HO CHI MINH NATIONAL POLITICAL ACADEMY
TRAN THI LAN
WORKING QUALITY OF HIGHER EDUCATION
INTELLIGENTSIA IN VIETNAM CURRENTLY
Major : Scientific Socialism
Code : 62 22 85 01
SUMMARY PHD THESIS IN PHILOSOPHY
HA NOI - 2014
The work was completed at Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics
Scientific supervisor: PROF. DR. HOANG CHI BAO
Reviewer 1:………………………………………………………………………….
Reviewer 2:………………………………………………………………………….
Reviewer 3:………………………………………………………………………….
The PhD thesis will be defensed in front of a jury and marked by at
Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics
At…: On 2014
The PhD thesis is available in National Library and the
Library of Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics
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INTRODUCTION
1. Urgency of the topic
Entering the twenty-first century, the development of the knowledge
economy and the revolution of science and technology not only definites the
top-ten situation of human in productive force but also more and more clearly
understand the extremely significant role of the intellectual resource in the
development of the internal resources in each nation, each country.
Vietnam is in the period of turning-point for development and promotion of
industrialization and modernization. The context of the world and the era is
creating prospects and favorable conditions for Vietnam as well as places our
nation in the face of many risks, severe challenges in the process of integration,
of which intellectual lagging and backwardness are the most fearful things.

education institutions in the context of competition and international integration, in
the face of expectations of the society for the innovation of educators, programs
and higher education methods with the aim of improving quality of trained human
resource. This is the urgent demands of society, a difficult and complex task, waste
much effort, time, intellectual faculties and money.
On a higher plane, concerning responsibility and conscience of the society,
the interest in working quality of higher education intelligentsia means caring
about training intelectual resources of the nation. It is needed to find a
groundbreaking of human potential on the material racks of economic
development in order to ensure reliability of the development strategy and
sustainability. The key of creating the higher education human resources is
working quality of the intelligentsia and educators.
With the such dialectical perspective, we can see the importance and urgency
of innovation of higher education, starting from innovation of working quality
of managers and generations of lecturer. Interpretation and survey of the issue
for finding out the solution to development not only bring theoretical meaning
but also contribute to implement verification of quality of universities in
accordance with standards of Ministry of Education and Training with the a
view to “basic and comprehensive innovation of the education” according to
the Resolution 8 in the 11
th
session of the Communist Party.
For the above reasons, the author chooses the issue “Working quality of
higher education intelligentsia in Vietnam currently” as the topic for the
doctoral dissertation.
2. Research purposes and tasks
2.1. Research purposes
The research is to definite a systematic conception of working quality of
higher education intelligentsia in order to establish a scientific arguments of
assessment of real situation in Vietnam, and then solutions to improving

and establishes solutions to improvement of working quality of such intelligentsia
in the future.
4. Theoretical bases and method of the research
4.1. Theoretical bases
The dissertation is performed on the basis of theoretical Marxism -
Leninism and Ho Chi Minh thought, viewpoint, guidelines and policies of
the Party, State law on intelligentsia, education intelligentsia, higher
education intelligentsia in labor and labor motivation in general.
The dissertation is also inherited research results related to dissertations of
authors in Vietnam and in the world.
4.2. Method of research
The disseration is performed on the basis of methodology of dialectical
materialism and historical materialism, method of logics and history and
interdisciplinary methods such as analysis, summary, sociological investigation,
comparison and generalization.
5. New scientific contributions of the dissertation
- The dissertation systematically researches into issues concerning working
quality of higher education intelligentsia in terms of philosophy - politics - society
- education.
- The dissertation establishes assessment criteria of working quality of higher
education intelligentsia in professional activities.
- The dissertation suggests solutions in order to improve the working
working quality of Vietnamese higher education intelligentsia in the context of
innovation, promotion of industrialization and modernization of the country in the
impacts of trends of integration, globalization and knowledge economy
development.
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6. Theoretical and practical significances of the dissertation
- The dissertation contributes to the development of new theoretical and
practical research direction for working quality of Vietnamese higher education

intelligentsia:
With the view on considering higher education intelligentsia as a factor that
directly affecting training quality of human resource, many researchers focused
on explaination of situation and roles of higher education intelligentsia and
finding out basic solutions in order to create motivation for educators and
lecturers at undergraduation education level.
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Secondly, researches directly discussed working characteristics of higher
education intelligentsia, namely:
The article “Working characteristics of lecturers in universities and
vocational training schools”, Journal of higher and professional education,
Vol. 5/2000 by author Do Van Phuc mainly emphasized creative labor,
intellectual labor with some harmful elements and typical tensions of higher
education intelligentsia.
In order to determinate working characteristics of higher education
intelligentsia, Associate.Professor. Doctor Nguyen Thi My Loc and Doctor
Dang Xuan Hai in the topic: “higher education lecturers and pedagogical
communication”, “teaching methods at higher education level” in the training
material “Higher education”, Hanoi, 2003 came up with the concept: In
universities, pedagogical creativity associated with scientific creativity.
Assco.Prof.Dr Pham Hong Quang – author of the book named “educational
environment”, Education Publishing House, 2006 affirmed that: function of
pegagogical labor is to reproduce labor power of the society; it is a professional
intellectual labor.
During interpretation of “The nature of creative activities in scientific
research”, (research material), Hanoi, 2006, Prof. Dr. Hoang Chi Bao
emphasized that higher education combines teaching with scientific research
and serves production. Working of higher education intelligentsia presents
creativity by its rich, diversified and complex expression.
Studying on the characteristics of higher education, Dr. Nguyen Ba Can in his

