D
D D
D
THONG TIN
KINH
Tf
HOC PHAT
TRI^N
B^N
VONG SE TCT
B6
Tl/ DUY KINH
li
MOT NOI DUNG
M6|
TRONG KHOA HOC KINH
Ji
Holger
Rogair
"Kinh te' trong hai mUai ndm qua dd
trd thdnh mdt nguyen tdc thd'ng linh todn
bd ddi sdng cbng cdng. Trong dd, chinh
sdch dd mdt di phdn ndo chdc ndng diiu
hdnh cua minh. He qud cua nb la ddn de'n
suy thodi vd khung khodng kinh te, b
nhiem mbi trUdng trdn lan vd trdm trpng,
khai thdc kiet que tdi nguyen thien nhien,
nguy cd bien ddi khi hdu TrUdc thiic te
ndy, Holger Rogall, Gido sU TrUdng Dqi
hpc khoa hpc dng dung Berlin vi Kinh te
vd Luqt (DUc)' chuyen nghien cdu vi Kinh

chung trflng nhau thi gpi la Kinh te ben
vflng/sinh
thii.
Hat nhan hay cd't chinh
ciia
Kinh te phat trien ben vflng dflpc
trinh bay trdng mfldi quan diem dfldi day.
1.
Lay tang
cfldfng
phat trien ben
viJng
lam nen tang
Kinh te
phit
trien ben vflng cflng nhfl
kinh te sinh thai dUdc liet vao vi
tri
tang
cUdng phat trien ben vflng (Kopfmueller,
2003;
Bartmann, 2001). Sfl phat trien ben
vflng nhfl vay nham dam bao cho tat ca
con ngfldi dang sd'ng hdm nay cung nhU
dc
the
he trong tUdng lai cd dUdc mdt mflc
cao va dly du ve sinh
thii,
kinh

da di
ngflde
nhan thflc cua minh, lay thi
trfldng lam cdng cu phan phd'i duy nhat va
khdng
sin
sang tfl bd qua dc thuyet
khic
nhu tinh chiet khau, qui ddi thanh tien dc
chi
phi
mdi trUdng hay coi trpng chu quyen
trong tieu dung, nen nhflng ddng gdp cua hp
cho mpt nen kinh te phat trien ben vflng cdn
bi han che.
Holger Rogall, Giao
sU,
Tien si, Trudng Dai hoc
khoa hoc flng dung Berlin ve Kinh
teva
Lu^t.
OUAN LY KINH it
Stf 29 (11+12/2009)
KINH it
HOC
PHAT
TRI^N
B^N
VQNG
S£

nhfl ket
qui
nghien cflu ve bd nao ciia con ngfldi, hanh
vi flng
xit,
ve
khi
hau. Nhfl vay, chung ta
phai thay ddi ngay tfl cac khai niem hay
tu duy cd ban ban
diu
nhfl: Khdng coi
hang boa mdi trfldng la hang hoa cdng
cpng (public good) ma phai xem nd nhfl
mpt loai hang
hoi
cd cdng (merit good) va
dang hi can kiet; Thay cho viec ra quyet
dinh trong tieu dung hoan toan mang ti'nh
hdp ly va dat muc tieu bang md hinh da
ye'u td'vdi nhflng yeu
to'van
boa - xa hdi va
tam ly; Thay the loai "con ngfldi thien
hudng kinh
te"
hay Homo oeconomicus
(hien dang
din
hi triet tieu vi khdng du

(e) Ndi dung cua sfl
phit
trien ben vflng
ket hpp cua Td chflc Helmholz
Gesellschaft (Kopfmueller, 2001), (f) Sinh
thai cdng nghiep cua nhflng nam 1990
(Isenmann;
Hauff,
2007). Nhflng trUdng
phai nay cd nhflng ddng gdp ti'ch
efle
nhat
dinh chd nghien cflu phat tridn ben vflng
vl cac npi ham
ciia
chung deu dflde Kinh
te
phit
trien ben vflng tiep nhan de phat
trien len mdt mflc cao hdn.
Cflng nhfl nhieu trfldng phai kinh te
khic
thi ngay gifla cae nha kinh te cung
ddng Kinh te ben vflng/sinh thai
vin
ed
nhflng bat ddng ve cae
vin
de khac nhau,
vi du thuyet phat trien ben vflng phai

chat phai dupe dt giam
(Hinterberger,
1996).
Cd nhu vay thi chinh sach vdi ba
dudng ldi chien
lUdc
cua
Kinh
te phat
trien ben vflng
mdi
cd the dat dUdc, dd la:
Hieu qua, ben vflng va dly du.
6
day mpi ngUdi deu thd'ng
nhit
quan
diem la viec thUe hien eae giai phap hieu
qua ddn le tbi
gin
nhU khdng dan den
phit
trien ben vflng. NgUdi ta vi nhU mdi
thUe
hien dUdc 1/3
ciia
cupe each mang
cdng nghiep. 6 cac nUdc cdng nghiep phat
trien, trong vdng 40 nam qua, ngUdi ta da
giam tdi 80-90%

