TRIET HOC, SO 12 (235), THANG
12-2010
TRAO DOI Y
KIEN
BAN
TH€M V€i
KHfll
NI€M
"Gin TRI DAO DUC
DOAN
QUOC
THAI
4
TO
Trong bai viet nay, tdc gid biidc ddu xdc dinh va ludn gidi mot so'tinh chd't ca bdn cua gid
tri dqo ddc, nhu tinh xa hoi, tinh lich sir cu the, tinh dinh hiidng cho hanh ddng cua con
ngiidi, Ddng thai, tdc gid cung phdn tich quan he giiia gid tri dqo ddc vdi cdc quy tdc, chudn
miic dqo diic; lam ro sii thdng nhdt va khdc biet giiia chiing.
^jo?
rong
nhiing nam gan day, "gia tri
dao diic" la
thuat
ngd
xuat
hien
vdi
<-> tan
suat
ldn
tren

nhan
thiic cac doi tUdng
va do do,
nhan
dien
cac gia tri dao diic
cu the mot
each
khach
quan,
khoa
hoc
nhat
thiet
phai
diia
tren
quan
niem
thong
nhat
ve "gia tri dao diic".
Gid tri la
pham
tru
dUdc
ban den va
sd
dung
tit rat sdm

dUdc
nghien
ciiu
vdi tU
each
la ly
luan
ve gia tri. C" Viet Nam, van de gia tri
mdi
dUdc
quan
tam tii
khoang
nhiing
nam 80 cda the ky XX.
Theo
nhan
xet
cua tac gia Hd Si Quy, hau het cac nha
nghien
ciiu
dau
nganh
ciia
khoa
hoc xa
hoi deu it
nhieu
da
tham

trong
dao diic
truyen
thd'ng
hoac
dao
diic mdi, chii
chua
ban den gia tri dao
diic vdi tU
each
mot khai niem. Ciing cd
mot vai
quan
niem de cap den khia
canh
nay
nhUng
chi la sii
tiep
can
budc
dau, cdn han che
nha't
dinh va
chua
cd
(*)
Thac
si, Hoc vien Ky

va du
luan
bieu dudng"(2). Quan niem nay
mdi
chi ban den gia tri dao
diic
tQ
phUdng
dien lua chqn, danh gia cda con
ngudi,
tiic
la phuong dien chu quan cua
gia
tri dao
diic.
Theo tac gia Ngd Toan,
gia
tri dao
diic
la nhQng chuan mUc,
nhQng khudn mau ly tudng, nhQng quy
tac Ong xQ nham dieu chinh va chuan
hoa hanh vi con ngudi(3). Quan niem nay
khdng
de cap den mat chu quan cua gia
tri
dao dQc, ddng nhat gia tri dao dQc vdi
dao dQc.
Gia
tri dao dQc, nhin tQ gdc do cau

hien
tUdng) hay gia tri ca nhan deu
dUdc quy chieu bdi cai chung, bdi sU
thQa nhan, danh gia cua xa hqi. Gia tri
dao dQc cung khdng nam ngoai dac
diem
chung do. Vi vay, trong ddi sd'ng
dao dQc tQ cd chi kim, du d phUdng
Ddng
hay phUdng Tay thi van cd the
tim
thay sU tUdng ddng cda nhQng gia
tri
dao dQc cd ban, nhU yeu lao dqng,
trung
thUc, nhan ai
Thii
hai, gid tri dqo
diic
co
tinh lich
sii
cu the. Chung ta biet rang, ldi ich xa
hqi
la tieu chuan khach quan cua cac
gia
tri dao dQc; vi vay, chi khi nao
nhQng nguyen tac, chuan
miic
dao dQc

bq xa hqi, do do, gia tri dao dQc
cung cd
tuih
lich
sQ - cu the. Ph.Angghen
cho rang, ldi ran dao dQc "khdng dUdc
trqm
cap" chi cd gia tri d cac xa hqi cd
che dd sd hQu tu nhan ve dqng san, cdn
"trong
mdt xa hdi ma moi dqng cd day
tdi
trqm cap deu bi
loai
trQ, do do dan
dan hau nhu chi cd nhQng ngUdi mlc
benh tam than mdi pham tdi trqm cap,
thi
mdt nha truyen ba dao dQc nao
mud'n
trinh
trqng tuyen bd' cai chan ly
vinh
cdu: khdng dUdc trqm cap, se bi
ngUdi
ta che
cUdi"(4).
Hdn nQa, vdi
tinh
(2)

