CAC
HE^H THlfC CUA
QUYEl^
LlJC
TROMG QUAJV
HE QUOC TE
PGS.
TS. Hoang
KhSc
Nam
Khoa Qudc te hoc -
Dgi
hoc Khoa hoc Xd hot vd Nhan vdn
Quyen luc cd nhieu hinh thirc khac
nhau. Mdi hinh thirc quyen luc lai cd nhirng
dae diem khac nhau, hien dien trong thirc
tien khae nhau va tae ddng tdi quan he qude
te (QHQT) theo nhii'ng
each
thire khdng
gidng nhau. Cac hinh thirc nay dugc phan
dinh theo nhii-ng
each
phan loai khac nhau.
Cd nhieu
each phan
loai quyen
lire
trong
QHQT
va

minh ciing nhu trong quan he vdi
cac
ddi tac. Theo each
nay,
quyen
lire
dugc
chia
lam
hai loai:
- Quyen
lice
thuc tgi (Actual Power)
hay cdn dugc gpi la quyen
lire
boat ddng
[Operational Power) la quyen
lire
hien ed
thire nhu
lire
lugng quan
sir,
tdng thu nhap
qudc
dan
thirc te, trinh dp khoa hpc-cdng
ngbe, sd lugng dan cu, dien tich lanh thd
-
Quyen lice

hay ke ca phat trien trong nudc deu ddi hoi
phai cd tu duy dai ban va tam nhin chien
luge,
vi the phai tinh den
ca
hai loai quyen
luc
nay.
Quyen lue thuc tai cd tinh ngan ban
hoae trung ban, cdn quyen
lire
tiem nang cd
tinh dai ban. Viee tinh den ca hai loai quyen
lire ap
dung trong tim hieu khdng
chi
cae ddi
tac
ma cdn ve chinh minh. Hai loai quyen
lire
cd quan he vdi nhau. Quyen luc thuc tai
la CO
sd cho quyen
lire
tiem nang, trong khi
quyen
lire
tiem nang neu dugc thii'a nhan thi
lai
la

sir
hung thinh
va suy vong
ciia
cac cudng qudc la nhirng vi
du eua dieu
na\
2.
Cach phan loai
thii
hai
dim
trin hinh
thifc
biiu hiin
ciia
quyen
lire.
Cach phan
loai
nay
giup dem lai
cai
nhin
toan
dien trong
hoaeh dinh chinh
sach va sir
quan tam tdi
nhirng dieu kien cu the trong thuc thi chinh

dugc do dac
va
tinh den
chii
yeu
la
loai quyen
lire
hiru hinh.
Day
la each
nhin phien dien bdi quyen
lire
vd hinh ciing
la
mdt sire manh vira cd y
nghTa thuc tai, vira cd y nghTa tiem nang.
Trong lieh sir, khdng thieu nhiing cude xung
dot
ma
ket cue ke thang
la
ngudi ed
siic
manh tinh
than Idn
ban trong khi quyen
lire
hiru hinh kem ban. Trudng hgp chien tranh
Viet Nam

la
ca so de phat trien
quyen
lire
vd hinh, cdn quyen lue
\d
hinh lai
ed y nghTa bd trg
rat
quan trpng
\a
nhieu khi
cdn la ddng
lire
cho quyen luc hiiu hinh.
Dang chii
y, vai trd
ciia qu\-en lire
\'d hinh
dang cd xu hudng tang len trong QHQT hien
dai khi viec sir dung chiing thuan
Igi
ban qua
eae
phuang tien thdng tin dai chiing, trong
khi viec sir dung mdt sd quyen
lire
hiiu hinh,
nhu
lire

mat yeu, sd trudng hay sd
doan ciia ea ban
than chu the
va
ddi
tac
quan he, giiip chon
lira
uu tien ehinh sach, cdng cu thuc bien
\a
ITnh
vuc quan he.
each phan
loai
nay
khdng chi ed y
nghia trong xay dung quyen
lire
qudc gia
ma
cdn
ca
trong
hoaeh
dinh chinh sach
va
thuc
thi chinh
sach
trong thue tiln QHQT. Mac

lue 21
luc manh yeu khac nhau. Viec dimg sd
trudng ddi phd vdi sd
doan
thudng dem lai
ket qua tich
cue
hon. Trong nhirng
van
de cu
the cimg vay, khi phai lua
ehpn cac
quyen
luc thirc thi cho
phii
hgp vdi hoan canh va
sir
viee,
viec ehpn lua
quyen lire
thirc thi khdng
phii
hgp cd the la
Igi
bat cap hai. Va cudi
cimg, cac loai quyen luc
nay
deu cd gia tri bd
sung cho nhau va cd the
sii