VCTNG
SE
Ti/
Bd
TU DUY KINH
IJ
-
MQT
NQI
DUNG
Mdi
cua
phit
trien ben vflng. Hien cdn nhieu
tranh luan ve
thUe
hien
Id
trinh nay:
Trong khi mdt so' ngUdi cd quan diem la
phai duy tri mdt nen kinh te khdng tang
trudng va ddng bang GDP; Dai dien cua
nhdm thfl hai thi khuyen do nen thflc
hien day du mpi ehien Iflpe dinh hfldng
phit
trien cdng nghe vdi muc tieu hieu
qua va ben vflng; Cdn nhdm thfl ba thi yeu
clu tang trfldng phai cd Ifla chpn, nghia la
chi chpn
met

GDP.
4.
Doi vdi ca nhan con
ngxidi
Do Kinh te phat trien ben vflng/sinh
thai dfla tren nguyen tac dao dfle nen nd
ddi hdi d mdi con ngfldi tinh
thin
trich
nhiem va hanh ddng ca nhan. O day
chung ta tdn trpng cac nguyen tac trpng
tam xuyen sudt nhfl
tinh
cdng bang ndi
trong mpt
the
he va gifla nhieu
the
he
(Bartmann, 1996; Hampicke, 1999) cflng
nhfl tinh
thin
trich nhiem cl nhan
(Kopfmueller, 2003). Vay theo trfldng
phii
nay, ben canh dc muc tieu td'i flu va hieu
qua ma trfldng
phii
kinh te mdi trfldng
tan cd dien vd'n coi trpng thi cdn phai

dan chu cd sfl tham gia cung
dflde coi la vd cflng quan trpng vi tat ca
mpi van de
thude
elc linh
vfle
khac nhau
dn phai dflpc thao/tranh
luan
mpt
each
cdng khai, rdng rai va
lien
tue;
va tat ca
mpi ngfldi trdng the ky 21 phai
dflde
chuan bi td't trong flng xii vdi mpi thay ddi
efle doan. Qua dd, trach nhiem cl nhan
cua mdi con ngfldi
ludn
song hanh vdi vai
trd trung tam ciia chinh sach.
Vl du, viec san xuat ra mdt chiec d td
con thi tdn het 400.000
lit
nfldc, mpt kg
thit bd tdi 16.000
lit
nfldc va mpt chiec ao

lUu
nay va
bie'n san pham tiet kiem tai nguyen va
nang
lUdng la
mpt thfl de the hien cai uy,
sU thanh dat ciia con ngUdi. NgUdi ta
vin
thUdng hay dat ra cau hdi "Lieu san pham
dd da tinh de'n dieu dd chUa?" dd'i vdi cac
san pham. Nhu dUdc biet, mdt chiec xe dtd
loai sang hay mdt xe dua the thao thi
khdng he tinh de'n dieu nay. Song he
QUAN LY KINH
it
Stf
29
(11+12/2009)
KINH it
HOC PHAT
TRI^N Bf
N
VONG $£ TU
Bd TU DUY KINH
T£
-
MpT
NOI
DUNG
MOI

cung nhfl ket hdp vdi cac nganh khda hpc
tfl nhien va ky thuat de dfla ra cac san
pham, trang thiet bi cung nhfl cdng nghe
mang
tinh
ben vflng cac. Viec phan tich
cac ddi
tie
hoat ddng kinh
te
dflde eci la
mpt ndi dung trpng tam tiep theo, da dfla
ra ket qua la van cdn nhieu nganh cua nen
kinh
te
qud'c dan cd
tim
nhin thien can va
chfnh vi vay da can trd trong viec chuyen
ddi mdt xa hdi cdng nghiep theo dinh
hudng
phit
trien ben vflng. Tinh hinh
khung khoang tai nguyen va bien ddi
khi
hau tren the gidi ngay cang trd nen
nghiem trpng nen viec ket hdp cle thanh
phan cd dinh hfldng phat trien ben vflng
nhfl Kinh te, Chinh
sich