Npi,
1994, tr.137.
62
BAN
THEM
VE
KHAI
NIEM
"GIA TRI DAO DUC"
each
mot hinh thai cua y
thiic
xa hqi, y
thiic
dao du"c co cO sd
triic
tiep la
cac dieu kien cua ton tai xa hoi.
Ph.Angghen viet: "Chung ta khlng
dinh
rang xet cho cung moi hoc thuyet
dao ddc da cd til trUdc tdi nay deu la
san pham cua
tinh
hinh
kinh
te - xa
hoi liic
bay gid" va "tii dan toe nay
sang

quan he
giiia
ca nhan vdi ca nhan, ca
nhan vdi xa hqi, cac gia tri dao
diic
xuat
hien
vdi tu
each
sii nhin nhan, danh gia
cua ca nhan, cdng ddng trUdc nhiing
quan niem, nguyen tac, chuan
miic,
hanh vi
iing
xd. Sii nhin nhan, danh gia
nay chiu sii chi phdi
triic
tiep cua lqi ich
va d day dUdng nhu gia tri dao
diic
mang
tinh
chu quan.
Dieu
nay ly
giai
tai
sao mot hanh vi dao
diic

dUdc nhin nhan nhu vay.
Thii
tu",
gid tri dqo
diic
gan vdi
hoqt
dqng thiic tien
cua con
ngiidi, dinh
hiidng
cho
hdnh ddng
cua con
ngutdi.
Mdt
mat, cac gia tri dUdc hinh thanh,
ton
tai, bien ddi tren cO sd hoat dqng
thUc
tiln
cda con
ngUdi.
Chinh trong
thiic
tiln
va chi cd thdng qua thUc tien,
cac gia tri vat
chat
va

san xuat hang hda, khi gia tri ca
biet
ciia
hang hda ldn hon gia tri xa hdi
thi
buqc
ngudi san xuat phai cd sii thay
ddi
ve
each
thiic
san xuat. Tuy nhien, d
day, vai trd dinh hudng cua gia tri ddi
vdi
con ngUdi the hien sau sac hdn qua
cac gia tri dao
diic.
Mdi cdng ddng
ngudi,
do cac dac diem ve dia ly, van
hda deu hinh thanh nen nhiing mlu
nhan
each
mang
tinh
dai dien, la ket
qua cda sU dinh hudng gia tri.
NgUdi
chau A coi "can
cii,

ba
sau "tU lqc canh sinh va thanh dat ca
nhan". Ndi rang
ngiidi
chau A can cu,
ngiidi
Do
Thai
khdn ngoan, hay
ngUdi
Diic
lia chinh xac cd nghia la cac gia
tri
do dUdc ton trqng hdn, dUdc xep vao
vi
tri Uu
tien
hon so vdi cac gia tri khac
trong
dinh
hiidng
nhan
each
cda cac
cdng
dong nay(7).
Thii
nam, gid tri dqo
diic triiu tilqng
nhung

dan tqc
Viet
Nam,
diidng
nhien
khdng hoan toan dong nhat vdi
cac hanh vi
iing
xu"
tiidng
iing
trong ddi
sdng hang ngay
nhiing
cd the nhan
thiic
thdng
qua chinh
nhiing
hanh vi do.
Quan trqng hon, mdi ca nhan hoan toan
cd
the hien thdc hda gia tri dd thdng
qua
nhiing
each
iing
xd. vi tha, nhan
nghia
trong quan he

tic, hanh vi
iing
xd
ciia
con
ngUdi
va y nghia
tich
cdc ddi vdi con
ngUdi,
vdi ddi sdng xa hqi cua
nhiing
quan niem, chuan mdc, nguyen tac,
hanh vi
iing
xd.
do.
Triidc
het, khdng cd gia tri dao
diic
chung chung,
triiu
tUdng ma la gia tri
dao
diic
nim trong
hoac
ludn
gan vdi
nhiing

khdng the nhan
thiic
gia tri
dao
diic
ma khdng dUa tren cd sd
nhiing
quan niem, chuan
miic,
pham chat dao
diic
cu the. Chang han, dao
diic
each
mang vdi tU
each
mdt gia tri se trd nen
trQu
tUdng,
khd hieu neu khdng gin vdi
nhiing
chuan mUc cu the - trung, hieu,
can
kiem,
liem
chinh, chi cdng vd tU
Dao
diic
each
mang cung se trd nen sao