ddi (Relative
Power) la quyen
lire ciia
cac
chii
the dugc
dat trong
sir
so
sanh
true tiep vdi nhau. Vi
du, A cd quyen luc tuong ddi so vdi B khi ed
uu the ve nang
lire
nhung lai khdng cd quyen
luc tuong ddi khi sue manh thua kem C.
- Quyen
lice
ca cdu (Structural Power),
theo Susan Strange, la "Quyen
lice
quyet
dinh cdc viee se dugc ldm nhu the
ndo.
Id
quyen luc dinh hinh nen khung khd trong dd
cdc nhd nudc quan he vdi nhau, quan he vdi
nhdn ddn vd quan he vdi cdc cdng ty xuyen
qudc gia. "' Ndi each khac, dd
la

ciia
cbu nghTa hien thuc. trong
khi quyen
lire
co- cau xuat phat
tii'
ITnh
vuc
kinh te chinh tri qudc te
(IPE).
Quyen
luc
tirong ddi dugc nhin nhan dudi lang kinh cua
each tiep can
dira
tren eae bd phan
ciia
quyen
lire
qudc gia, trong khi quyen luc co cau
dugc hinh thanh qua
each
tiep can quyen
lire
cd tinh quan he va
each
tiep can quyen luc
CO cau. Ve mat lich
sii',
trudc kia, quyen

quyen
lire
co
eau.
-:. •
•
^ ••
Tat nhien hai loai quyen
lire
nay cd tinh
tuang hd vdi nhau. Quyen lue tuong ddi la
dieu kien
can
de dem lai kha nang cd dugc
' Susan Strange. Stales and Market, 1994.
Din
theo
Graham Evans & Jeffrey Newnham, The Penguin
Dictionary of International Relations. Penguin Books.
London 1998, p.
519.
22
NGHIEN
COU
CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°03
(126).2011
quyen
lire
co cau. Nguge lai, quyen
lire

ciia
ngudi san xuat va ngudi tieu dimg.
Viee ap dung
each
phan loai nay cd the
hiru ich trong nhieu trirdng hpp. Vi du trong
quan he giira qude gia
va cac
chu the phi
qude gia nhu cdng ty xuyen qudc gia (TNC)
chang ban. Khi so sanh nang
lire
kinh te
(quyen
lire
luong ddi) thi cd nhiing TNC cd
vdn va doanh thu
Idn
hon GDP
ciia
nhieu
qudc gia nhung lai khdng cd quyen luc co
cau nhu qudc gia. vi the ma
sir tir
tri, kha
nang
lira
ehpn
va
vi the quyen

phan loai thir nam
dim
trin
sir
kliac biet giua nhan thiic vd
thirc
tiin. Day
la each phan loai kha phd
bien
Irong chinh tri
hpe va dugc Knorr
(1973)
dua vao nghien
ciai
QHQT. Cach phan loai nay ed y nghTa
kha
Idn
trong viec ket hpp giira nghien ciru
va
van dung, giiia ly luan vdi thuc tien va
giira nhan thirc
va
hanh ddng. Theo
each
phan loai nay, quyen
lire
dupe chia ra lam
hai loai.
- Quyen
lice

Khac
vdi loai quyen
lire
tren, hinh thirc
quyen
lire
nay dugc nhan biet bang nhirng
hanh vi quan
sat
dugc trong thuc tien. Vi du,
ket qua
ciia
mdt cude chien tranh vdi ngudi
thang ke thua rd rang.
Thuc ra, day khdng phai
hoan toan la sir
phan loai
ma
chi nham phan biet quyen
lire
" Martin Griffiths, Terry
OCallaghan
& Steven C.
Roach, International Relations: The Key concepts,
Routledge,
New York 2007, p. 260.
'
Martin Griffiths, Terry OCallaghan & Steven C.
Roach, Sdd, p. 260.
. _ _ ^

thuc
tien.
Gia
dinh cd
tii-
hai phia: tir minh va
tir ngudi khac, va hai gia dinh nay hoan
toan
cd the khdng gidng nhau. Viec thuc thi
quyen lue phu thude
vao
nhieu yeu td khac
ma nhieu khi kbdng nhu chimg ta gia dinh.
Cd quyen
lire
gia dinh chua chae da thuc thi
du'p'c quyen luc thuc tien. Chinh vi vay,
trong gidi hpc gia QHQT da cd tranh luan la
quyen
lire
gia dinh ed phai la quyen
lire
khdng hay quyen luc se chi la quyen
lire
khi
dugc thuc thi trong thuc tien, tuc la bang
nhii'ng hanh vi cd the nhan thay dugc. Tuy
nhien, ciing cd trudng hgp quyen luc duge
nhan thirc van ddng vai trd nhu quyen
lire