they can determine assessment criteria and suggest some solutions to
improvement of working efficiency of higher education intelligentsia in
Vietnam currently.
1.2. INTERNATIONAL RESEARCHES WITH REGARD TO THE
DISSERTATION
In almost countries, higher education intelligentsia are appreciated by their
States. In many subjects to researches, it is nescessary to take interest in the
intelligentsia, educators, especially lecturers, typically: J.Vial in the book
named “History and News about teaching methods”, 1993; J.A Centra with the
research into: “Self-assessment of university lecturers: A comparison of
student’s assessment", Journal of Educational Assessment, Vol. 13, 1973;
Ph.N.Gônôbôlin: “The psychological qualities of the teachers”, Education
Publishing House, 197;Franz Emanuel Weinert: “Development of awareness of
studying and teaching”, Education Publishing House, Hanoi, 1998; Especially,
UNESCO has held activities on human intelligence of an education for the 21
st
century with “Higher Education in the Twenty - First Century - vision and
Action”, World Conference on Higher Education, Paris, October, 1998.
Summary of the said researches defines a new conception of working
characteristics of educators at undergraduate education level. Whereby, quality
of higher education is considered as a multi-dimensional concept covering
every roles and activities of the universities.
1.3. VALUES AND SHORTCOMINGS OF RESEARCHES WITH REGARD TO
THE DISSERTATION AND ISSUES NEED TO BE CLARIFIED IN THE
RESEARCH
From overview of the research projects related to the dissertation, the author
would like to make an overall assessment as follows:
Firstly, research projects outlined approaches to higher education
intelligentsia and intelligentsia. Notably, those views considers the
intelligentsia as a social force, a social class who are identified and classified

quality of higher education intelligentsia.
- Construction of scientific arguments for the necessity of improvement of
working quality of Vietnamese higher education intelligentsia today.
- The dissertation establishs assessment criteria of working quality of higher
education intelligentsia in some public universities.
- The dissertation clarifies some problems concerning working quality of
Vietnamese higher education intelligentsia, whereby the author suggests some
key solutions to improvement of working quality of higher education
intelligentsia in Vietnam presently.
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Chapter 2
RATIONALE ON LABOR QUALITY
OF HIGHER EDUCATION INTELLIGENTSIA
2.1. CONCEPT OF INTELLIGENTSIA, HIGHER EDUCATION INTELLIGENTSIA
AND LABOUR OF HIGHER EDUCATION INTELLIGENTSIA
2.1.1. Concept of intelligentsia
Intelligentsia is a term, a science concept with different connotations.
Accordingly, when considering the concept of intellectual requires attention to
history - specific and perspective approach. In consistent with the concept of
Marxism - Leninism, Communist Party of Vietnam on intelligentsia, we believe
that, intelligentsia is a social class characterized by method of intellectual
labor and creativity. They are the main force directly involved in the
innovation, preservation and dissemination of knowledge, contributing to the
development of cognitive science and social progress.
Intelligentsia is recognized in the following outstanding characteristics:
Intelligentsia is not a class but a special and typical social class. Intelligentsia
should be considered an individual - entity with creative personality, education,
knowledge being form through continuously training, fostering and developing
by way of self-training, self-picking up and completing in creative labors and
activities as well as genuine intelligentsia, knowledge must be associated with

teachers on learners in order to train, foster and development high quality
human resource. This should be recognized on the main following aspects:
Firstly, which means that a job; labour of higher education intelligentsia is
activity of professional career, education and training in higher education that
the outstanding features are scientific & pedagogical activities, teaching and
vocational training and training people.
Secondly, labour of higher education intelligentsia is higher creative labour
with the particularly important role to create physical and mental values. Every
success in teaching or each new contribution in research and in leadership and
management activities of higher education intelligentsia contribute to build the
intellectual potential for nation and promote the socio-economic growth of nation.
Thirdly, approach of labour of higher education intelligentsia on functional
aspects, we can consider that teaching of literacy, teaching personality and
vocational training are three consistent activities in the process of training
high-quality human resources for development of nation socio-economy.
Finally, it needs to consider that the labour of higher education intelligentsia
is individual labour but the occupation characteristics have been brought and
required strictly the collective, universal, and interactive and consensus.
2.2. SPECIAL FEATURES OF VIETNAM HIGHER EDUCATION
INTELLIGENTSIA IN THE PRESENT CONTEXT
2.2.1. Labour of higher education intelligentsia is the intellectual and
creative labour
Labour of higher education intelligentsia is primarily intellectual labour. The
special features in labour are presented in regularly to mobilize intellectual
resources, promote the creative thinking with high concentration of gray matter
crystallized in product. That is inventions, innovations and initiatives, even
personality of learners, qualifications and skills of human resource.
If the creativity in teaching of higher education intelligentsia is capacities of
systematization, inheritance, selection of information associated with
operations of analysis, synthesis, lecture which help learners understand and