cua con
ngiidi Viet
Nam
trong
hoi
nhdp ASEAN
hien
nay.
Bao dien tu Dang Cong san
Viet
Nam,
24-2-2006.
64
BAN
THEM
VE
KHAI
NIEM
"GIA
TRI
DAO
DUG"
danh du: quan nhan, ve
tinh
dong chi,
dong
dqi,
ldng
dung cam,
tinh

giai
phdng va bao ve To
qud'c, neu khdng cd
hinh
anh ve anh "Bq
ddi
Cu Ho" dam xa than vi nUdc, vi dan.
Tuy
nhien,
tieu
chi de danh gia gia tri
dao
diic
rat khac biet vdi quan niem,
pham chat, chuan mUc, nguyen tac dao
diic.
Cd the khang
dinh
rang, gia tri dao
diic
khdng phai la bat cii quan niem,
pham chat, chuan
miic,
nguyen tac dao
diic
nao, ma chi la
nhiing
quan niem,
pham chat, chuan mUc, nguyen tic dao
diic

trieu
dai
phong
kien
vao hoi suy tan
ludn
xua't
hien
nhiing
bac trung than, du
thay rd sii
thdi
nat
ciia
che do van
khdng
the thoat
khdi
sdc nang cda hai
chCt
"bat trung", khdng dam
tien
hanh
nhiing
cudc lat do, tham chi hq cdn ra
siic
bao ve, duy tri cai bq may da
thoi
nat ay. Su trung quan mdt
each

nhiing
quan niem, chuan mUc, nguyen tic,
hanh vi
iing
xii cu the nhUng
ciing
khdng
dong nhat vdi quan niem, chuan
mUc,
nguyen tic dao
diic.
"Doi vdi con
ngUdi,
the
gidi
hien ra trong
nhiing
khudn
thudc, dii rang ban than nd (the
gidi
vd van
nhiing
hien tUdng phong
phii
va
phiic
tap) khdng mang y nghia
(sang - hen, hay - dd, td't - xa'u ) gi dd'i
vdi
chinh nd"(9). Ndi cho cung, gia tri

Minh
ma quan trqng hon, cdn la
y
nghia cua
nhiing
pham chat do dd'i vdi
mdi
ngUdi,
dd'i vdi ddi sdng dao
diic
dan
(9)
Ho
Si
Quy.
Sdd., tr.41.
65
DOAN
QUOC
THAI
toe va nhan
loai.
Ciing
giong
nhii
vay,
trong
Quan doi nhan dan
Viet
Nam, gia

tic
iing
xd td't dep va
diing
din khac doi
vdi
quan nhan va vdi ddi sd'ng xa hqi.
Ve
thUc chat, tii phUdng dien nay, gia
tri
dao
diic
quan nhan chinh la sU cam
nhan, danh gia cda quan nhan
ciing
nhu
cda xa hdi dd'i vdi
nhiing
pham
chat, chuan mUc dao
diic
cua ngudi
quan nhan
each
mang. Qua
trinh
chien
da'u va trudng thanh cua Quan dqi
nhan dan
Viet

thdi,
khien mdi can bq chien
si
ludn
cam thay
vinh
du, tU hao va cd
trach
nhiem cao hdn. Nhu vay, ban
than
cac quan niem, chuan mUc,
nguyen
tac dao
diic
chi trd thanh gia tri
dao ddc khi nd cd y nghia
tich
cUc ddi
vdi
chd the dao
diic
xac
dinh
la ca nhan
hay cong ddng
ngUdi
trong mot
thdi
dai,
mot

gid,
liia chqn,
cung
nhu" y
nghia tich cite
cua
nhung
quan niem, chudn mile,
quy tdc
ling
xii
do
ddi vdi con
ngtfdi
vd ddi
sd'ng
xd
hqi
Qua
trinh
md
ciia,
hqi nhap qud'c te
hien
nay d nUdc ta ben canh
nhiing
mat
tich
cUc
ciing

nhiing
tac ddng til mat
trai
cda cd che thi
trUdng
da tao ra cdng hudng
tieu
cUc,
dan den sii suy thoai dao
diic
xa hqi,
lam
dao ldn trat tU thang gia tri xa hqi
trong
mot bq phan xa hdi. Mot trong
nhiing
nguyen nhan cda
tinh
hinh
tren
chinh
la sU nhan
thiic
chua
diing,
chUa
day dii ve cac gia tri dao
diic,
trUdc het
la