affirmative,
the
past
tense
is
used
both
with
words
like
3
3
(disconnected from
the
present)
and
t
i
("already,"
connected
with
the
present).
?At33a,3%5%2
Ld-
tk,
bt:
L
La<f:it
I
did

but
T
L1&
is
used
if
your
intention
is
to
talk
about
how
things
stand
now
("not
yet7').
[email protected]%SSB2
t3-@LTtko
bt:~
~s<f:r,
1
did
not
do
fhe
hmework
yesterday.
and

verbs
describing
cha~ges
and
with
verbs
describing
activities,
as
defined
in
Lesson
7.
~-3hE33
$533
ccr~\3*&0
ki
Sue
has
not
woken
UP
yet.
(change)
$2.12
3
t<&
L*13
A,
i?

ML
Bjs
\
*t
I
didn't
have
brhkfast.
(Became)
I
was
busy.
In
this
lesson,
we
learn
to
incorporate
the
explanation
clauses
in
the
statements them-
selves,
rather
than
adding
them

(situation).
&Lf=SR&pib6-hab,
~Alf+R%Bt3Td
L
it&
AM
:
LLIAXL
3ri
I
will
study
this eve~ing,
beccame
we
will
have
an
encam
tomorrow.
(=
We will
have
aft
exam
tmorrow, therefore,
I
will
study
this

of
a
"therefore"
sentence
more
closely
than
that
of
a
"because"
cIause
in
English.
Before
the
conjunction
hS
6,
you
find
both
the
long
and
short
forms.
Thus
the
75%

before
2~
b
is
more
polite,
and
is
frequently
found
in
request
and
suggestion
sentences.
&G:3a!a%d2;fj9
&T&lL;,
>$1:RC-$T3a
Lk
3.
3-
.i:
i\?L
x
k
1\
Let's
go
to
see

ha
7
f"
TTh3
I;,
&hhlf
23'
7
kc
$2
T
,$!#El
Practice
h
Lw5
1:
Short
Forms
Past
A.
Verbs
(a)
Change
the
following
verbs
into
the
past
affirmatives.

throvi
away)
3.
1i
(
6.
tdU2b
7.9{&
8.
*X/k
(T6
9.
i$lbq
lo.
(
a
11.
~15
12.
$
A,Y~
~5
13.
Si326
14.
9fz-j
15.
hxk?,$
16.
q'if-;t;'

following
into
the
past
negatives.
@
Informal
Speech
A.
Using
the
cues
below,
make
questions
about
yesterday
in
informal
speech.
How
do
you
answer
those
questions?
@
Example:
?-
t

&
z
L
1
/"
fZ/v
h-
4.
?G??%ET&
+-i
r
5.
i&TH=T6
9x3
'I
6.
&??Gi:&?
Y
C
A
7.
S32%2&
f;X.Z'
B11
8.
$%&I*
b
hf?li
<
9.

about
childhood
in
informal
speech.
How
do
you
answer
those
questions?
@
Example:
Z%
Irk
I
+
Q
:
TEae.
ZRE7
i?z
?
:rt
r
~f/ct
A
:
5
XI,

t
?z
hso
ITX.
3
+
Q
:
L
o3ACATiEa%,
%%T
tf~6'~
ur
;rt
r3
lfk3
A
:
IdLh,
ZRI?'~~
t=
Z4%Ll&
To
if/"
3
st
L\L\&,
Z~~:'Q&~~~?ZZ,U
IT/"
3

child
using
the
following characteristics.
A.
Pair
Work-Ask
your
partner
the following questions about his/her childhood
and
report
to
the
class
using
&EgTL\ZLfi.
11
Example:
L
\
:'
ib
Q
L
?:
B.
What
would
these people

[my]
mother)
13
n
A.
Look
at
the
picture
below
and
answer
the
questions.
Example:
€El
3
f:
375.
+
Q
:
E3+3hiiZ*QlAT?ha,
fz
oif.
vr
A
:
b&rib2$*l-f.lil~\&hTT,
fi~\

