so
KHCN BA
RIA
- YUNG TAU VIEN KHKT NONG NGHIEP MIEN NAM
BAO CAO KET QUA
THI/C
HIEN DE TAI
NGHIEN
Ciru
PHAT TRIEN KHOA HOC CONG NGHE
Ten ae
tai:
PHUC HOI VA PHAT TRIEN GI6NG LUA DAC SAN
NANH CHON TAI TINH BA
RIA
- VUNG TAU
•
Co-
quan chu quan:
So"
Khoa hoc Cong nghe Ba
Rja-Vung
Tau
•
Co*
quan chu
tri:
Vien Khoa hoc Ky thuat Nong nghiep mien Nam
. Chu nhiem de tai: TS. Do
Kh5c
Thjnh
•
Co"
quan chu tri: Vien Khoa hoc Ky thuat Nong nghiep mien Nam
• Chu nhiem de tai: TS. Do Khac Thinh
• Tham gia thyc hien:
Dd Khdc Thinh,
Ddo
Minh So, Nguyin Hudng
• Cong tac thyc hien:
-
Trung
tam
Khuyin nong
tinh
BR-
VT
-
HTX
An
Nhat,
huyen
Long
Diin,
tinh
BR-VT
-
Vien
lua
DBSCL
.
gidng
liia
dac san
^2
2.5 Chgn
Igc
ddng thuan va phuc trang gidng
liia
dac san
17
3.
Muc tieu cua de tai 18
4.
Noi dung va
phu-ong
phap thyc hien
^
4.1
Ndi
dung 18
4.2 Phuong phap thi nghiem
18
5. Ket qua thyc hien
5.7 Dieu tra hien trang sdn xuat lua vd khdo
sdt,
thu thap ngudn
vat
lieu
liia Nanh Chon '. ' ' 20
5.1.1 Khao sat chgn diem viing nghien
5.3.2
Kit
qua thuc hien nam 2008 48
5.3.3 Nhan xet
kit
qua thi nghiem cdng thiic phan bdn 49
5.4 Hoan thien QTKT
vd chuyen
giao kit qua de tai 50
5.4.1
Thir nghiem md hinh san xuat 50
5.4.2 Hgi thao thuc dja 51
5.4.3 Xay dung va chuyen giao qui trinh san xuat 52
6. Ket
luan
va de nghi 53
TAI
LIEU
THAM KHAO 55
Phu luc
1
(Cac bang sd lieu) 60
Phu luc 2 (Qui trinh ky thuat) 67
Phu luc 3 (Lg trinh xay
dimg
chi
din
dia ly) 71
Phu luc 4
(Baocaokit qua
thay
thi
cac gidng
liia miia
truyin thdng dai ngay cao
cay, nang suat thap
bing
cac gidng cao san
ngin
ngay lam co sd cho viee
dlu
tu phan
bdn, thuy
Igi,
.v.v. dl tham canh, tang vu. Tuy vay cung
cin
danh gia mat trai cua each
mang xanh, dd la su mat mat ngudn gen
liia
dia phuong cd truyin vdi hang nghin gidng,
trong do cd nhimg gidng
liia
thom,
liia nip
dac san. Nhirng gidng nay cd nhirng dac tinh
quy ve chat lugng thom ngon, hoac tinh chdng chju vdi dilu kien
bit
Igi.
Vl
thue trang
tinh Ba
Ria-VQng
Tau (BR-VT). Giong rat ndi
tieng ve pham chat va
miii
vj, dugc xem la mdt trong nhirng loai gao ngon nhat d cac
tinh phia Nam nen cd gia trj thuong mai cao, nhat la thdi ky trudc nam 1980. Do canh
tac lau ddi, gidng Nanh Chon
chii
yeu d huyen Long Dat da bj lan tap sinh hgc, d vai
noi gidng cd hat to, thang va dai hon nhung vj nggt, do xdp cua com da bj giam nhieu
hoac cd ciing ten la Nanh Chdn nhung lai la gidng khac. Do vay, viec khdi phuc va phat
trien gidng
liia
dae san Nanh Chdn
ciia
tinh BR-VT cd y nghTa cap
bach,
thiet thuc va
lau dai nham nang cao hieu qua san xuat
liia,
dap
ling
nhu cau cua ngudi tieu diing va
phuc vu cho cdng tac du ljch
ciia
tinh nha.
2.
TONG QUAN TAI LIEU
2.1 Bao ton nguon gen lua dac san tren the gidi
gao dac san khac nhau va ciing
khac cac loai
liia
thdng
thudng.
Liia
nep, lua deo,
liia
thom,
liia
mau
(liia
do,
liia
tim, lua den),
liia
nuong
japonica,
liia
che bien dd uong,
liia
chuyen nau rugu,
liia
cd pham chat dinh dudng cao
va
Ilia
lam
thiic
an gia sue (feed rice) deu thugc nhdm
liia
trong dd cd khoang 10% la cac gidng
liia
dac san, bao gdm gidng
liia
thom, liia nep, lua mau,
liia
gao deo, lua chuyen nau rugu (Tang and Wang, 2001;
Zhong and Ying, 1997).
6
An Do, cd khoang 70.000 mau gidng
liia
dugc luu giir tai cac vien nghien ciru
va cac trudng dai hgc, trong dd tai DRR va CRR da cd 800 mau gidng lua thom va tai
trung tam HAU cd 400 mau gidng
liia
thom (Singh et al.
2001).
Liia
dd dugc phan bd d nhieu nude Chau A (Juliano & Villareal, 1993). O vimg
Tay Nam va Ddng Trung Qudc phan
Idn liia
dd thugc loai indica. Theo sd lieu nam
1990 cua Ngan hang Gen Cay trdng tai
BIC
Kinh, trong sd
31.663 mlu
gidng
liia
cd
20,7%
da thu thap dugc 12.555
mlu
gidng lua ed truyen, trong do 85,9% la
liia nip
(Appa Rao et al
1999).
