TAP CHi KHOA HOC XA HQI SO 05(l29)-2009
51
CAC VAI NGHTA TRONG CAU NGHI VAN TIENG VIET
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VA CACH DjCH CHUYEN SANG TIENG ANH
NGOTHICAMTU
'lO
TOM TAT
Bdi ndy bdn vi vdn di nhdn diin cdc vai
nghTa
trong cdu nghi vdn tiing Viet vol cdc
chiec ndng vai nghTa cua de, chit ngie, bo
ngie nhu: Hdnh the, tdc the, dich thi, tiep
the, vd vai nghTa cua trgng ngie nhu cdc
vai nghTa chu cdnh voi cdc ddu hiiu ngie
phdp ciia thiec nghi vdn. Kit qud khdo sdt
duoc thuyet gidi nhu Id co sd nhdn diin
cdc vai nghTa cdu nghi vdn trong tieng Viet
de djch chuyin sang tiing Anh.
1. DAT
VAN DE
Hudng nghien ciiu mdi ciia tieng Viet hien
thdi van la su tiep ndi ciia nhirng thdnh tuu
trong cac giai doan trudc. Trong bdi ndy
chiing tdi de cap den mdt sd phuang dien
nghien ciru hien nay thu hut nhieu su quan
tam ciia cac nha ngdn ngir hgc, ddc biet la
ngie
phdp chuc ndng. Day la cdch tiep can
mdi ddi vdi tiing Viet. Tuy nhien ngir phdp
chirc nang van cdn nhieu van de can dugc

cdch khdng djnh rdng ngir phdp ciia cdc
ngdn ngu sdn cd tren the gidi deu dugc td
chirc nhdm bieu dat trong ciing mdt cdu ba
loai nghTa ma dng ggi la "sieu chiic ndng
(metafunctions)" (Halliday, 1994, tr. 35):
nghTa y niem (ideational meaning), nghTa
lien nhdn (interpersonal meaning) va nghTa
vdn bdn (textual meaning) (Halliday, 1985,
tr. 53 ). Day la cho dugc coi la ndi bat trong
ngir phdp chiic ndng cua Halliday ma dng
ggi Id he thdng (systemic) vd vi vdy md cd
the dugc img dyng de mieu td nhieu, neu
khdng mudn ndi Id tdt ca cdc ngdn ngir tren
the gidi. Bdi viet nay lien quan tdi hai sieu
chirc ndng tren la nghTa y niem va nghTa
lien nhdn ciia M.A.K Halliday. Chirc nang
nghTa lien nhdn dugc the hien qua he thdng
52
NGO TH] CAM TU - CAC VAI
NGHTA
TRONG CAU NGHI VAN
cau true "thirc" (Halliday, 2004, tr. 18).
Cdu true thirc (mood structure) gdm phdn
tinh thai va phan du. Phan tinh thai trong
cau nghi van la phan danh dau tinh thai
hdnh ddng hdi, phan du Id phdn cau cdn lai
chi sy viec dugc phdn dnh trong cdu (Diep
Quang Ban, 2008, tr. 104-105). Chirc ndng
ngliTa y niem la bieu hien ciia nhirng su
tinh: nhirng hdnh ddng, nhirng bien cd,

1959) vd sau dd din M.A.K Halliday dl
nghien ciru tim hieu lich sir van de dang
quan tam. Chung tdi tin rdng tdc pham
Tieng Viet - So thdo
ngie
phdp chiec ndng
ciia Cao Xuan Hao (1991) da phdc thdo
nhii-ng net dinh hudng rd cho nhieu nghien
ciru ve sau ve cdc vai nghTa trong cdu nghi
van tieng Viet cd lien quan den ngu phdp
chuc nang trong tieng Viet. Ngoai ra cdn
phai ke den nhirng cdng trinh ddng gdp Idn
cua Hoang Van Van (2005) va Diep Quang
Ban (2008) ve cac vai nghTa trong cau nghi
van trong tieng Viet. Cdc vai ngliTa trong
cdu nghi van trong tieng Viet cd cdc cong
trinh mdi tuong ddi day du la cudn Ngie
phdp kinh nghiem cua cu tieng Viet (Md ta
theo quan diem chirc nang he thdng) ciia
Hodng Van Van, 2005, Nxb. Khoa hgc xa
hdi vd cudn Gido trinh Ngie phdp tiing
Viet
(Theo dinh hudng ngir phap chirc ndng),
tap 2 - Phdn cdu cua Diep Quang Ban,
2008,
Nxb Gido due.
Myc tieu chinh ciia ngir phap chiic ndng la
gidi thich ngdn ngir dua tren cdi ma con
ngudi hanh xir vdi su hd trg ciia chinh ngon
ngir, ngliTa Id con ngudi sir dyng ngdn ngir