thu nhap thap, mac du ban than hp cd y
thflc hdn dd'i vdi tai nguyen va mdi trfldng.
Nguyen nhan chinh la ngfldi cd thu nhap
cao thUdng di lai
bing
xe hdi,
miy
bay, cl
nha to rdng, dflng dien va nhieu dieu hda
khdng
khi
hay may sfldi am sd vdi ngfldi
dan cd thu nhap thap va ed y thflc kem
ve
tai nguyen va mdi trfldng
(Kulke,
1993;
Bedenstein, 1998). Dd vay ma cac nha
kinh te phat trien ben vflng ket luan
la
mflc thu nhap cua dai da so' dd'i vdi viec
s^
dung mdi trfldng ddng vai trd quan trpng
hdn la mflc dp y thflc va Nha nfldc can can
thiep thdng qua cac cdng cu chinh sach va
phap luat de can dd'i sfl that bai thi trfldng
(Hdlstein, 2003).
Nguyen tac chii dao ve sinh thai nhfl
vay dupe cdi
la

lieu ve mflc dp hay qui md thiet hai mdi
trfldng de dflng vao dc cupe thao luan
cdng khai vdi epng ddng,
vi
du khi de cap
de'n dc bien
phip
thich flng vdi
bieri
ddi
khi
hau. Song khdng dflde phep quen met
dieu
la,
thflc chat dd la viec xac dinh gidi
han ehiu dflng eua thien nhien va tien tdi
bao tdn nd, nghia la giam mflc tieu dung
tai nguyen thien nhien va dam bao sfl tdn
tai lau ben cua nd. Dai dien cua dc nha
Kinh
te phit
trien ben vflng/sinh thai
khuyen do: (a) ap dung phfldng phap
chuan mflc -
gii
d trung dc tieu chuan
Stf 29 (11+12/2009)
OUAN
Lt
KINH Tt

He do ludng mdi
Ngay ca viec van hanh khai niem ben
vflng va dc he thdng do
lUdng
mdi trd nen
cap thiet. Dd cd nhieu
cich
hieu
khic
nhau nen dang ed nguy cd la khai niem
phat trien ben vflng trd thanh mdt
khii
niem qua rdng va trdng rdng. De ngan can
xu the
phit
trien nay, budc chung ta phai
md ta dc nguyen tac, qui dinh quan ly va
cac he thd'ng do
lUdng
mdi. NhU khai niem
ve dan chu thi khai niem ve ben vflng can
phai dupc the hien
bing
nhieu chi tiet
khic
nhau, song ve ban chat phai dUdc
tudng minh.
Kinh te
phit
trien ben vflng/sinh

chju dung cua thien nbien
Muc tieu kinh
te
1.
Dam bad
sir
tdn tai dpc lap vdi dieu
ki6n
chat lupng lao dpng cd the' chap nhan
dupc ma dam bao cuoc sd'ng tdn trpng con
ngudi va an toan xa hpi
2.
Dam bao cac nhu cau co ban ve cac san
pham ben viing (luong thuc pham, nudc,
nha d, quan ac, phuang tien van chuyen,
dien),
cai td xa hdi cdng nghiep ve mat sinh
thai
3.
On dinh gia ca va han che
tSp
trung hda
kinh te
a mirc
cao (chdng dpc quyen), npi
hda cac ngoai ung
4.
Can
bing
can can ngoai thuang va hop

Gin
giir chiing loai va
sir
da dang ciia canh
quan thien nhien
Sir dung ben viing
nhirng tai nguyen tai
sinh
Sir
dung ben
vCrng
nhirng tai nguyen
khdng tai sinh
Muc tieu van hda - xa hdi
Dan
chii
cd su tham gia ciia
ngudi dan va mpt nha nudc
cd phap luat d trong mpi linh
vuc
ciia
cupe sd'ng
An toan trong xa hdi, khdng
cd ngheo ddi
An ninh trong va ngoai nudc,
giai quyet tranh chap khdng |
diing bao luc
Dam bao va hdi nhap xa hdi
(vi du dam bao quyen
binh

PJ^
8. Xay
dvfng
mot nen kinh te thi
trfldng ben vufng
Dai dien cua Kinh te ben vflng/sinh thai
da dUa ra hang loat cac
thit
bai thi trUdng
de lam minh chUng, vi du dc van de nhu
nghec ddi va sU bat cdng trcng phan phd'i
thu nhap, khai
thic qui
mflc tai nguyen
thien nhien, lam suy kiet cac hang hda cd
cong va cle van de an ninh (Rogall 2006). Sfl
that bai thi trUdng ed the giam de'n mUe cd
the chap nhan dupe neu Chinh phu can
thiep thdng qua viec ban hanh va ap dung
chi'nh sach nhat dinh. Chinh vi vay ma ta
gpi la mpt nen kinh te thi trUdng ben vflng
hay nen kinh te thi trfldng hdn hpp
(Hauff,
2008).
Mdt nen kinh te tbi trfldng ben vflng
dupc hieu la mdt he thd'ng kinh te dupe xay
dUng dUa tren nguyen tac dao dUc theo
nguyen ly cdng
bing
npi trong mdt the he va

