So dd 2: NhQng
Ichia
cqnh cua
si/
bien ddi co cdu xd hoi
tdng
idp tri thuc Viet Nam
nhung ndm ddu ddi mdi
'
Nguyen Duy Quy. "Ve qud trinh van dong va bien
ddi ccf
cau xd hoi tdng
Idp
tri
thUc
Viet Nam'. Tap
chi
Xd hoi
hgc.
So 3. 1989. Tr. 11-18.
64 Bien ddi xd hoi d Viet Nam qua 20 ndm ddi mdi

mflc sd'ng Dae biet, sfl bien ddi cd ca'u
xa
hdi dfldc cac bai
viet phan anh nhieu nha't thdng qua nghien cflu sfl bien ddi gia dinh (cd 10/23 bai
viet trong giai doan
nay
nghien cflu sfl bien ddi gia dinh). Cac bai viet
gin
nhfl co
mot diem chung tfldng dd'i thdng nhat khi luan giai ve nguyen nhan sau xa eua sfl
bien ddi eac
qua
trinh xa hdi, bien ddi gia dinh. Dd chinh la sfl chuyen ddi cd che
kinh te tfl tap trung quan lieu bao ca'p sang kinh te thi trfldng dinh hfldng XHCN.
Bien ddi ed ca'u
xa
hoi ma cac bai viet giai doan 1990 - 1999 de cap tren 2 khia
canh. Thd nhdt, sfl bien ddi cd cau xa hdi thdng qua cac qua trinh xa hoi cd tinh
nha't day chuyen: tfl bien ddi ed che kinh te
din
tdi bien ddi ed ca'u xa hoi nghe
nghiep vdi sfl hinh thanh 3 nhdm nghe nghiep chu yeu d ndng thdn Viet Nam:
thuIn
ndng, hdn hdp
va
phi
ndng.^
Di lien vdi sfl bien ddi ed ca'u xa hdi nghe
nghiep la sfl phan
ting

ddi
cua cd cdu nghe nghiep vd phdn
tdng mile
sdng d nong thon dong bdng
song Hong. Tap
chiZd
hoi hgc. So 3. 1995. Tr. 68-74.
' TUcJng
Lai. "Nhitng vdn de cua
sit
bien ddi xd hdi sau 10 ndm doi mdi
cf
Viet Nam". Tap chi Xd hoi hgc.
Sol. 1997. Tr. 3-12.
Trdn Minh Chien 65
BIgn
ddi
CO
chg
kinh
t§'
>
Bl^n
ddi
kinh
t^
ha
gia
dinh
>

Giau
c6
V
\
^
/
/
Bien
ddi he
gid
trj,
chudn
muc
xd
hpl
Tinh
nflng
dong
XH
Trgng
gidu
Nhu
cdu tu
chu
Nhu
cdu
dan
chu
So do 3:
SI/

cang
tang, vi the, vai trd eua ngfldi phu nfl ngay
cang
nang
cao).*
Ba
la,
bien ddi nhan thflc
va
hanh vi sinh san (ed sfl bien ddi nhan
thflc ve chuan mflc so' con, md hinh gia dinh it con
ngay cang
dfldc cha'p nhan, cac
bien phap
ke
hoach hda gia dinh
ngay cang
dfldc ap dung rong
rai).^°
Co
che
kinh
te
nndl
Bien
ddi
CO
cdu
xd hpl
Bien

de cao )
(Bien doi nhdn
thCie
ve
chudn muc so con, nnd hinh
gia
dinh,
bien phdp KHHGD)
So do 4:
s\f
bien ddi co cdu xd hpl thdng qua bien
ddi
gia
dinh (glal
doqn
1990-1999)
Daniele Belanger, Khua't Thu Hong. "Mot sd bien ddi trong hon nhdn vd gia dinh d Hd Noi trong
nh,iing
nam 1965 - 1992". Tap chi Xd hoi hgc. So 4. 1995. Tr. 27 - 42.
TUcJngLai.
"Van
de gia dinh
trong sU bim
ddi vd phdi trim
cua
xd hot'.
Tap chiAaM
Ape.
S6'3.1998.
Tr. 13

3.
Bien doi cd cau xa hoi giai doan tfl 2000 den nay: bd sung va nang
tam nghien
ctfu
Giai doan
nay
Tap chi Xa hoi hpc ed 18 bai viet theo xu hfldng di sau lam ro va bd
sung them nhflng bien ddi cd ca'u xa hoi thdng qua sfl bien ddi cua cac qua trinh bd phan,
rieng le da dflcic
de
cap den trong giai doan trfldc nhfl: bien ddi dan so', bien ddi cd ca'u xa
hdi nghe nghiep, bien ddi hdn nhan Dac biet, trong dd cd 4 bai mang tinh chat tdng
h(3p,
khai quat cac ket qua nghien cflu ve bien ddi xa hoi qua hdn 10
nam
ddi mdi tren 4
khia canh ed ban. Mot la, vi cd cdu xd hdi. Qua hdn 15
nam
thflc hien ddi mdi, cd cau xa
hdi nfldc ta da cd sfl bien ddi manh me, dfldc the hien mot each dien hinh trong hien
tfldng phan tang
xa
hoi nhfl mot loai hinh bien ddi xa hoi
ma
sfl tfl do hoa thfldng mai,
chuyen sang kinh te thi trfldng, day manh edng nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa, dd la nhflng
tac nhan quan trpng thuc day nhflng thay ddi trong ca'u true xa
hpi.*^
He qua la, da lam
cho ed ca'u xa hoi d niidc ta ma trpng tam la cd ca'u xa hdi - giai cap luon