cdu nghi van cung cd bay nhieu vai nghTa.
Chiing cung dugc dich chuyen tir cdu trdn
thuat ma thdnh. Tir cdu trdn thuat cd thi
dich chuyen sang cdu nghi vdn va tir cau
nghi van cung cd the dich chuyen sang cdu
tran thuat xem xet ve ca hai ngdn ngii tieng
Viet va tieng Anh. Tuy nhien vai trd vd vi
tri ciia cdc vai nghTa trong cdu nghi vdn
tieng Viet va tieng Anh khdc ban trong cdu
tran thuat. Chung ta nhdn thdy: "Cdu Id su
the hien bdng ngdn ngii' ciia mdt menh de
(proposition). Nd ket hgp vdi mdt chii the
"sd de" ciia dien ngdn vdi mdt nhdn djnh
"sd thuyet" ve cai chii the dy" (Sapir, 1921,
tr. 35). Cdc vai nghTa trong cau nghi van
tieng Viet dugc the hien qua di ngie vd
thiec.
2.1.
De ngu-
Trong tiing Viet, "de" vira Id van de ngu
nghia, vira la van de ngir phdp.
Trong tiing Anh, "de" chi la vdn de ngu
nghTa md thdi. De cd the cd nhirng tinh chdt
sau: tiiy chgn (optional), xdc dinh
(definite), da biit sdn (given), dugc ddnh
ddu (marked) va tuong phdn (contrastive).
2.2.
Thirc
Cau nghi vdn (interrogative) trong dd ed
thirc nghi vdn thudng dugc coi Id mdt trong

bao gdm ba thdnh phan kinh nghiem:
- Qua trinh,
- Cdc tham the trong qud trinh,
- Cdc chu cdnh lien quan den qud trinh.
3.
cAC VAI NGHIA TRONG cAu NGHI
VAN
TIENG VIET THEO CACH TIEP
CAN
CHIJCNANG
Cdc khdi niem qud Irinh, tham thi, vd chu
cdnh Id nhirng pham trii ngii: ngliTa gidi
thich mdt cdch khdi qudt nhat cdc hien
tugng ciia the gidi hien thuc dugc the hien
trong cdc cdu triic ciia ngdn ngCr nhu the
ndo.
Khi phdn tich nhirng cdu cu the, ta
khdng diing nhirng khdi niem khdi quat ndy
md phdi diing nhirng khdi niem cu the ban
irng vdi tirng kieu qud trinh trong he thong
chuyin tdc nhu: Hanh the (Actor), Cam the
(Senser), Duong the (Carrier), Dich the
Goal),
Tilp the (Receiver) Tuy nhien, tdt
cd dlu xudt phdt tir vd cd quan he vdi ba
pham trii khdi qudt nay. Trong giao tiep
bdng ngdn ngir thdng thudng hdng ngdy
ngudi ndi thudng de Id rd y djnh trong
hdnh ddng ndi ciia minh de ngudi nghe
54 NGO