CJ Campuchia hien cd
rit
nhilu gidng lua thom dja phuong, bao gdm cac gidng
liia nip
va
liia
thom dugc gieo trdng trong san xuat tai cac viing sinh thai khac nhau.
Trong sd 3.400 gidng liia cd truyin dugc phan tich, cd den 6% la
liia
thom (M. Sarom,
2001).
Trung tam Tai nguyen Di truyen Thuc vat Viet Nam dang bao quan hon
5.000
mau gidng
liia
dja phuong cua Viet Nam, trong do cd khoang
1.200
mau gidng
liia
nep
cd truyin (Nguyen Hiru NghTa,
Biii
Chi Bim, Luu Nggc Trinh, Le VTnh Thao,
2001).
diing trong cdng nghe che bien lam nhirng san pham dac biet cd
miii
thom chocolate
(Chaudhary R. C. va D. V. Tran, 2001).
Gao mau thudng dugc diing trong nhumg le hdi
Idn
va trong cdng nghiep che
bien thuc pham. Nd cdn diing lam eae loai banh va cac loai my sgi. Banh nggt va rugu
mau lam tir
liia
mau thudng dugc bay dgn ciing vdi nhiing loai thiic an khac vao dip le
tet. Thuc pham mau den tu nhien thudng dugc ggi la "thuc pham den" rat dugc ua
chudng d Trung Qudc.
"Rugu
Nip
Mdi" ciia miln
BIC
Viet Nam, rugu
"Nip
Than Gd Den" cua tinh
Long An, hay "Rugu
liia
Vang" cua tinh
Trilt
Giang, Trung Qudc deu dugc lam tir gao
nep,
la nhumg loai rugu truyen thdng kha ndi tieng.
CI
An Do va Pakistan nhu
clu
chii
yeu la Jasmine va
Basmati cua Thai Lan, da chiem den
11
% lugng gao an nhap khau cua
nude
My
(USAD,
1994). Lugng gao lua thorn nhap
khiu
vao
nude
My tang tir con sd 0 trong
nam 1980, len 400.000
tin
trong nam 1997 (J. N. Rutger et al. 2001).
Ngudn tai nguyen di truyen
liia
dac san cua Viet Nam va the gidi la vd ciing
phong
phii.
Day la mdt trong nhirng ngudn tai nguyen thien nhien quy gia
ciia
nhan loai
va la
CO
sd vat chat quan trgng cho cdng tac cai thien cac gidng
liia
mdi ( Tang, Wang,
2001;
nam 1990, la nhirng gidng
chii
yeu cd ngudn goc
liia
rudng d khu vuc ddng
bing,
cdn
lai hon 1.000 mau gidng dugc thu thap sau nam 1990 d khu vuc miln mii (NghTa &
CS.,
2007). Ngudn gen di truyen
liia
nep d khu vuc miln mii cua Viet Nam la
rit
giau
cd va da dang, do nhieu nhdm dan tdc sir dung
liia nip
lam ngudn luong thuc chinh.
Liia
nep dugc tieu dimg d mien mii nhieu hon d ddng bang. Mdt vai nhdm dan tdc nhu
dan tdc Thai cd tap tuc gdi com nep ra ddng cho ca gia dinh an trua. Uu
thi
cua mdn
nay chi can nau mdt lan trong ngay cd the bao quan sudt ca ngay khdng bj hdng, com
nep an no lau.
Liia
nep d khu vuc mien nui va ddng bang Bac Viet Nam la
liia
japonica
nhieu hon
liia
miia
ea d nuong ray va rudng
nude.
0 khu vuc ddng bang
liia
nep chi dugc gieo trdng d rudng
nude
trong vu
miia
va
ea trong vu chiem xuan vdi dien tich nhd hon. Nep chiem xdi kem deo, pham chat kem
hon so vdi nep
miia.
Liia nep d khu vuc ddng bang Bac Viet Nam dugc danh gia la deo
va ed mill rat thom nhu cac gidng nep Cai, nep Hoa Vang, nep Quyt, nep Mo.
Nha bac hgc Le Quy Ddn (sdng d the ky
18),
trong cudn
"Phii
bien Tap luc" da
md ta nhiing gidng
liia
nep trdng d khu vuc bd bien mien Trung Viet Nam nhu nep Ky
Lan, nep Suat, nep Hat Cau, nep Huong Bau, nep Ong Lao, nep Trau, nep Bd, nep Mit,
nep Rau, nep Mang,
nip
Ngira
(Biii
Huy Dap, 1980). Mdt vai gidng nay cdn tdn tai den
ngay nay.
Trung tam Tai nguyen Di truyin Thuc vat Viet Nam dang bao quan hon
5.000
mau gidng
liia
dja phuong, dugc suu tap tir nhumg viing khac nhau ve dia hinh, khi
hau.
dja ly, tap quan canh tac, dan tdc, ljch sir trdng
liia,
trong dd cd tap doan gidng
liia
thom. Phan loai ngudn gen
liia
dja phuong phia Bac Viet Nam cho
thiy
trong
711
gidng
cd 68 gidng lua thom, chilm 9,6% tap doan nghien
ciiu
(Quynh, 2004).
Sir
da dang va
dac sac
ciia
ngudn tai nguyen di truyen
liia
thom cd truyin Viet Nam dugc
thi
hien
dly
thom d cac viing
sinh thai khac nhau, nhung ve thdi gian sinh trudng hoac mirc do phan img
v.di
quang
chu ky cd the phan loai thanh 3 nhdm:
miia
sdm,
miia
lo va
miia
mudn. Ndi tieng nhat
la gidng Nang Thom Chg Dao d Can Dude, Long An phan img chat vdi quang chu ky
anh sang cd thoi gian sinh tnrdng
165-175
ngay, cao cay
150-160
cm. Gao ed vet
due or
giira ggi la "hat luu". Com xdp deo, cd
miii
thom nhat la sau khi nau. Tuy vay trong
thdi gian gan day, theo danh gia
ciia
nhieu chuyen gia va ngudi dan san xuat
liia,
miii
thom eua gao Nang Thom Chg Dao da bj giam nhieu. Cd nhieu ly do giai thich van de
nay. Nguyen nhan cd the do gidng da bj thoai hda, hoac do ngudn nude tudi da hi thay
ddi,
bdn phan bdn vd eo nhieu cung bj anh hudmg. Cd mdt sd ngudi cdn cho rang do
Liia
cam ed nhieu
d cac nude Chau A (Juliano & Villareal, 1993; Tang 1995).
