Michiko:
Mary,
I
haven't
seen
you
for
a
long
time. How
was
your
vacation?
Mary:
It
was
really fun.
I
went
shopping,
ate
Korean
dishes,
and
things
like
that
in
Korea.
Michiko:
Sounds

day.
Maw:
Michiko,
I
want
to
introduce
you
to
a
friend
of
mine. This is
John.
He
came
to
Japan
Iast
month.
John:
How
do
you
do?
Michiko:
How
do
you
do?

It
has
mountains
and
the
ocean
and
is
a
beautiful
place.
It's
famous
for
the
Great
Barrier
Reef.
Where
are
you
from,
Michiko?
Michiko:
I
am
from
Nagano. Please come
to
visit

FFk*
singer
camp
this
person
(polite)
this
semester
president
of
a
company
class
future
drive
beer
art
museum
host
farniIy
lake
mountain
dream
roommate
to
tell
a
lie
to
become

~SLW
a
*
t
1
j
21~~1-p
&
Adverbs
&
z
*
L@9LX,
*
.fz"{
;iLQ
*
-?St+
TA
*
V3
tli:3
*
3253%
%7Y
Verbs
to
get
tired
to

and
Ofher
Expressions
$5
after
(an
event)
(eomt
a)
*%
-
coming
from
(place
Ql)
vew
and
then
just
.
.
.
;
only
.
.
.
.
.
.

or
aspiration.
+Eas*b2,
&&
-2
ftfib\T-jf,
or
&BIh2EJi
c\.'C"T,
Z/Y
C
L~pj3-3
jrr
b:
I*-
i%x
$:
.&
-
I
want
to
see
a
film
thzs
weekend.
L\-=>rS'+rn
tcB
3

L\
attached
to
a
verb
slightly
affects
the
composition
of
the
sentence.
A
verb
that
takes
the
particle
&
can
have
either
the
particle
2
or
5.'
when
it
is

\
sentences.
&cr>Atc&a
t
i
4~~5
(
&
3
&*XI,
VK
A
I
don't
want
to
see
that
person
azy
more.
+-~-v~~~)t;~~~f~+~,
ye>+-
t~ci=$3
a
L~z,,
*-
L
I
I

t=b\Z,g-=,T~\2-if
instead
of
fz'=\TT.
L;
b
2
L\T?
sentences
are
not
usually
used
to
describe
wishes
held
by
others.
Somebody
else's
wishes
are
usually
reported
in
Japanese
either
as
quotations,

b4
Pitfiitz~lZZ9T~h3
L-tz,
I
I
L
I
Mary
said she
wamted
to
go
to
the
bathrom.
To
describe
your
observation
to
the
effect
that
somebody
wants
to
do
something,
you
must

will
retain
the
2,
unlike
\,
with
which
we
had.
a
choice
between
the
particles
75<
and
&
.
$7'1
3h/~33-t-~R&f-z15'7T~~aT,
rr)
(It
seem)
Mau
waxh
to
drink
coiXe@-
The

will
have
more
to
say
about
this
type
of
sentence
in
Lesson
14.
You
already
know
that
you
can
connect
two
daum
with
the
te-form
of
predicates,
as
in:
%

.
.
.
.
They
want
to
.
verb
stem
+
f=LlTT
verb
stem
+
TC~~TTL\~~
f=t\
conjugates
as
an
t\-adjective
fchl&
conjugates
as
an
u-verb
=
fix
or
Z

mention
activities
or
events
just
as
exemplars,
thus
leaving
room
for
other
things
which
are
left
unsaid,
you
can
use
a
special
predicate
form
-2
3
-15
3
-if
4.