identify
all the
people
in
the
picture.
Example:
k
L
5
A
:
$;
L
2
3
hid
~''C?lh"i.'~fi',
Pr_-
B
:
~~~"~RTLGATT,
A
L'
z
Picture
A
Ask
which
of

A
acts
out
something
and
freezes in
the
middle
of
doing
so.
Members
of
group
B
answer
the
teacher's questions,
using
TLl5APT.
Take
turns when finished.
U&
Example:
Teacher
:
T
4
7
3

f:
B.
Pair
Work-Ask
if
your partner
has
done
.
. .
yet.
Example:
352
6
2
&<
4
+A,
f:
1.
H#Mk:*%
L
n
2.
:igtcXb
t;h-%/,
iill
3.
-f-%%
(Lesson

of
newly
released
CD)
7.
,7&
+*
v76
a
(a
name
of
current
best-selling
novel)
A.
Match
up
the
phrases
to
make
sense.
B.
Complete the foltowing
sentences
adding
reasons.
1.
&>

mgefr3cnag
;(zhrbwJ5
A.
Role
Play-One
of
you
is
working
at
a
fast-food
restaurant.
The
other
is
a
customer.
Using
Dialogue
IU
as
a
model, order
some
food
and
drinks
from
the

S2fkA2
3-h~~
5
3
r
l
7
0,
5.
{
~9
t
a
w,
?A
IT
6.
&q@S*El
(birthday)
I~fl&~&
&,L\$
tk-hh,
31
h&
f=h.Lii
d
Qt:
T:t-Ltzm$
Tt
bb3

&Ti&
z
sv+3
L
f<h>,
r
L
r
t
h
e
10.
z''AQEa
b
k-T-W+9
Tbd
T6ao
t'p,
t
11.
+~oi$~t~s
L
~1
r
,ge
-w,
.,
cX,r
Lllh.
CTh.

There
are
two
kinds
of
words
for
colors.
Group
1:
LI-adjectives
I
X~J>
black
fi
bi
L
r,
white
I
<
&
h
Q-
red
SLX
&
84
blue
I

-
2
I
green
%
a%33
I
F>7
pink
7&
I3
kTr.6
light
blue
1
(
%$/;/,b~.t
?kt\&
silver
I
There
words
need
a
in
order
to
make
noun
phrases.

*
&
Ft"r
@
At
a
travel
agency.
Mary:
It
is
getting
cold.
Takeshi:
Yes.
Mary,
what
will
you
do
at
winter
break?
Mary:
I
am
planning
to
go
to

But
Sue
said
that
the
food
was
deTicious
in
Korea.
Mary:
I
see.
By
the
way,
are
you
going
somewhere,
Takeshi?
Takeshi:
I
won't
go
anywhere,
I
don't
have
money,

to
Seoul.
Travel
agent:
When
is
it?
Mary:
December
19.
Travel
agent:
We
have
a
morning
flight
and
an
afternoon
flight.
Mary:
A
morning
flight,
please.
Can
I
me
a

?by&-
.;/
*
'7
4&b\hX-3
*$*L\
bhx-c=)
T"2
{
4
r
r+i3
ra
s
J$>',!I
VL
9
*
VXI
2,
&I
+,4@5
vpi
#~\t'k
*
k*(
i;
k\&P-=l
3
3

next
semester
apple
Warm
slow;
late
cool
(weather-not
used
for
thin&
cold
(thing/~eo~le)
sleepy
*
Words
that
appear
in
the
dialogue
easy;
simple
to
take
(amount
of
tirne/moneyl
(no
particle)

foot
t\%l%k
+I$
best
or
for
. .
.
months
in
.
.
.
time;
after
.
.
.
these
days
for
. .
.
weeks
by
(means
of
transportation);
with
(a

tences;
there
is
no
alteration
as
in
"great/greater."
The
idea
of
comparison
is
expressed
by
adding
something
to
the
nouns
that
are
compared.
1
A
tDMjjbt
B
@'
property),
=

is
mre
(property)?
XCX
Z
e*
Z
Z''9
3;
9
C3
j
V~L
\TT&a,
~LLF
r
i
Which
zs
cheaper,
koing
by)
bm
or
(by)
$rain?
yr
In
comparison
among

I~F~u~~?.~
Z
75
L-72
Z
p
-
=
>3*n+T1
~:&~~)~L\~;E%X/&$~,L+~"SZ,SL~
2
73.
3:
Cri
3'
H&
3
-f+,
Betwee%
Pavarotti,
Curreras,
and
Domingo,
who
do
you
think
ZS
the
best

opposite
of
what
is
actually
said.
Don't
rely
on the
word
order,
therefore,
to
decide
which
item
is
claimed
to
be
superior.
Listen
carefully
for
the
words
nC3
3
4'
and

be used
in
question
sentences
seeking
comparisons
between
two
items.
Y'7
3;
ad
Z+T
f3
e)
(3
5
are
slightly
more
colIoquia1
than
r'S;
b
and
If%
b
mi3
=I
.

Normal
question
words
like
fzh,
Z*&,
and
a(-
are
used
instead.'
When
a
noun
follaws
an
adjective,
and
when
it
is
clear
what
you
are
referring
to,
you
can
(I

haw
a
bkack
sweafer.
I
h~oe
a
9.d
me,
to.
SL~FS~RWICE~
a
LTZ,
-~-$~\~\a~i&lq
-
a-wxtt;,
(@=%$I
c*
ULl
?F
,,
"
c
Lk
I
wmf
to
buy
casa