6
Viet Nam da thu thap va
bao quan hon 100 mau gidng
liia elm
(Quynh, 2002).
Liia elm
cung la loai lua dac san
cua Viet Nam, ngoai lam thuc
phim
nd cdn la vat
phim
ciing tl theo muc dich tdn giao,
nd cdn la san
phim
lam
thude,
dinh duong chirc nang. Phan loai theo loai com gao va
viing san
xult
cd cac loai: lua cam te, dm
nip,
dm nuong va cam rudng (NghTa,
2007).
Thuc tl
phin Idn
lua dm dugc trdng d viing trung du mien nui vdi dien tich gidi
han, it dugc trdng d viing ddng bang.
liia
dac san trong
vu
Miia
va He Thu cao hon (36,0 va 16,9%) so vdi vu Ddng Xuan (22,2
8L
6,9%) do
or
day cdn diing nhieu gidng dac san cd truyen, nhat la gidng phan
ling
anh sang ngay
ngin
(NghTa
«&
CS., 2007).
Rieng viing cac tinh thanh Nam Bd cd ngudn gen
liia
dac san trong vu Ddng
Xuan cao hon (14,4%) so vdi
liia
He Thu (9,9%) do viing nay dang
sii
dung nhieu
gidng
Ilia
thom cai tien nhu Jasmine, OM 3536,
ST
1,
ST3, VD20.
2.3.2 Danh gia da dang di truyen
*Nhdml:
- Khao Dawk Mali, Nang Thom Chg Dao cd khoang each di truyin lien
kit
vdi
gen
mill thom gidng nhau d muc dung hgp
100%
(Lang
«&
CS. 2002).
- Nhd thom, Nang Nhen Thom cd khoang each di truyin lien
kit
vdi gen
miii
thorn
ciing gidng nhau.
* Nhom 2: Cd 2 nhdm phu vdi khoang each di truyin d mirc do dung hgp
Idn
hon 70%,
cac gidng trong ciing nhdm cd
miic
do dung hgp
Idn
hon 85%.
*
Nhdm 3: Cd 2 nhdm phu vdi khoang
each
di truyin d mirc do dung hgp
Idn
hon 75%.
chgn bd me trong cac cap lai la ed su
tuong phan
Idn
hay cd khoang
each
di truyen cang xa nhau thi mirc do da dang di
truyen d ddi sau cang cao, kha nang chgn lge gidng mong mudn cang
Idn.
2.3.3 Da dang di truyen giong dac san va cong dong cac dan
toe
Cdng ddng cac dan tdc thieu sd thudng sdng tap trung chu ylu d khu vuc miln
mil Viet Nam. Luong thuc chinh
ciia
nhieu nhdm dan tdc
phin Idn
la
liia nip
va lua
nuong. Ket qua nghien ciru, phan loai cac gidng
liia
dja phuong d cac dan tdc thilu sd
mien mil phia Bac Viet Nam (Quynh, 2004) theo chi tieu phan nhdm indica-japonica va
nep-te cho thay:
liia
japonica-indica d dan tdc Mudng la
95,7%-4,3%,
d dan tdc Dao la:
87,3%-12,7%,
dan tdc Tay la: 76,6 %-23,4%, dan tdc
Niing
Idn
vdi phuong thiic canh tac
chii
yeu la
liia
nude.
Ngudn gen cay
liia
d 2 khu vuc ddng bang sdng Hdng va DBSCL phat trien da dang va ddng gdp
Idn
cho
san xuat
liia
cua Viet Nam. Chau thd sdng Cuu Long vdi ngudn tai nguyen di truyen lua
thom cd truyen, mang cac dac diem ndng hgc
ciia
nhdm gidng Khme-Viet, thom, ngon,
dang hat thon dai, thugc nhdm indica. Ngudn gen nep d chau thd sdng Cuu Long it da
dang hon so vdi Bac Viet Nam, hat thom nhung it dinh hon, the hien cac dac diem cua
lua indica (NghTa, Buu, Trinh & Thao,
2001).
2.3.4 Tinh khang
ciia
giong dac san vdi sau benh
2.3.4.1
Khd ndng
khdng binh bgc
Id
(Xanthomonas
oryiae)
2.3.4.2 Kha ndng khang binh dgo dn (Pyricularia oryzae)
Danh gia kha nang chdng chju benh dao dn cua 48 mau gidng
liia
nep va lua
thom miln
BIC
Viet Nam (NghTa & CS., 2004) cho bilt:
Liia
thom cd kha nang khang
benh dao dn cao vdi 95,2% khang va 4,7% nhiem.
Phin Idn liia nip
bj nhiem dao dn
tuong ddi cao (66,6%), chi ed 25,9% khang cao va 7,4% khang trung binh.
Nghien
ciiu
danh gia kilu hinh kha nang chdng chju benh dao dn ndi PO-6 do 2
gen Pi-5(t) va Pi-3(t) dilu khiln
(IRRI) ciia
100 gidng
liia miia
dja phuong ma
chii
ylu
cua DBSCL (NghTa, 2005) cho
thiy:
Cac giong lua dac san d DBSCL bilu hien tinh
khang d mirc cao ddi vdi ndi
nim
dao dn P06-6 (57%). Trong sd nay cd nhilu gidng
dac san ndi tieng cua DBSCL nhu Nang Thom Chg Dao, Nang Huong, Nang Thom,
Tieu, Chet Sdm, Nang Thom, Ddc Dd, Gan Da Sdm, Nang Phet
Keo Lai, Nang Huong ddng 9, ddng
12,
ddng
18,
Nang Huong chg Dao, Nang Lilu,
Huyet Rdng, Nang Keo, Nang Sau, Dd Muong Man va Chau Hang Vd Trang. Cac
gidng nhiem benh vang
liin
thap (< 5%) nhu: Nang Co, Tieu Phung, Nang Mum, Chet
Xanh 2, Nang Huong ddng 16, Nhd Dd, Chau Hang Vd Dd.