8)
k
do
such
things
as
A
and
B
I
To
get
the
f:
3
form
of
a
predicate,
you
just
add
9
to
the
past
tense sho?t
form
of
a

the
helping
verb
-5.
.3
at
the
end
of
the
Lktentence
t:
i':
indicates
the
tense
of
the
sentence.
You
can
change
a
f=
9
f:
'1
T4
sentence
into

sfudied
ad
talked
wzth
my
fnmds,
among
other
things,
ooer
the
weekelad.
G-z~tz
9,
+%&M~hf7't
3
T6@h2'S3TT0
fir
C;LA:(
3.
-f
I
like
danckg,
Zisteni?rg
to
music,
and
so
forth.

E&L\,
?T~kLZ&~dk,33-j-~
I
r
Yes,
I
haue.
t
SA/E~+~Z~~~X/~Z
9
1aktt,
L'nSii
c7
Takgshd
has
never
been
abswt
from
classes
(in
his
life).
verb
(past,
short)
+
Z&&t&&
bane
the

citing
an
exhaustive
list.
M
in
negative
sentences)
In
negative sentences,
you
often find
the
particle
t$
where
you
expect
752
or
%.
Observe the reply sentences
in
the
following dialogues:
Q
Ti
7
t'
GR

of
coffee?
03
A
:
blbl2,
x-t t$E&4.7~
-
<
&
9
&*Ao
No,
I
don't.
m
8
and
fir,
respectiveIy, would not
be
ungrammatical
in
the
above
examples.
Many
Japanese
speakers,
however,

for
is
already fulfilled,
and Japanese speakers
feel
much
less
3EZTi$SLk
<
&
9
3@Lo
I
don't
want
to
speak
in
English.
ir.
Z
lbta'
E
f
E
2
9
5
Lo
1

up
to
the
amount needed,
but
not more than that.
$Li2*9Atz-!ElI-2tf23fzZ
)5755:&'3
23,
b2L 3k
~r,abr,-
Si
I
have
met
that
person
just
once.
f2
tf
suggests
that
you
can
live with
that
few,
though
the number admittedly

which
you
do
something.
@zst&kgY5
Ye$E42
IdX
2
I
ate
salad
at
dinner.
tz
can
also indicate the role
you
want something
to
play.
&&+t?+t~&3iZS%Et>&
tk,
I
bought
a
postcard
gs
a
sozlvsnir.
i.

drive,"
use
F
7
4
YtZfi
5
r
<
or
F
9
4
7
3-&*
iaa-rww7'fimg
L~Z/I."Y,WLB
tfz0
aT%
*
I
went
fur
a
drive
to
the
kake.
When
you

i~
Japan?
=
9
b
S,
like
the
English word
"dream,"
has
two
meanings.
One
is
the dream
w
you
have
while
sleeping;
the
others
the
dream
that
you
wish
would
come

I
had
a
scary
dream
Iest
night.
~W%77br?~?@rlr&
9
&To
I
have
a
dream-
An
bafzcn~~cnls~.i%~~~~~
~7tat
is
your
future
dream?
L.€i4b.
@Q
tc&
Efab
The
particle
hi
often
follows

Tokyo.
%a,%~tsh~rf.t~t~B$=q,%*&~t~&
f
.,
i-YkL
etlN-
E anA?
+=A+&>
We
have
a
good
Japanese
feather
&
my
college.
These
sentences
would
be
okay
without
iA,
but
there
is
a
subtle
difference

the
other
hand,
are
answers
to
a
question
like
"Where
do
you
find
good
teachers
of
Japanese?'?
See
the
grammar
note
discussing
the
difference
between
21s
and
ki
in
Lesson

7.)
kjfi#
Practice
;fzh
L@5
Ic
A.
Change
the
following
phrases
into
f;l\
sentences.
Example:
>I
<-
~-
2
&<
6
(ia~k)
+
7h
~~i-~-~~~~~~
,TTo
(2)

~\>~<-fl-&:&<f=
{

kt+\
sentences
in
the
past
tense.
@
Example:
D.
Pair
Work-Ask
if
your
partner
wanted
to
do
the
things
above
during
their
child
hood.
E.
Pair
Work-Ask
your
partner
the