xa hdi ma trfldc het
la
ve thu nhap va mflc song dang dien ra kha ro
net ciing tai khu vflc
nay.
Nhin chung mflc sd'ng (thu nhap) cua ngfldi dan
vCmg
ddng blng
chau thd sdng Hdng da
dfl(3c
nang len rd ret, vi the chat Ifldng cupe song cung dfldc cai thien
dang ke, keo theo d6
la
sfl gia tang tieu diing
van
hoa va sfl bien ddi cua he tho'ng gia tri,
chuan mflc. Vi du, thu nhap
binh
quan dau ngfldi mot
nam
cua ngfldi dan xa Ninh Hiep, Gia
Lam, Ha Noi
nam
1996 la 8.000.000 ddng. Trong khi dd neu tinh thdi gia 1996 thi thu nhap
binh quan dlu ngfldi mot
nam
ciing tai dia phfldng
nay nam
1986 ehi la 2.000.000
ddng.'^

(dich).
"SU
bien ddi co cdu gia dinh". Tap chi xd hoi hgc. So 2. 1994. Tr. 97-102.
Trinh Duy Luan. "Nghien
cUu
nhitng vdn de bien ddi xd hoi
a
nUdc ta trong giai doan hien nay". Tap
chi Xd hoi
hgc.
Sd
2.
2003.
Tr. 6.
Pham Xuan Nam. "Mdy net sa bg ve
sit
bien ddi
ccf
cdu xd hoi- giai cdp
cf niCdc
ta khi chuyen sang ca
che
thi trUdng dinh
hUdng
xd hoi chu nghia". Tap
chi.rY(2
hoi hgc. So 4. 2001. Tr. 5.
Triicing
Xuan
TnWng.

lam
hai long chdng nhieu hdn. Tuy nhien, sfl tham gia cua phu
nfl trong
Ifle
Ifldng lao ddng xa hoi ngay cang tang len. Ket qua eua eac nghien cflu ciing cho
tha'y, kha nang nay sinh bat ddng gifla vd
va
chdng ed the xay ra hlu nhfl d mpi linh
vile
trong gia dinh. Dac biet, dd'i vdi nhflng hp gia drnh ed thu nhap thap, mau thuan trong quan
ly chi tieu ed xu hfldng tang len. Ve quan he gifla cac the he, tam ly sd'ng chung vdi con cai
khi tudi gia cdn phd bien do nhflng dieu kien ve an sinh xa hoi va eac dich vu
xa
hdi chfla
dap flng dfldc nhu cau eua ngfldi cao tudi cd xu hfldng
ngay
cang
tang.'®
Bo'n la, vi xu
hiidng phdn tdng
xd
hdi. Xu hiidng phan tang xa hoi ve mat kinh te, ve mat van hda, giao
due
ngay cang
gia tang gifla cac nhdm xa hdi, eac vung, mien
va
gifla ndng thdn Jo thi. Vi
du, thu nhap cua cac nhdm xa hoi deu tang len khoang gap ddi trong vdng 10 nam qua, tfl
227 nghin ddng nam 1996 len 636 nghin ddng
nam

ddt
nu6c
Glal cdp
cong
nhan
Glal cdp
n6ng dan
Bien ddi co cdu
glal cap - xa hpl
6
Viet Nam
T(3ng I6p
tri thuc
T<3ng lop tieu
thuong,
tieu chu
T6ng I6p chu
doanh nghiep
tunhan
Mot so nhom
xd
hpl
Idm dn
phi phdp
So do 5:
Bien ddi
co cdu xd hpl giai cdp d Viet Nam
khi
chuyen sang
nen

hoi hpc vdi 8 chu de lien quan bao gdm: bien ddi gia dinh; bien ddi kinh te -
xa
hoi ndi
chung; bien ddi ed ca'u xa hdi; bien doi van hda; bien ddi dan sd; bien ddi tam ly; bien
ddi nhu clu
va
bien ddi tap quan, thdi quen. Cac nghien cflu tren cac chu de nay chu
yeu la cac nghien cflu thflc nghiem d ca'p vi md. Chung cung ca'p nhflng thdng tin ve
cae xu hfldng bien ddi dang dien
ra
trong nhflng bd'i canh xa hoi cu the. Ndi dung eua
eac bien ddi xa hoi ma eac bai viet da de cap cung bao
ham
nhieu yeu to' tfl phat trien
xa hoi, phat trien con ngfldi den nhflng thay ddi trong cd ca'u
xa
hoi, trong he thdng
cac gia tri,
ehuIn
mflc, cac khuon
inau
hanh vi
va
nhflng dac trflng
Idi
sd'ng cua eac
nhdm xa hoi khac nhau. Diem chung nhat ciia tat ea nhflng bien ddi xa hdi qua hdn
20
nam
ddi mdi dd la, deu bat ngudn tfl sfl bien ddi cd che kinh te (tfl kinh te tap

gidi.
Ha Ndi.
i. Tony Bilton (1993), Nhap mdn xd hdi hgc, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hoi, Ha Ndi.