Nam 2008, djch VL-LXL tiep tuc hai tren
liia
miia,
ket qua danh gia tren 100
gidng
Ilia
mua cua Vien KHKT NN MN ciing cho thay cd mdt sd gidng rat it bj hai
nhu: nhirng gidng lua phuc hdi sau khi bi nhiem benh VL, trdng tiep tuc vu sau dugc
ghi nhan khang benh tdt (Chau Hang Vd Trang). Cac gidng
liia
ed ti le nhiem benh VL-
LXL it <10% la: Mdt bui dd, Chau Hang Vd Trang, Chet
sdm.
Hue ky, Nang Huong
ddng 7 va Tau Ldn, Viing Hai.
Liia
nep: nep An Do, nep Ao Gia, nep Ba Bdng, nep
Cam, nep Can
Dude,
cd mdt sd gidng chdng chju ray trung binh (cap 5) nhu: Bang Nggc, Trang Hda Binh,
Mien Den, Mien Tring, Tau Ldn, Chan Huong (Thjnh, Chien & CS., 1991).
Nghien cim kha nang khang
riy
nau cua 273 mau gidng
liia
dja phuong tai Vien
Liia
DBSCL cung cho
thiy
chua cd gidng
liia
dja phuong nao ghi nhan cd gen khang
ray nau vdi quan the lan tap giira biotype va ngoai trir 3 quan the
liia
hoang dai (Buu &
Lang, 2002).
2.3.5 Danh gia pham chat lua dac san
2.3.5.1
Hinh
dgng hgt gao
Hau het cac gidng
liia
dac san cd truyen mien Bac Viet Nam ed chilu dai hat
thugc loai dai chilm khoang 80% va ty le D/R tap trung d mirc trung binh tir 2,1-3
chiem 67%, d
miic
thon dai (>3) chilm 20%. Cac gidng
liia
thom cd truyin d miln
miii
thom.
Cac gidng
liia
thom cai tien hoac nhap ndi dugc san
xult
nhilu d DBSCL nhu
Jasmine 85, KDM 105, OM 3536, VD20, ST3,
STl phin
ldn thugc hat dai, gao trong.
2.3.5.2 Pham chat
carm
* Ham luong amylose
Ham lugng amylose la yeu td quyet djnh tinh com deo, com mem hay com ciing.
Gao cd ham lugng amylose cang cao thi com cang nd nhung dl bj khd va cimg com khi
ngudi. Theo tieu chuan amylose Juliano va Villareal (1993) da xep thanh 5 nhdm:
Nhdm ggo-cam Hdm luang amylose (%)
Nip
0-5
Rat thap, com rat deo
5,1-12
Thap,
com deo 12,1-20
Trung binh, com mem
20,1-25
Cao,
com cirng > 25
Theo
Biii
Huy Dap (1980), cac gidng liia dac san cd truyen ndi tieng d mien Bac,
nhu Thom
Miia
(5,6%) va loai cimg
com nhu Nang Phat Don (28,6%), Thom Sdm
(31,26%)
va Nanh Chdn (35,47%).
Tnrdmg hgp dang
chii
y la cac mau
ciia
ciing mdt gidng lai cd ham lugng
amylose khac nhau. Cac sd lieu phan tich ham lugng amylose trong tap doan gidng lua
miia
d DBSCL,
kit
qua gidng
Nang.
Huong (tir •20,86%-30,95%), Nhd Thom
(22,3%-
32,08%),
Nang Thom Chg Dao
(18,86%-26,64%)
va Nanh Chdn
(22,71%-34,92%).
Vi
vay viec chgn
lira
gidng cd ham lugng amylose
thip
dn xem lai cac mau gidng khac dk
kiem eua cac gidng lua dja phuong mien Bac Viet Nam
(Quynh, 2004) cho thay
liia
nep va
liia
te tap trung d hai
miie
trung binh va cao
(liia
nip:
49,6-42,8%;
liia
te:
43,9-31,7%).
Tuu trung lai la hau het cac gidng
liia
nep va
phin
ldn
liia
te dja phuong mien Bac Viet Nam cd nhiet do hda hd thap va trung binh.
Theo
kit
qua danh gia, phan tich do hda kiem
ciia
Vien Lua DBSCL (Lang,
2002) ddi vdi mdt sd gidng dae san cho thay phan ldn cac gidng
liia
cd do hda kiem
thip
cac gidng lua thom KDM, Nang Huong 3, Nang Quat, Nang Thom Thanh Tra va Nhd
Thom cd dg
bin
Gel tuong img la: 66, 68, 62, 62, va 64. Cac gidng nep nhu:
nip
Dai
10
Loan, nep Ba Gia, nep Keo, nep Mau Luon, va
nip
Sap cd do
bin
Gel tuong img la:
100,
66, 100, 100, va
100.
Nhu vay do ben
thi
Gel cua cac gidng
liia
thom, liia
nip thi
hien rat khac nhau theo thang diem danh gia.
Phin
ldn cac gidng
liia nip
cd chilu dai
the Gel d mirc 100 mm (cap 1), d dang
mim
hon gidng
liia
trirng va sira
la
100
thi gia trj dinh dudmg
ciia
gao la 83-86,
ciia
bdt my la 62-77, cua ngd la 52-58 va
ke la 57. He sd hiru hieu
ciia
protein gao ciing cao hon
hIn
so vdi hat cdc luomg thuc
khac (Bill Huy Dap, 1980; Juliano, 1985). Theo Hirokadzu Taira (1985) thi ham lugng
protein trong hat gao eua cac gidng
liia
ngan ngay va
liia
thap cay nhin chung cao hon
cac gidng
liia
dai ngay va gidng liia cao cay. Gomez & De Datta (1975) cho biet cd
sir
tuong quan bac 2 giira nang suat va ham lugng protein tren ciing mdt gidng. Ca 2 dac
tinh nay cimg tang thdng qua tac ddng eua yeu td mdi trudng, bien phap canh tac va
tang len dinh diem, sau dd neu tang ham lugng protein thi se lam giam nang suat. Vi
vay can
chii
y dieu chinh che do trdng trgt sao cho tang ham lugng protein va kem theo
sir
11,5%,
protein > 5%). Ca 2 gidng cd protein cao
ciia
nhdm
1
la hai gidng
liia
ndi tilng
ciia
Nam Bd la Nang Huong va Nang Thom Chg Dao.