A
t:
I.
&z*i2hb:@$~*<f=~~T$$~~
u.
6
t*tI
t:
2.
fih2~\%
tdhE~~?=~\\~$~~
241
3.
Additional
VocabulawH
9
(Occupations)
M
si5
3
921%
(*%I
writer
YJ~-?-~]Z
b
l-f
L
\
S
9

@
(3
baseball
player
5
9
1
(9&%%)
president
of
a
country
journalist
housewife
actress
firefighter
F.
Complete
the
following
sentences.
1.
+B
lar.~.x%f<h~
6.
?=
TT~
i
:/-
>

bb
7
7".
TT,
Z5-i
Z?
@ERbt='3.%Zbftr3
53
L;
@AJ
f-,<
I/ZT
A.
Tell
what
the
following people
did
on
the
weekend using
k
9-fz
995.
@
Example:
9
3
y:
saw

3.
X-:
went
to
Osaka
to
have
fun,
went
to
eat,
etc.
4.
HA:
cleaned
his
room,
did
laundry,
etc.
5.
n
If-
b
:
met
friends,
watched
videos,
etc.

following
questions. When
you
answer,
use
tz!ZI tzg$6
as
in
the
example.
Example:
A
:
EI*T'fT%
Lt~~1T-j-h~~
ir~ih,
2::
B
:
a
+Ql%SF
~f%~t'.
1.
f
(Mt.
Fuji)
fi
1
L
fz~htt,

+
X;:
b
i?
'fk<f:
.L
Z
&'a&,
3
3
$,
<
X.
7:
x
goto~~kyo
+
~gt:fi~f=~t~~;fi~a-w~,
V+%.
-
i
I,
2.
C
study
French
4.
x
go
to

movies
8.
x
drive
a
car
in
Japan
6.
Pair
Work-Make
questions using
Z&hxS5
and
ask
your partner.
Example:
H$-Ql%$B??&c
1:
i3A
3
*+
@
A:
a+a%ra2Rhfzrrh~Ek,9aTh~,
::
!:A
5
0
B

B
:
-j-L~x~i:b??l
u%<3T0
i
h-
f:
1-
z*&~x$-Y
-2
1
{
B&
Tk
A
2-
r+,4,5333$*2*33
T-$-$ao
-F
3.
Z+tL''d*~~FC
L
<
fi
9
a
Th*o
'Iri
7
-3

3
Ti$>,
?f
2
TT-h',
i
{
i\
7.
+,
r"mgsgR9ci:~\a
~r5.,
L\t
r*
r:
8.
1$F13$
(actors)
@+T,
?<kl.~'%3
TTh'o
Ii~r@i
kh.
-f
9.
*+
G3
+
T,
f2-;kl.6f*

T
LT,
L~&L,&QEI:~~
hf;L
Ciiir'
IS.&
f
(!:
i.
f;.b
Tj-,
B.
Class
Activity-Find
someone
who
.
.
.
I.
has
seen
celebrities
2.
has
never
used
chopsticks
3.
wants

out
today
C.
Class
Activity-Bring
pictures
of
your
hometown
and
describe
it.
Example:
3
3&4$3@9
f:
{
3
Ql@j*%
(theater)
$'&
9
3
$o
Zit&
rpihr,
LT'Lm3d./,
[f
1
{