kem su viec de neu hodn cdnh vd tinh
hudng cua su viSc.
Trong cau tnic nghTa cdu tieng Viet gdm cd
3 loai kieu nghTa: nghTa bieu hien, nghTa
tinh thai, nghia van bdn (Cao Xuan Hao;
2004,
tr. 51). Cac vai nghTa trong cau nghi
van dugc the hien qua caii true nghTa bieu
hien va cau tnic nghTa tinh thdi hay nghTa
cua kieu cau theo myc dich ndi (Diep
Quang Ban, 2008, tr. 8) hay nghTa ciia cdu
theo luc ngdn trung (Cao Xuan Hao, 2004,
tr. 413) de phan dnh thdi do ciia ngudi ndi
ddi vdi viec thuc hien hdnh dgng ndi.
4.
CACH DICH CHUYEN CAC VAI NGHIA
TRONG CAu NGHI VAN TIENG VI$T
SANG TIENG ANH
Halliday (1976) de xudt: Khdng nen hdi
'Tir ndy dugc dimg nhu the ndo?", ma nen
hdi "NghTa nay dugc dien dat nhu the
nao?"
Nhu vay, vai nghTa trong cau nghi
van trong hai ngdn ngir dang xet cd nhirng
bien ddi trong qua trinh dien dat ve nghia.
Nhdn thiic nhu vay chung ta se thay rdng
sy chgn lua tir ngir chi la mdt khia canh
cua su chgn lua cdc vai nghTa trong ngu:
phap chiic nang cua qua trinh phdt ngdn.
Va sy bien ddi cac vai nghTa mang tinh tir

Cy the hon, chimg ta hay xem cdc vai nghTa
chuyen tae dugc the hien nhu thi nao tren
md hinh ly thuyet cdc vai nghTa trong hai
sieu chirc nang tren la nghTa lien nhdn vd
nghTa y niem:
Trong md hinh bieu hien nghTa bieu hien,
cd ba budc quan he he thdng nhu sau:
1) Chgn lya loai qud trinh: vdt chdt, tinh
than, quan he dugc the hien qua.
2) Sap xep cdc chirc ndng chuyen tdc: hdnh
the,
tac the, dich the, cam the, duong the
bieu hien qud trinh, tham the, thdnh phdn
chu cdnh dugc the hien qua.
3) Trinh tu cdc Idp cii doan-cym tir: cum
dgng tir, cym danh tir, cym trang tir, cii
doan va cdc tieu Idp khdc.
Khung ly thuyet nay Id dudng dan dua
chiing ta di tir y nghTa den qud trinh phdt
ngdn. Tire Id chiing ta cd cdu trd ldi cho cdu
hdi "NghTa nay dugc dien dat nhu the
ndo?".
Mdt khi chiing ta mudn the hien y
nghTa theo hudng cdu hdi chinh danh thi
chung ta se chgn phuong thirc nghTa bieu
hien theo kilu chinh danh. Ket qud la ngu
phap chuc ndng xudt hien nhu mdt phuong
thirc lap ngdn de ldm chirc ndng dien dat y
nghTa hiin Id chinh danh. Chung ta hay xet
cdc vi du sau.

the ciia hanh ddng thuc hien qud trinh vat
chdt cd cdu triic bieu hien:
- Tac the + Qud trinh (+ Dich the) + Tiep
thi.
Cdu tnic ndy dugc ma hda (hien thuc hda)
bdng cum danh tir (mdt thuc the chii the
ciia hdnh ddng) + cum ddng tir (hdnh dgng)
+ cum danh tir lam tdn ngir (mdt thye the
md rdng cua qud trinh) + cym danh tir Idm
tdn ngir (mgt thuc the tiep nhdn). Chiing tdi
bdt ddu tir phuang thirc the hien tuong
thich trong thuc te vd cudi ciing la ma hda
vi gidi thich kinh nghiem bdng hinh thirc
ngdn ngu ve mat cd him da Id mgt qua trinh
ve nghTa.
- Tac thi (= Dai tir nghi van) + Qud trinh
(Ddng tir chi hdnh ddng) + Dich the (Tdn
ngir) + Tiep the (Tdn ngir).
56
NGO
THI
CAM TU - CAC VAI NGHTA TRONG CAU NGHI VAN
Trong vi dy tren cd sy thay ddi vai nghTa
dich the cd the ngam an trong cdu nghi vdn
tieng Anh nhung bat budc phdi hien Id de
ldm rd nghTa trong cau nghi van tieng Viet.
Vidy3:
- Cd le mai (chu canh chi thdi gian) cdc
bgn (Hdnh the) ve (qua trinh: vdt chdt) nhi?
Chung ta cd the de nghi each dich chuyen