* Mui thom
Cho
din
nay
phin
Idm cac nghien ciru tap trung vao
miii
thom cua com. Trong
cac nghien
ciiu
sdm
nhit,
cac
chit
nhu hydrogen
sulfic,
ammonia, carbon dioxide &
aldehyde dugc xac djnh la thanh
phin
dl bay hoi trong gao da nau chin (Hirokadzu
CS., 1983a). Lorieux, Petrov va CS. (1996) da phan tich
mau gao cua 2 gidng
liia
Azucena (thom) va gidng IR 64 (khdng thom), phan tich djnh
lugng cua
15
hgp
chit
chinh lien quan
din
2 gidng tren. Khdng tim
thiy chit
2-acetyl-
1 -
pyroline d IR 64, trong khi d gidng
liia
thom Azucena
chit
nay cd ham lugng cao.
Trong sd 89 hgp chat phan tich, xu ly thdng ke cho
thiy
cac
chit
sau cd
sir
khac biet
giira gidng
liia
thom va khdng thom: pentanol, 2-
acetyl-1-
liia
thom
(Basmati) va
liia
khdng thom, xac djnh hgp chat thom tai viing dinh cua cac bieu dd sac
ky, noi the hien cd nhieu pentadencan-2-one, hexanol va
2-pentylfiirane
d lua Basmati.
Chat
2-acetyl-l-pyroline
da khdng tim thay. Nhung hau het cac nghien
ciiu
sau nay deu
chi rd vai trd quan trgng ciia hgp chat thom nay va xac djnh ham lugng cua nd trong
gao xat thay ddi tir 0,006 den 0,09 ppm. Thi nghiem
ciia
Trung tam Nghien cim Ndng
nghiep viing cua bd Ndng nghiep Hoa Ky va IRRI (1982) cung cho thay ham lugng
chit
thom
2-acetyl-l-pyroline
eua Khao Dawk Mali 105 la 0,07 ppm, Basmati 370 la
0,06 ppm va gidng ddi chiing Calrose la 0,006 ppm.
Phan tich
miii
thom hien nay dugc ap dung theo nhieu phuong phap: djnh tinh
bing
phuong phap cam quan; djnh lugng phan tich bang may sac ky khi (gas
chromatography) vdi mdt bd "detector" cd tinh chgn lge (Juliano, 1993). Ngay nay
cdng nghe sinh hgc da ap dung dl xac djnh gen kiem soat tinh thom qua marker phan
ciia dieu kien thdi tiet
Nghien cim anh hudng cua nhiet do trong thdi ky chin den ham lugng tinh bdt da
dugc Asaoka. Resurreccion & CS, 1995 tiln hanh tren gidng
liia nip
va lua te. Ket qua
nghien cim cho
thiy
cac cay gieo trdng trong dilu kien
25°C
vao sudt thdi ky sau trd cd
12
tinh bdt dang mach thing (amylose) cao hon so vdi nhumg cay trdng d nhiet do
30°C
vao ciing thdi ky. Ty sd trgng lugng giira amylopectin chudi
ngin
va amylopectin chudi
dai cua tinh bdt tir nhiimg cay
liia nip
cung nhu
liia
te phat triln trong dilu kien nhiet do
25 C la cao hom so vdi nhumg cay phat triln trong dilu kien nhiet do
30°C.
Nhiet do
trong giai doan hat chin anh hudng
din
ham lugng amylose (Stansel, 1985). Ham lugng
amylose thudmg giam khi nhiet do trung binh tang. Tuy vay mirc do mirc do phan img
cdn
tiiy
bit dlu
phan hda ddng
din
tro lam tang ty le gao bac
bung cua cac gidng
liia
(Nakata va Jackson,
1973;
Somrith, 1974). Theo Nagato and et
al.
(1964) nhiet do tang lam tang ty le bac bung, nhiet do ban dem
thip
d giai doan 15
ngay sau khi trd lam giam ty le bac lung. Ty le gao nguyen la tinh trang di truyin bj anh
hudng manh bdi dieu kien ngoai canh dac biet la nhiet do & Im do trong sudt thdi gian
hat chin, keo dai cho
din
khi thu hoach (Juliano, 1990; Buu & CS., 1996). Ty le gao
nguyen thay ddi
tiiy
theo ban chat di truyen
ciia
gidng va phu thugc vao nhieu dieu kien
mdi trudng nhu nhiet do, am do khi
liia
chin va dieu kien phoi
sly
sau khi thu hoach
(Le Doan Dien,
1990).
ham lugng protein trong hat, nhumg thay ddi
tiiy
theo nhdm gidng. Nhdm japonica tang
ham lugng protein khi nhiet do trung binh tang, cdn nhdm indica lai khdng cd
sir
thay
ddi.
Pham chat gao nep ciing nhu gao te phu thude vao
miia
vu gieo trdng. Gao vu
Miia
thudmg ngon com hom so vdi gao vu Chiem
(Biii
Huy Dap, 1980). Tai DBSCL cac
gidng gieo trdng trong vu Ddng Xuan thudng cd do bac bung it hom so vdi vu He Thu.
Do chat lugng ciia cac gidng
liia
thom ngan ngay d DBSCL trong vu He Thu thap nen
nhieu dja phuong khuyen cao nen trdng d vu
Miia
hoac vu Ddng Xuan.
2.4.2 Anh huong cua dieu kien dat dai
Chat lugng cua cac gidng
liia
dac san phu thugc rat Idm vao dieu kien ngoai canh.