ElCTT,
Same
thing.
6
V
f:~~f=~qqjy-~~
More
or
less
the
&
k
&l
7
Ygk'2To
A
little
different.
3
h;
$22
4
*A,
Can't
use
it.
1111.
~41S~
T
L~

in
the
homework.
L*<f;'L>
E
&e+e2HCT
<
f5Sh0
Close
the
textbook.
315
6.
L
+
Z
ZQ~OA~ZWL~T<~;'~L~,
Ask
the
person
sitting
next
to
you.
VY
4
9tbf
<
?<??L\,
The

exercise
&%
meaning
1
k
pronunciation
question
8
answer
33
#!I
example
hr\
I
75.7
s
(
3
&
0
(correct)
<
T~I~?=EL~Z-
colloquial
expression
n.f:
$at;
bookish
expression
rb

else
-%
number
.
.
.
licv
-<-
"
-V
page
number
. . .
-%T
line
number
.
. .
ki
*I
two
people
each
L.f:
'I
Feeling
Ill
3%
xl,
@

went
out
to
have
dinner
with
my
friend
yesterday.
I
think
maybe
I
ate
too
much.
Michiko:
Are
you
all
right?
Mary:
Yes.
Don't
worry
about
it.
Oh,
it
hurts.

just
a
cold.
Mary:
WelI,
I
wiII
have
a
tennis
tournament
soon,
so
I
have
to
practice,
though
.
,
.
Doctor:
You
had
better
not
exercise
for
a
couple

2Jaolc~
h'kL
3
i5&
leg;
foot
meaning
stomach
cold
girlfliend
boyfriend
temperature
(weather-not
used
for
things)
cloudy
weather
match;
game
juice
politics
grade
(on
a
test,
etc.)
cough
throat
tooth

many
.
. .
%?3
Ll
d%~l
narrow;
not
spacious
-3
Z*?
W$3
&
L\
,
b
inconvenient;
to
have
a
scheduling
conflict
hbl\
,%L\
bad
*
Words
that
appear
in

6-3ttCcG
*
-QlT
fantastic
to
catch
a
cold
to
be
interested
(in
.
,
.
)
(tupk
I=)
to
lose
to
have
a
fever
to
become
thirsty
to
cough
to

.
.
.
degrees
(temperature)
for two
to
three
days
because
.
.
.
+ah7
for
the
first
time
very
soon;
in
a
few
moments/days
2%
is%
Grammar
lZ5
There
are

learned
so
far.
In
-this
lessan,
we
will
learn
a
new
way:
the
mode
of
apla:ab-ak
things.
A
repor5
IS
m
isolated
description
of
a
fact,
When
you
are
late

i;
is
not
offered
as
an
explana-
tion
'for
anything.
lf
you
want
to
mentian
the
bum
fail'=
to
m
on time
as
an
excuse
for
being
late.,
YOU
will
need

bus
not
corning),
and
another,
which
is
implied,
or
explained,
by
it
(you
being
late
for
the
appointment).
The
sentence-final
expression
&-il-9
serves
as the
link
between
what
the
sentence
says

AT-$,
1
haoe
an
exam
tomorrow.
(So
I
can't
go
ouf
toflight.)
I
want
to
go
to
the
bathroom.
(decIaration
of
one's
wish)
I
want
to
go
to
the
6afhroona.

present
tense
or
in
the
past
tense.
tLTT
itself
1
is
invariant
and
does
not
usually
appear
in
the
negative
or
the
past
tense
forms.
In
writing,
it
is
more

of
fact)
My
grade
zk
not
good.
'In
casual
exchanges,
k
tT
appears
in
its
short
form,
tLR.
In
casual
questions,
hTC;-f;ba
is
repIaced
by
a.
We
will
examine
these

it
follows
a
noun
or
a
2-adjective,
2
comes
in
between.
report
sentences
explanation
sentences
&-adjective:
wPT'$
Sk'ZJhTT
Lb
noun:
89~~
fP<i?Ll
?%ahTT
#<wLl-
You
can
use
k
T-P
in questions

r
9
L
TZ
(what
has
happened).
Q
:
Y-f'-J
L
f@t:$q;htz
hTT&,
s.n
ha!,.
Why
did
you
break
up
with
your
boyfriend?
(You've
got
to fell
me.)
A
:
*,