My, ludng y
kien thir hai cho rang kha nang nay la cd the
cd trong tuong lai khdng xa. cdn ludng y
kien thir ba thi cho rang kha nang do la
khdng the.
6. Cach phan loai thir sau
dim
trin khd
niing tiin cong hay phdng
thii ciia
quyen luc
qudc gia. Cach phan loai nay giiip danh gia
dugc kha nang
tac
ddng khac nhau cua qudc
gia nay tdi qudc gia kia, tir dd cd the doan
dinh xu hudng va phuong thirc tac ddng
ciing nhu de dua ra ddi sach
phii
hop. Theo
each phan loai
nay,
quyen
lire
dupe chia lam
hai loai:
- Quyen luc tdn cdng (Offensive
Power)
la
kha nang

chu
nghTa hien tbirc va bdi canh qudc te xung dot
khi dd,
each
phan loai nay thien nhieu ve
Henry A. Kissinger,
Refections
on Power and
Diplomacy, E. A. J. Jonhnson edit, The Dimensions of
Diplomacy, The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore
1964.
Dan theo Nguyen Manh Hung, Bang giao cpidc
te nhap
mon.
Hoi Nghien cuu Hanh chanh, Sai Gon
1971,
tr. 78.
^
Henry A. Kissinger, Sdd, tr. 78.
24
NGHIEN
CQU
CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°03
(126).2011
nang luc quan
sir
ban la cac nang
lire
khac.
Cd le vi the ma hien nay

tir bd quyen
lire tan
cdng
ciia
minh
bang
vii
khi hat nhan. Vi the, khi ap
dimg
each phan loai
nay
nen tinh den cac nang
lire
khac nira ben canh
lire
lupng quan
sir.
Thic
hai, tuong ddi khd phan biet rach rdi quyen
lire
tan cdng va phdng thu
ciia
mdt qudc gia
tren phuang dien
quan
sir.
Da phan vii khi
deu cd
ca
hai chirc nang tan edng va phdng

tuyen bd rang de phdng
thii,
nhung nhieu
ngudi khdng he nghT nhu vay. Nhin chung,
ddi vdi nhirng nude nhd, mdi lo ngai la nhu
nhau khi
cac
nudc
Idn
phat trien vii khi
tan
cdng hay phdng
thii.
Mac
dii
vay,
each phan
loai
nay
ciing cd
the ap dung nhat dinh trong thuc tien va
nghien ciru QHQT.
NIU
qudc gia ed quyen
lire
tan edng, nd cd the gay ra nhirng de dpa
an ninh, nghi ngd va lo ngai cho qudc gia
khac.
Til' dd, tinh trang ludng nan ve an ninh
va

trin
phwffng thirc thire hiin quyin luc. Day la
each
phan chia xuat hien chua lau nhung
hien nay dang dugc sir dung kha nhieu. Cach
phan chia
nay
giiip hieu them thuc tien
QHQT hien nay ca ve nang
lire
lan phuang
each
sir dung nang
lire,
theo dd, quyen luc
dugc chia
lam
bai loai:
. ^
:u<\n
- Quyen luc cicng (Hard Power) la kha
nang ep budc
chii
the khac thuc hien dieu
minh mudn cdn
ehii
the kia khdng mudn
bang
lire
lugng quan su hay bang trimg phat

hiit
ve
van boa tu tudng,
va
nhieu khi bao gdm
ea
kha nang ve quyen luc cimg. ,, .,.•,
'^^VM
Trong lieh sir, quyin
lire
dugc sir dung
trong QHQT phin
Idn la
dang quyen
lire
cii'ng vdi rit nhieu
each
thuc khae nhau nhu
chiln tranh, ran de, ngan chan, de dpa sir
dung vii
lire,
phong tda, bao vay,
cam
van
Trong thdi hien dai, quyen luc cirng van la
cai
gi dd ed tinh phd bien. My
la
nudc dien
hinh trong viec sir dung quyen

chau
A duy nhat trong G-7,
va
nhimg
cd gang
boa
binh nbu boa giai xung dot qudc
te d
Campuebia,
tham gia cd tinh toan vao
cac
chien dinh gin giii
boa
binh cua Lien hgp
qudc,
Nhat
Ban
ciing tim
each
gia tang
anh
hudng van hda
ciia
minh theo hai con
dudng
la
phat buy
cac
gia tri van hda truyen
thdng