Cac gidng
liia
thom cd truyen ndi tieng cua Viet Nam
giii
dugc chat lugng va
anh hudng
rit
rd
(NghTa & CS., 2007). Tham chi. tai xa My Le, lua Nang Thdm Chg Dao cd
miii
thom
dac trung neu dugc trdng d Ip 2, Ip
11,
trong khi trdng d Ip 7 gidng da giam
miii
thom
nhilu (Thjnh, 2004).
Gao
ciia
cac gidng
liia
dugc trdng tren
dit
can ed ham lugng protein cao hon
gao cua cac gidng lua trdng d vimg
dit thip
ngap lut (Hirokadzu Taira, 1995). Gao cua
cac gidng
liia
nuong d Viet Nam ngon va deo hon so vdi gao rudng
(Biii Hu>
Dap,
1980).
Dat trung thudng thieu kali va di ddi vdi ngd ddc
sit.
DBSCL,
kit
qua dl tai KHCN 08-01 (1996-2000), cho
thiy:
amylose cua gao viing
dit
phen cd xu hudng cao hon va 4 tinh trang pham chat gao kem dn djnh giiira 2 mdi
trudng dat thuan
Igi
va khdng thuan
Igi
(dat phen) la: amylose, ty le gao nguyen. do bac
bung va do ben the Gel.
2.4.3 Anh
huong
cua bien phap ky thuat
2.4.3.1 Phan dam (N) vdi nang sudt
va
pham chdt
liia
Tren dat
phii
sa dugc bdi hang nam
ciia
DBSCL dam van la yeu td han che den
nang suat
liia.
Ndi chung, bdn dam cho
liia
thi cd hieu qua, nhung hieu qua tdi da d
liia
(Taira and et al 1970).
Mdt sd nghien cim khac cho thay: ham lugng protein trong gao cd su tuong quan thuan
vdi ham lugng dam cua 3 la tren ciing d giai doan trd bdng
(Hongjo,
1971) va vdi ham
lugng dam cua be la va than ra d giai doan trd bdng (Taira and et al., 1974). Bdn phan
14
dam d giai doan phan hda ddng cd the khdng tao nen
sir
thay doi ham lugng protein va
lam giam
miii
vj cua com (Singh, 1997). Lilu lugng, thdi gian bdn dam va thdi gian
tieu nude tren rudng cung anh hudng
din
ty le gao nguyen. Nlu bdn dam vdi lilu lugng
cao se lam cay dd va ty le gao nguyen bj giam (Hou, 1990).
2.4.3.2 Phdn ldn (P)
v&i
ndng sudt
vdphdm
chdt
Ida
ggo
Ddi vdi cay lua, khi
dit
thilu P,
sir hip
thu N & K bj giam cd y nghTa va nang
(CaCb
va
KCl) ddi vdi
sir hip
thu phosphate cua
liia,
su dung
^^
P, thi nghiem cho
thiy
su
hip
thu
P dugc tang cudng do cac mudi ciing hda tan. Bdn phan P lam tang cudng ham lugng
protein trong gao, tuy nhien bdn nhieu se lam
phim chit
gao giam.
Mai Van Quyln
(1996)
cho bilt nlu khdng bdn dam nhung bdn 40kg
P205/ha,
nang
suit liia
da tang \6%. Cd phdi hgp vdi N va P nang
suit
tang ddng biln vdi viec
tang lugng lan bdn vao. Tren
dit
phen nang hoac trung binh, su dung phan lan Van
Dien, hoac lan TP + SP va SP-M cd hieu qua cao hon so vdi diing DAP. Doi vdi loai
liia
ciing hon, khdng dd nga. Mat khac K giup cho cay lua tang khdi lugng
hat, giam ty le
lep,
tang tich luy tinh bdt va chat khd trong hat. Phan K anh hudng tdt
den pham chat xay xat va huong vj cua com gao. Bdn nhieu K cho gidng Khao Dawk
Mali
105,
khdng nhirng se cd nang suat cao, ma mau gao se sang hom va
miii
se tang,
nhung do mem com se bj giam (Suwanarith & CS., 1997). Theo Mai Van Quyen & Dao
The Tuan
(1969),
thieu K khdng chi anh hudng ddi vdi hinh thai
ciia
cay
liia
nhu chieu
cao,
sd nhanh, mau sac ma cdn anh hudng den cudng do hd hap va tdng hgp, tich liiy
cac chat hiru co cua cay lua nhu dam, dudng.
6
cac tinh phi Nam, nhieu ket qua nghien
cim cho thay hieu
lire ciia
K
cCing
rat bien ddng tren nhieu loai dat khac nhau. Cdng
Doan Sat (1994) cho biet K khdng chi anh hudng den nang suat ma cdn anh hudng den
1994).
2.4.3.4 Bdn phoi hpp NPK vd phdn hieu ca
Tren dat
phii
sa giau kali dugc bdi hang nam, bdn N don ddc (lien tuc trong
15
vu) nang
suit
chi tang 16%, cdn nlu bdn ca 3 nguyen td NPK nang
suit
tang 67,4% so
vdi ddi chimg khdng bdn phan trong
15
vu (Pham Sy Tan, Mai Van Quyln, 1996). AH
and et al.
(1992)
da tiln hanh thi nghiem vl each bdn vdi P va K dugc bdn
Idt.
N dugc
bdn theo 2
each:
bdn 2 lan (bdn
Idt,
30 ngay sau khi gieo) va 3
lln
(bdn
Idt,
30 ngay va
60 ngay sau gieo). Ket qua cho
thiy
hieu qua cao nhat (Tran Thi Nggc Son & CS., 1997). Nghien cim anh hudng
ciia
phan
bdn den nang suat va pham chat gao mdt sd gidng
liia
thom d Nam Bd (Dd Khac Thjnh
& CS., 2004) cho biet:
Liia
Nang Thom Chg Dao se bj giam do thom
ciia
com gao,
giam ty le xay xat va giam nang suat neu khdng bdn phan
phii
hgp. Cdng thiic bdn phan
phii
hgp cho gidng Nang Thom Chg Dao la: 60 kg N + 30-45 kg
P2O5;
hoac 50-60 kg N
+ 30-45 kg
P2O5
+ 30
K2O
+ 400 kg
hiru
co Binh Diln; hoac 50-60 kg N + 45 kg
P2O5
+ 30
K2O
+ vi lugng tdng hgp. Bdn phan hum co khoang Binh Dien hoac phan vi lugng
lam dn djnh nang suat va tang pham chat com gao cua gidng Nang Thom Chg Dao.
thang 7 va Basmati 385 cay vao 16 thang 7
thi cho
chit
lugng gao tdt
nhit.