inexpmsiue

of
the
form
"noun,
cF)
JIQU~~''
wi1I
be
reduced
to
"noun,
fl."
You
simply
omit
the
second
noun.
t
t-LtdX-
3
Aahh'tbA/TT&x,
~lt\ii,
*&Lt2%T1)
-3
ha
T9-0
1s
this
Sag3

of
items
is
presented,
and
to
use
IbJ
r*
,-
when
a
group
is
referred
to
collectively.
Compare:
1
A,z*Zsih*Az
3
{
bLtTa+T.
=,+.
YhLJr\GCdA333C?h4,
-t
Whkh
do
you
like

person
is
planning
to
do
in
the
future-
You
can
also
use
a
verb
in
the
negative
plus
9
t
1
to
describe
what
you
me
planning
zot
to
do,

play
fm~is
with
Tqkeshi
thik
weekend
&-F*&t3&
LkATt=*Q~~.3S
3
TTQ
92
Lf;++/t+r,
%L,&*{
:
=
Professor
Yamushifa
does
mt
intmxd
to
come
to
schol
tommow.
&+QW,t~fi(
3S
1
TLki-fY,
Xah"

means
"to
became,"
indicating
a
change.
3
8 f~llaws
nouns
and
both
types
of
adjectives.
- -
nouns:
9
3
SRHKZx5
fo
become
a
company
enaplqyee
%\L-PLG
fplItrpClh-
B*ZGF)&B&~%L
{
%!I
3

as
in
their
negative
canjuga-
tions.
A
common
mistake
is
to
expand
the
pattern
of
3-adjectives
and
nouns
and
us
t:
with
\-adjectives.
It
is
wrong
to
say,
for
example,

warm,
hence
it
is
not
cold
any
longern)
or
a
relative
change
(ex.
"it
has
become
warmer,
but
it
is
still
cbld").
3
6
sentences
are
ambiguous in
isolation.
If
you

Lesson
8
we
learned
the
Japanese
expressions
for
"something"
and
"not
.
.
.
anything,"
4Ff2~-
and
2,.
As
you
must
have
noticed,
these
expressions
are
made
up
of
the

-
31:
-
not
azythi~g
a
%
Q
1:-
xot
aflymP:
7"Sh-
L
somewhere
YZ
fi*
-
mf
anywhere
tl"
L
S
As
we
noted
in
Lesson
8,
these
words

and
C.
These
particles
appear
in
the
places
shown
with
underscores
above.
Let
us
look
at
some
examples.
Did
you
go
a~ywhere?
L\L\;?_,
rf'~-~t7,4
-
~~LTLTZ.
c
No,
I
didn't

a$
t
a*tt-cLI-=,
2*
1:
No,
1
didn't
do
anything.
You
can
me
the
particle
Zt
with
nouns
that
describe
the
means
of
transporktian
and
the
instruments
you
we.
We

at the
t
ZhJ
2
z
uv
end
of
a
sentence when
we
want
our
partners
to treat what
we
have
just
said
as
a
given,
common
ground
to
buiId upon.
These
words
often
indicate

travel
agent
lays
out the
relevant
information
on
the
table;
there
are
two
flights, one
leaving
in
the
morning
and
another
in
the
afternoon.
6s
attached
to
her sentence
indicates
that
she
wants

lets
her
customer
come
forward
with
an
answer
immediately.
!RE!
Practice
nh
Lm5
A.
Look
at
the
pictures below
and
answer
the
following
questions.
@
Example:
Q
:
~$ZI~XZ
Z'.%~KI[~?
&ri&~~TThio

912
3
2~~S~lT-j-i~~~
L
L.+.x.+~.L
lar
2.
$fi$qR,#l
z
%*
z
Z+%
b
a12
9
&~s~\TT$~o
LXd./V+?A,
TALC
2
3.
#fie>#$
Z
YSZ
Z
Z*G
i,
Pli3
5
&'%$~hT?h~,
L/~$./~+L,

When
you
answer
the
questions,
add
reasons
for
your
answers,
if
possible.
Example:
E/*
(%
3)
7
.;.*
T
+
A
:
Ez*?
z*G~-,(Q~I~~)&~~~TT&~O
27
J.@
t
6
:
E~cJ~

:
I I
i
@~/%.5=i.#%
033)
;.
lP
:
i
?
i
E3*93/F4
'Y
(Germany)
(~kt'l)
I:
1ik
(62
<&?
i%F/?5
9
a?-
(7S~&f<'x.)
6.A
i'
33
7rt'7~+-7
;r-/;ty
n->
(~E$'L\L\)

the pictures
on
the
previous page
and
answer the
questions
below.
Example:
Q
:
t
T,
Y.*#'Ldf
L\&
iyk$~\TT&~~
Qd.
;z
+
A
:
*%&&?k\%
lTtL*~\T-fO
L&iJ-/L4&L,
::
F
Picture
(a)
Picture
(b)

i
C.
Group
Work-Make
a
group
of
three
or four
people.
Ask
each
other questions
and
make
as
many
superlative sentences
as
possible
about
the
group.
Example:
t
T,
A
3
I~~L%L\T+T,
2

Then
ask
ques-
tions
to
the
class.
The
rest
of
the
class
answer
the
questions.
Example:
Y.
l.x
LX
b
Z
Z*%
b
e)C3
5
;s~&L\-c"-$-;~~,
-3.
r
?&
f;