•
. .
,
•
Phieffng
tiin sii dung
quyin
lire
Cdch thirc sii dung
quyin
lire
Tam ly cua doi
tirffng
bi
tdc dpng
Y
chi cua doi
twffng
tiip nhan
Quyen luc cung
Cdng eu hiru hinh
Ep budc, ap dat
Sghai
Trai vdi y mudn
Quyen
luc
mem
Cdng cu vd hinh
la
ehu yeu

:;irViJt(!
/i
JI rf:r; l
26
NGHIEN CLfu CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°03
(1261.2011
Cach phan loai thir
ba\-
dang dugc sir
dung kha nhieu trong nghien cim QHQT
\-a
dugc coi la thich hpp de phan anh xu hudng
su dung
qu\-en lire
dang
tha\'
ddi trong
QHQT.
Tu\'
nhien. trong
\an
de
na\
chiing
tdi cd ba nhan xet:
Thir nhdt:
Qu\-en lire
mem khd dugc su
dung hieu qua trong thuc te neu khdng cd
quyen

H\
Lap
7"/?;?
hai: Viec sir dung thuat ngir "quyen
luc mem" ddi khi cd dung y
tm'en
truyen
nham xoa diu
sir
phan irng cua
cac
nudc
\ira
va nho trong trat tu the gidi mdi ma
sir
phan
chia nudc
Idn-nirdc
nhd van cdn manh me.
cae cudng qudc
\an
ddng \ai trd chi phdi.
sir
cudng quyen
\an
phd bien trong QHQT.
Khdng it trudng hgp cac cudng qudc thudng
sir dung
qu\-en
luc cirng sau khi su dung

kinli
te lan bao
\a\
\a
cam
\-an
kinh te, ca
tu\-en
truyen gia tri dan chu
\-a
nhan quyen lan trimg phat
sir
N
i
pham,
Vi the, vao nam 2004. trong cudn sach
Soft Power: The Means lo Success in World
Politics. Joseph
N}e
- ngudi dua ra khai
niem. quyen
lire
mem - da bd sung them thuat
ngir quyen
lire
thdng minh {Smart
poMer).
Theo dng.
qu}-en
luc thdng minh la nang luc

Tdm
Igi,
viec phan dinh
qu\
en
lire
thanh
cac
hinh thirc theo nhieu each phan loai cho
tha\-
quyen
lire
trong QHQT la mdt hien
tugng da dang \-di nhieu dac
diem,
sac thai
khac nhau. Nhirng dac diem, sac thai
na\
cd
the dem lai nhirng uu the
ha\-
ban che khac
nhau
\a
tac ddng tdi chiing ta cimg khac
nhau. Vi the, chiing cd the dugc ap dung
rieng re trong tirng trudng hpp hay tinh
hudng cu the de lam ndi rd dac diem
ha}
sac

thuc
ui.
^ie
hinh thiie
eiia qiiijen
lue.
27
quyen
lire
hiru hinh, quyen
lire
tuong ddi,
quyen
lire
tan cdng, Quyen
lire
nay thudng
cd tinh
thii'c
te hon la gia dinh. Trong khi dd,
quyen luc mem dugc xay dung dua tren mdt
sd loai hinh quyen
lire ITnh
vuc nhu chinh tri,
van hoa va thudng bao gdm ca quyen
lire
tiem nang, quyen
lire
vd hinh, quyen
lire

Hgp tdc, Khoa Qudc te hpc, Trudng
DHKHXH&NV, Ha Ndi, 2000.
6. Nguyen Manh Himg, Bang giao qudc
te nhap mdn, Hdi Nghien cim Hanh chanh,
sai
Gdn, 1971.
7.
Ly ludn Quan he qude te, Hpc vien
Quan he qudc
tl.
Ha
Ndi, 2007.
8. Joseph S. Nye, Public Diplomacy and
Soft Power, The ANNALS of the American
Academy of Pollitical and Social Sciences,
616,
March 2008.
9. W. Phillips Shively, Power and
Choice: An Introduction to Political Science,
Mc Graw-Hill, Boston,
2003.
I 111 )
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