Nlu cay sdm hom
miii
thom se giam, cdn cay tre thi
ham lugng amylose tang. Komoda
(1938)
da tdng hgp ket qua ve nghien cim kha nang
thich nghi cua cac gidng
liia
khac nhau den thdi vu gieo cay mudn. Ket qua cho thay
nlu gieo dy mudn thi thdi gian sinh tnrdmg
ciia
gidng bi nit ngan lai va
chii
yeu bj nit
ngin
d giai doan tir gieo cay den phan hda ddng. Mirc do nit ngan thdi gian sinh trudng
tiiy
thugc vao gidng. Nhumg gidng chin sdm cd sd ngay nit ngan it hon so vdi gidng
chin trung binh va gidng chin mudn.
Liia
trdng d vu
Miia
sdm cd do phan huy kiem
thip
hon
KDM
105 cd nang suat va chat lugng tdt
neu gieo thang 7-8, dy thang 8-9, thu hoach thang 11-12. Nlu gieo 1/11- 30/12 (vu
DX) thdi gian sinh trudng nit ngan cdn
100-110
ngay, nhumg
liia
trd khdng tap trung,
chit
lugng gao giam rd ret.
Ham lugng protein bj anh hudng do thdi dilm gat
liia
khac nhau, ham lugng
protein thap khi gat qua sdm va tang len tdi dinh cao tai thdi dilm 30 ngay sau trd
(Krupp and et al., 1972). Trong vu Ddng-Xuan tai DBSCL ty le gao nguyen d 2 cdng
thiic thu hoach 20 ngay va 25 ngay sau trd dlu cao hom d 2 cdng thiic thu mudn 30 va
35 ngay sau trd
(Biii
Chi Buu va Nguyen Thj Lang, 2000). Thdi dilm thu hoach thich
hgp cho nhieu gidng
liia
dac san khi
liia
cd sd hat chin dat 90%.
2.5 Chon
loc
dong thuan va phuc trang giong dac san
Trong quan the cac gidng
cd
truyen bao gdm nhieu ca the bien dj di truyen, dd la
1997,
KDM-
105
xult
dugc 2,20 trieu
tin
trong tdng sd 5,24 trieu
tin,
chilm 42% tdng sd gao
xult
khiu
cua Thai Lan (Somrith,
1996).
Theo Khush (1979) chgn lge ddng thuin (pure line
selection) cd
miic
do cai thien gidng tdt hon, nhung chgn
Igc
quan the (mass selection)
lai dam bao tinh dn djnh
quin
the cao hom so vdi chgn lge ddng thuan.
Vien KHKT NN MN
(1994-2000)
da ap dung phuong phap chgn lge ddng thuin
thanh cdng trong cai thien cac gidng liia
miia
dac san nhu gidng Nang Huong va Nang
Thom Chg Dao.
Kit
phin
phuc vu cdng tac du ljch tinh
nha, tien tdi xay dung thuong hieu san
phim
gao dac san Nanh Chdn cho tinh.
- Bd sung thdng tin va vat lieu di truyin cho cac chuong trinh lai tao gidng lua
chit
lugng cao.
4.
NOI DUNG VA PHU'ONG PHAP THU'C HIEN
4.1 Noi dung
1) Ndi dung 1: Dilu tra, khao sat hien trang san
xult liia
va thu thap ngudn vat lieu
gidng Nanh Chdn.
+ Dilu tra hien trang: thuc hien theo philu cau hdi soan
sin,
qui md 120 philu dilu
tra/ 3 xa/ 2 huyen-thj (xa Hda Long, thj xa Ba Rja va xa An
Nhit,
thi
trin
Long
Dien, huyen Long Dien).
+ Thu thap ngudn vat lieu
liia
Nanh Chdn: khao sat tren rudng san
xult
d cac dja
phuong trong va ngoai tinh, cac don vj nghien
4.2
Phuong
phap
4.2.1
Phuangphdp
diiu tra, khdo
sdt:
xem phan phu luc "Bao cao ket qua dieu tra hien
trang san xuat
liia
d BR-VT".
4.2.2 Phuang phdp chpn
Ipc
phuc hdi gidng
Ida
Nanh Chdn
- Ap dung tieu chuan nganh TCN 554-2002 trong xac djnh va md ta gidng gdc.
- Ap dung tieu chuan nganh 10 TCN 395-2006 trong chgn Igc phuc trang gidng sieu
nguyen chung tir rudng san xuat qua 3 the he
Go
- G\-
Gi-
Ap dung chgn Igc theo cdng
thirc tinh gia trj trung binh quan the (X) va do lech chuan (s) nhu sau:
18
X = (Ixi)/n; s = (V
X(xi
- X)Vn
Chgn cac ca the co gia tri trung binh trong khoang X ± s, voi:
(X:
Khush and at el. 1979), do hoa kilm (IRRI, 1996).
- Danh gia tinh chdng chju
rIy
nau (trong ldng ludi, nudi
rIy
trong dilu kien nhan tao)
va benh chay la (nuong ma dao dn) theo phuong phap IRRI, 1980.
- Phuong phap thdng ke trong thi nghiem va thu nghiem so sanh: Ducan, T-test, tren
cac
phin mim
EXCEL,
IRRISTAT,
MSTA T-C.