Nguon:
Diep Quang Ban, 2008, tr. 105.
Khi thirc hien bdi viet nay chiing tdi cd dua
tren ngii phdp truyen thdng va chimg tdi coi
trgng nhirng thanh tuu ve ngdn ngir ciia
ngir phdp hgc hien dai vdi gidi phdp dugc
chgn la theo dinh hudng ngir phdp chirc
ndng vdi cac tdc gia tieu bieu nhu Cao
Xudn Hao, Hoang Van Van, Diep Quang
Ban, Austin, S.C. Dik, M.A.K. Halliday,
Hien nay, tuy vdi sy phdt trien ciia ngdn
ngir hgc nhung cau tnic nghTa bieu hien la
phan khd dien giai cho sat va chinh xac,
cdc cugc thdo ludn chi tiet ve chiing van
chua chdm dirt, chua cd tieng ndi cudi
ciing. Vi the, viec nam rd ve cau tnic nghTa
bieu hien va nghTa lien nhan giup cho viec
y thiic rd hon tac ddng den ngudi nghe va
ddnh gid su viec dien dat trong cau Va dien
dat chung theo luc ngdn trung true tiep hay
gian tiep.
Gidi thich kinb nghiem bang hinh thiirc
ngdn ngir ve mat cd hiru da la mdt qua trinh
ve nghTa nen binh dien nghTa khac hien
dien trong chinh ngdn ngir la dieu hien
nhien. Vi the trong qua trinh djch cho sat
thi chimg ta phdi chuyen sang mdt hinh
thirc tuong thich de djch cho diing ngir
nghTa de ma hda chung. Khi chung ta mudn
the hien y ngliTa theo hudng cau hdi phi

trinh:
Tmh
th^n
xaqui
so much?
Chu canh
chi
phwang
thu-c
thS?
Bi$tt6
tinh
thdi
NGO THI CAM TU - CAC VAI
NGHIA
TRONG CAU NGHI VAN.
57
Vi du tren la dang cau hdi ma khdng cdn cd
cau tra ldi, dugc thay bdng kilu cdu ndi
khdc it tinh ham y vdi cdu true trat tu cac
vai nghTa kieu khdc ma van cd y nghTa thi
hien tuong duong rd hon.
(2) - Cu khdng nen lo xa.
Tieng Vi^t
Tieng Anh
Cau true
nghTa bieu
hien
Cu
You

bdng kieu cdu ndi bang cdch khdc ma it tinh
bdm y vdi cac vai nghTa khdc ma van cd y
nghTa the hien tuong duong rd ban. (Xem
vi du (2).
Su khdc nhau d (1) vd (2) Id d (1) tinh thdi
dugc dien dat trong pham trii khdch quan,
dn ngdn, khdng cd sy xudt hien ciia cdi 'tdi'
(Cdm the). Ngugc lai, d (2) tinh thai dugc
dien dat d pham trii chii quan vd hien ngdn,
cdi tdi hien rd. Hon nira, d (2) phdn dodn
dugc the hien d cu phdng chieu cdn d (1)
chi cd mdt thdnh phan tinh thdi trong cu
don ma thdi. Tieng Viet thien ve cdu triic
De Thuyet, tieng Anh thien ve cdu true Chu
Vi nen khi chuyen dich chiing ta phdi
chuyen sang mdt hinh thirc mdi cho tuong
thich mdi dich dugc. Vi du:
Tieng Viet:
- Anh dy thdng minh phdi khdng? (Cdu ndy
trong tieng Viet khdng cd ddng tir).
Anh ay (thi) thdng minh phdi khdng? (Cdu
tuong thich vdi "thi").
Tieng Anh:
- Is he intelligent?
Ti4ng Viet
Tiing Anh
Cku true cu phdp
CAu true nghTa
biiu hi$n
C6IS