A
:
T~~E,LPACT.~
L
%y
cat
died.
(That
should
explain
how
I
look
today.)
You
can also
use
X/Tf
to
provide
an
additional
comment
on
what
has
just
been
said.
A

university
wrote
if
(for
your
iafomation).
'A
f?~
L
kX.'II*Trls
question
is
best
answered
by
a
kCT
sentence
with
the
subject
marked
with
the
particle
i3.'
rather
than
13,
as

6
conjugates
as
a
regular
ru-verb.
You
musb
mt
eat
too
much,
-ifF
4
can
dso
iolluw
L\-
and
3-adjective
bases
(the
parts
which
do
not
change
in
conjugations);
you

75%
\b
xT?
"it
is
better
(for
you)
to
do
.
. ."
is
a
sentence-final
expression
that
you
can
use
to
give
advice.
When
you
suggest
an
activity
with
I2

is
a
danger
or
a
problem.
13
j
fiZk
\L
\T:"-if
is
peculiar
in
that
it follows different
tense
forms,
depending
on
whether
the
advice
given
is
in
the
affirmative
or
the

the
verb
is
in
the
present
tense
short
fom.
You'd
better
eat
more
vegetables.
If
is
better
mf
fu
skip
classes.
You
can
use
@T
to
give
the
reason
for

(situation),
because
(reason).
~17%
ElrQ;%T%T@T,
H+Shi'l+t=Q
9
3
LL:,
It
IfX.
r
ItG.
-
t-
1I&
I
Uii
T
My
Japanese
has
zmpruved
because
1
always
speak
Japazese.
did
not

in
between,
as
it
did
with
the explanatory predicate
AT$
A
a,
3
c;~W-9-~
u.
l:

I
do
not
like
that
persola,
because
he
;is
mean.
+ataaqsawr,
mca+w-r-?,
3
i:%kiU=-
7

FfiQEk,4fiab,
?<
{
3X/%%LQ
a\
%+-L\I~~*X/,
&brLlpl
-LL?L?
I
have
to
stzkdy
u
lot,
because
there
wtlZ
be
an
exam
next
week.
2
{
ti
+
means
"if
you
do

.
."
with
the
double
negatives
giving
rise
to
the
affirmative
sense
of
the
mandate.
To
form
a
2
<
5;
e
1.
\
I
j
2
-@
/V
sentence,

GI
-
Ll
$5
I/=
La<
SF
L\lf%I&hr
<a
C-
'tdL\
Zt6<5*L~n%ehr
L
\t$2
-&A,
is
grammatically
the negative
long
form
of
a
verb
in
the
present
tense.
You
can
change

tense)
in
casual
speech
and
before
elements
like
tL
T
T.
'In
writing
and
in
very
format
speech,
td
<ak\lf
3
++A,
is
more
common
than
Q
(-\r\df
3
+?A.

(The truth
is,)
I
mzcst
practice
every
day.
We
use
the
sentence-final
expression
T
L
1
3
(probably)
when
we
are
making
a
guess
om.
a
prediction,
-r"
t
1
=I

cold
~TZ
Hokkaido.
If
is
probably
not
cold
k
Hokkaido.
T
L
.I
?
may
aIso
follow
Q-adjective
bases
and
nouns.
Note
that
T
L
1
5
goes
directly
after

%kk
(noun)
&aAtA;S-X
I-
7
'I
TATL
$
$o
U
I:
U
/,
That
pmm
&
probably
an
Australian.
$-2
b?j"IThC:'Qk\\r"Ldt
3.
Thatpmmis~oba6bmtanA'1~~~akia~
U
L
I
i
rnay
also
follow

5
5.1,
which
can
be
used
to
invite another
person's
opinion
or
guess.
~hkh
wu~ld'
you
say
is
more
difficulty
~apanese
or
Korean?
The
short
form
of
T
L
a
j

if.
In
casual
exchanges,
you
can
use
T
L
L
5
(with
the
question
intonation,
and
most often
pronounced
as
somewhat
shorter
T
L
a
)
when
you
want
to
check

you
read
this
for
me?