4.2.3
Phuangphdp
thu
nghiem
cdng thuc
bdn
phdn
- Thiet ke cdng thirc thir nghiem dua tren
kit
qua phan tich
dit,
dac dilm gidng, cac
cdng trinh nghien cim ve gidng va qui trinh canh tac cac
liia
dac san dja phuong khac
d cac tinh phia Nam.
- Thu nghiem dang Id rdng (200
liia
dac san Nanh Chdn.
19
5. KET QUA
TH^rc
HIEN
5.1 Dieu tra hien trang san
xuSt
lua va thu thap
ngu6n
vat lieu giong Nanh Chon
5.7.7
Khao sdt chpn diim nghiin
ciiru
vd
ddnh
gid dgc diim ddt trdng lua
- Dja diem khao sat: xa Hoa Long, thj xa Ba Rja va thj
trin
Long Diln, xa An Ngai, xa
An Nhat thude huyen Long Diln
- Muc tieu khao sat: Chgn dilm bd tri thi nghiem va phat triln gidng
liia
Nanh Chdn
thoa man tieu chi: 1) Dja hinh, chan
dit phii
hgp; 2) Hien cdn trdng gidng
liia
dja
phuong trong vu
chii
yeu trdng tren chan rudng cao nhd nude trdi,
diit
nude
sdm d xa Long Tan, Thj tran Long Dien va xa Hda Long. Chan rudng cao
diit nude
sdm khdng thich hgp cho cay
liia
Nanh Chdn do gidng nay chin mudn (den cudi
thang 12 hang nam). Chan rudng thap hoac cao trung binh, dugc tudi hoac nhd
nude trdi nhung dut nude tre d thj tran Long Dien va xa An Nhat la kha thich hgp
de trdng gidng Nanh Chdn.
- Ket qua phan tich, danh gia dac tinh dat trdng
liia
+ Dat san xuat hoi chua vdi pH thap den hoi thap d tat ca cac mau phan tich
+ Thanh phan co gidi:
8/10
diem phan tich cd thanh phan co gidi la thjt nhe pha cat,
rieng diem 3 la dat set va diem 4 la dat cat
+
Chit
hum co: trung binh d ca 10 mau phan tich
+ Dam (N) tdng sd: diem 7& 8 giau, cac diem cdn lai trung binh; N de tieu trung binh
d dilm
1
va 10, cac diem cdn lai ngheo N
+ Lan (P2O5) tdng sd: khac nhau kha rd giiira cac diem, diem 1 va 3 la trung binh,
dilm 2, 7, 8, 10
rit
giau, cac diem cdn lai hoi thap. Lan de tieu (dt) d diem 2 kha
Bang 1:
Ki hieu
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Ki hieu mau dat khao sat, phan tich
Diem lay mau
Xa An Ngai, Long Dien
Xa Phudc Lge Thg,
Dit
Dd
Phudmg Kim Dinh, Ba Rja
TT Long Dien, Long Dien
Xa Long Tdan, Ba Rja
TT Long Dien, Long Dien
Xa Hda Long, Ba Rja
Xa Hda Long, Ba Rja
Xa An Ngai, Long Dien
Xa An Nhat, Long Dien
Dja hinh
cdtudi
nude trdi
dat nhiem man
6
7
8
9
10
pH
(KCl)
4,10
4,74
3,55
4,48
3,76
4,13
4,20
4,17
4,39
4,04
C/HC
(%)
2,24
2,12
3,00
2,00
2,34
3,45
2,26
3,93
1,81
2,75
Cat
17
10
15
14
13
Ai^;
(cmoC/kg)
0,22
-
5,60
-
1,52
0,12
0,48
0,08
-
0,60
Fe^^
(mg/kg)
1788
3,08
1180
69,7
333
854
830
1065
81,1
2265
TT
0,212
0.165
0,107
0,180
KaOts
(%)
0,033
0,034
0,040
0,023
0,039
0,043
0,033
0,036
0,025
0,031
Ndt
(mg/kg)
65
34
38
24
40
44
56
53
35
65
Pdt
(mg/kg)
23,0
43,9
36,4
25,8
TMT
(%)
0,028
0,033
0,029
0,010
0,011
0,020
0,014
0,020
0,006
0,192
Ghi chu: CHC: chat hiru co,
ts:
tdng sd, dt: dl tieu,
TMT:
tdng mudi tan
21
* Nhan xet: Dat trdng lua tai cac dilm khao sat d mirc dinh duong tmng binh cho
din
hoi
ngheo, rat it hoac khdng anh hudng man nhung bj anh hudng phen.
Kit
qua khao
sat, danh gia
chit dit
Nanh
Chdn
- Thu thap thdng tin thir dp, so dp: Thdng tin vl ngudn gdc gidng, ljch sir san
xult
liia
Nanh Chdn va co cau gidng lua hien tai (cdn san
xult
lua
miia
dja phuong). Tren co
sd cac thdng tin thu nhap, cac td cdng tac thuc hien dl tai da khao sat thuc dja cac
vimg trdng lua dja phuong tai Ba Rja-Vung Tau, TP.HCM, Ddng Nai,
Tly
Ninh,
Long An va
Bin
Tre trong khoang thdi gian tir thang 10-12 nam 2005.
- Khao sat, thu thap
mlu
gidng ngoai san
xult
+ Td cdng tac khao sat thuc dja da
din
cac huyen trong tinh Ba Rja-Vung Tau va cac
viing trdng
liia miia
d TP.HCM, Ddng Nai, Tay Ninh, Long An,
Bin
Tre va xac
djnh khdng cd dau hieu gidng
mlu
gidng
+
140 ddng tir ngan hang gen
ciia
Vien Nghien ciru
Liia
Qudc te (IRRI) tir 2 mau
gidng
5.1.3
Diiu tra hiin
trgng
sdn xudt lua
viing
nghiin cuu
- Muc tieu:
+
Nim bit
thuc te san xuat lua d viing nghien
ciiu:
co cau gidng, tap quan canh tac,
thdi vu, thj hieu tieu diing, hieu qua san xuat, tinh hinh ap dung tien bg ky thuat
(TBKT) va nhu cau can tac ddng, bd sung de nang cao hieu qua san xuat.
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