nghia tU bdn theo
kieu thil du dn thit", sang mdt nen kinh te
phat trien ben vflng thi ehung ta phai chpn
nhflng linh vfle chien Ifldc trpng tam vl day
manh chung
phit
trien.
O
day phai ke de'n
viec xay dflng chinh
sich phit
trien ben
viing danh cho
phit
trien kinh te, nang
I'^'Jng,
giao thdng, bao ve/tdn tai nguyen va
san xuat ra san pham. Cd the ndi, nhflng
linh vfle nay dac biet thich hpp vi chung la
nhflng vi du dien hinh ve phat trien ben
vflng thfle sfl chfl khdng phai phat trien
trong sfl khd hanh, hy sinh, hay phai chiu
canh ngheo ddi. Qua dd chUng
minh
dd la sU
phat trien ben vflng
vdi
hang hda ngay cang
ddi
dao va chat

elc nfldc dang phat trien. (b) Mpt phat trien
ben vflng ma khdng
tinh
den sU cdng
bing
da the he thi khdng dUdc phdp xay ra. Thee
nguyen tac trach nhiem ehung, nhUng cd
phan biet
ddi
xfl thi cac qudc gia cdng nghiep
do qua trinh phat trien lich sfl de lai va ban
than hp cd kha nang thUc thi eao hdn (tien
cua, kien/tri
thUe, )
nen phai cd trach
nhiem ldn hdn (Kopfmueller, 2003). (c) Viec
ban hanh mdt trat tU chung toan du dUdc
coi la dn thiet. Vdi nhflng chuan mflc tdi
thieu ve mat xa hpi - sinh
thii
ngfldi ta ed
the kiem tra va gilm sat dc qua trinh phat
trien cflng nhfl dam bao de ed che cdng
bing
trong trao ddi hang hda thfldng mai
(Costanza, 2001; Kopfmueller, 2003). (d)
Mflc tieu dung hien nay ve tai nguyen tinh
theo
diu
ngUdi d dc

DUY
KINH
T^
-
MOT
NOI
DUNG
Mdt.
trUdng
phii
Kinh te ben vflng/sinh thai yeu
cau giam
50%
Ifldng tieu dung tai nguyen
thien nhien tfl nay den 2050. De dc nfldc
dang
phit
trien khdng the giam Ifldng tieu
dung nay, ma ngflde lai cd xu the tang len,
nen budc de qud'c gia cdng nghiep phai giam
nhieu hdn, cu the tfl 80-90%. (e) Cle qud'c
gia dang chuyen ddi sang qud'c gia cdng
nghiep nhfl Trung Qud'c, An Dp, Braxil,
khdng dflde phep chay sau sfl
phit
trien ve
ky thuat va cd du eua elc qud'c gia cdng
nghiep ma phai
bit
tay ngay vao viec nghien

Treng 20 nam qua ehflng ta da ehflng
kien qua trinh "kinh te hda" trong mpi linh
vfle eua ddi sd'ng
ccn
ngfldi. Sdng sdng vdi
viec tang cfldng
phit
trien kinh te va day
manh cd che thi trfldng nhfl mpt nguyen
tic
thd'ng soli toan bp ddi sd'ng cdng cpng thi vd
hinh chung nhflng ngfldi ra quyet dinh dan
chu hdp
phip
da hi mat di mpt phan nao
tiem nang dieu khien xa hdi cua minh.
Trong khi dd, ngfldi ta dang dan quay lai va
cdng nhan mdt dieu la Chi'nh phu can phai
dfla ra mdt khung trat tfl vdi nguyen
tic
chu
dao ve phat trien ben vflng xet d gdc dp sinh
thai - xa hdi (Chinh phu lien bang Dfle,
2008).
Chung ta da cd
sin
cac cong cu can
thiet de dan de'n sfl phat trien dd, song
vin
chfla cu the va day du.

viec lien ket dc bien phap
khic
phuc hau
qua cua khung khoang kinh te toan cau
cflng nhfl di td lai xa hpi cong nghiep theo
hfldng ben vflng va tich cflc xay dflng cung
nhfl md rpng mang Ifldi kinh te phat trien
ben vflng tren the gidi.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
Sfl dung va trich
din
tfl nhieu bai bao, giao
trinh va sach eua giao sfl Holger Rogall
cung nhfl nhieu tac gia khac, tham khao
trang web:
http://www.hoIger-rogall.de
1
Fachhochschule fuer Wirtschaft und Recht Berlin
(tieng DUc), Applied university for Economics and
Law
Berhn
(tieng Anh)
2 Die neue Umweltoekonomie (tieng
Dijtc),
The new
environmental Economics (tieng Anh)
3
Die nachhaltige Oekonomie (tieng
Diic),
Economics for sustainable economics (tieng Anh)