CAu true cu phdp
Ciu true nghia biiu hi$n
T6i
1
Chu ngO
Cam thi
tin
believe
V| ngO
Qud
trinh:
tmh thcin
chi6c binh dd
that pudding
Chu ngO
s6
will
Huu dinh
duvc niu.
be cooked.
V\ ngO
Ogi hien tuc^ng
58
NGQ THI CAM TU - CAC VAI NGHIA TRONG CAU NGHI VAN.
- Hg ggi anh dy (De) Id Tom phdi khong
(Thuyet)? (Tieng Viet bat budc phdi cd "la"
mdi cd nghTa dugc).
Tieng Anh: Do they call him Tom? (Tieng
Anh lai khdng cd "to be").
Nhung Halliday ciing cho rang khdng the

trong cdu nghi van boat ddng the ndo vd tdc
dgng ra sao trong the loai van bdn trong cdc
tinh hudng hgi thoai va trong giao tiep.
Nghien ciru cdc vai nghTa trong cau nghi
van giiip ta khang dinh hon nira rang cac
vai nghTa la mgt cdng cu quan trgng de
chuyen dat kinh nghiem cua chiing qua
nhirng cdch nhin mdi ve the gidi hien thuc
ciing nhu the gidi cua tu duy.
Hay dgc lai doan hdi thoai sau day mdt lan
niia de khang dinh rang cdc vai nghTa
khdng chi la van de d cap do tir vung, tir
vyng-ngir phap, ma cdn d cap do ngir phap,
mang tinh ndi ket mach lac trong cac tinh
hudng hdi thoai nira.
- Thua giao su Smith, em nen dgc nhung
cudn tieu thuyet ndo trudc?
(Prof.
Smith,
which novels (Dich the) should I (Tdc the)
read (Qua trinh: vat chat) first?)
- Tieu thuyet Anh hay My? (English novels
(Dich the) or American novels (Dich the)?
= Do you want to read English novels or
American novels?).
- Tieu thuyet My a (American novels).
(Le Huy Ldm - Truong Hodng Duy, 2001,
tr. 38).
5.
KET LUAN

tieng Anh Id phdn khd dien gidi cho sdt vd
chinh xdc nen cdc vai nghTa trong cau nghi
vdn tieng Viet va tieng Anh khdng chi dimg
lai mdt miic do nghTa trong giao tiep md
chiing cdn tiiy thudc vao ngir cdnh giao tiep
vdi cdc vai nghTa vang mat, hien Id hay
ngam an. •
TAI
LIEU THAM
KHAO
1.
Austin. 1962. How to do things with words.
Cambridge (Mass.) Harvard University Press.
2.
Cao Xuan Hao. 1991. Tiing Viet - Sa thdo
ngie
phdp chiec ndng. Quyen I. Ha Ngi: Nxb.
Khoa hgc Xa hgi.
3.
Cao Xuan Hao. 1999. Mdy vdn de
ngie
dm,
ngie phdp,
ngie
nghia.
Ha
Ngi:
Nxb. Giao due.
4.
Di?p Quang Ban. 2008. Gido trinh

4.
Bhatia, V.K. 1993. Analysing Genre:
Language use in professional settings. London:
Longman.
5.
Brown, G. & G. Yule. 1983. Discourse
Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
6. Bybee J., Fleischman S. 1995. Modality in
Grammar and Discourse. Amsterdam/
Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing
Company.
7.
Carstens, W.A.M. 1997. Afrikaanse
tekslinguistiek 'n Inleiding. Pretoria: JL van
Schaik Akademies.
8. Cook, G. 1989.
Discourse.
Oxford: O.U.P.
9. Halliday, M.A.K. 2004. An
Introduction
to
Functional
Grammar.
London: Edward Arnold.
10.
Nunan, D. 1993. Introducing Discourse
Analysis. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
11.
Schiffrin, D. 1994. Approaches to