educational management in universities participating in teaching and scientific
research in certain level. Therefore, it may be considered that the teaching and
the scientific research are two parallel tasks of must higher education
intelligentsia.
Dialectical association between teaching and scientific research actually is
the requirements of having knowledge and known how to impart the
knowledge. After all, fostering learners the ability to self-thinking, self-study
and self-research is fostering methods of scientific research, which requires
each higher education intelligentsia not only has two pairs of most important
qualities, capacities of teacher: pedagogical occupation trend and pedagogical
capacity but also associate with pedagogical occupation trend and capacity of
scientific research. Besides, they must know how to organize the cognitive
processes of students by teaching and how to self-research, deploy scientific
ideas and develop capacities, good qualities of an expert.
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2.2.4. Labour product of higher education intelligentsia contributes to
develop the high quality human resource of nation
Both theoretical and practical aspects require university as typical place for
intellectual life and spiritual culture of society. It is the nursery of future
scientific talent and the cradle nurturing scientific minds of many generations.
By talent, dedication and his own way, each intelligentsia needs to participate
in process of producing knowledge, creating the high quality human resource
of nation from the general level to each development stage step by step to meet
the rigorous demands of the market economy with socialist orientation. The
growth of higher education intelligentsia of our country and their labour product
will be the biggest additional resources to develop the intelligentsia and high
quality human resource of country.
2.3. CONCEPT OF LABOR QUALITY OF HIGHER EDUCATION INTELLIGENTSIA
2.3.1. Concept of labor quality
In many respects, levels or ambiguous nature of the category “labor quality”

The quality of management operation of higher education intelligentsia is
reflected in effect of building, implementing and monitoring the performance
of teaching & studying plan, scientific research and technology transfer of
intelligentsia who is leader or undertakes some activities such as academic
advisor, class teacher or the work of unions, associations.
2.3.3. Criteria for assessing the quality of current higher education
intelligentsia in Vietnam
Assessing the quality of higher education intelligentsia in Vietnam is actually
the judgment of labor values to clarify intellectual contributions of university
lecturers and subjects managing the education in higher education to the
society. Assessing the quality of higher education intelligentsia is needed to
focus on the following basic criteria:
Firstly,level of satisfying the teachers’ standards for higher education intelligentsia
Secondly, level of fulfilling tasks by higher education intelligentsia under the
assigned authority
Thirdly, actual work results of higher education intelligentsia
Fourthly, satisfaction level of university lecturers, students and subjects using
higher education products against the work results of higher education
intelligentsia
Fifthly, satisfaction ability of the trained human resources for the labor
market. This criterion is quantified at an employment rate of students after
graduation and quality of higher education human resources.
2.4. EVITABILITY OF IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF CURRENT HIGHER
EDUCATION INTELLIGENTSIA IN VIETNAM
2.4.1. Improving the quality of higher education intelligentsia in
Vietnam as an inevitable need from national development requirements
Building socialism in Vietnam in the aim of human liberation and
development requires socio-economic development based on science and
technology in the phase of promoting national industrialization and
modernization in line with the development of knowledge economy.

potentials as well as reasonable and cost-effective use of higher education
resources. In case of not improving the quality of higher education
intelligentsia, investment of facilities, modernization of teaching aids,
renovation of mechanism and development polices of higher education as well
as teaching methods have become meaningless, even seriously wasteful for
higher education in particular and socio-economic management in general in
the limited conditions of educational expenses and investment budget.
The quality of higher education is formed by many factors, but other factors
have only played a supportive role, facilitating so that the intelligentsia may
perform their functions and tasks. To conclude, improving the quality of higher
education intelligentsia has been considered as a central point not only affixing
educational elements to a perfect whole but also directly deciding the use
effectiveness of higher education resources.
Chapter 3
CURRENT SITUATIONS OF THE QUALITY OF HIGHER
EDUCATION INTELLIGENTSIA IN VIETNAM AND SEVERAL
PROPOSED PROBLEMS
3.1. CURRENT SITUATIONS OF THE QUALITY OF HIGHER EDUCATION
INTELLIGENTSIA IN VIETNAM
3.1.1. Level of satisfying the teachers’ standards for higher education
intelligentsia in Vietnam
In line with the cause of comprehensive renovation in Vietnam and
expansion for the human resource training scale, the number of higher
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education intelligentsia has constantly been supplemented in terms of quantity,
improved in terms of quality, gradually meeting the stipulated standards of
professional qualification, capacity and ethical quality of the teachers. Thereby
they have accomplished their teaching tasks, done scientific researches, maintained
honor and prestige, fostered political quality and occupational ethics.
Nevertheless, rate of the teachers not gaining the standards of professional

involvement of educational management
Higher education intelligentsia with the involvement of management has
accomplished tasks of building, implementing and supervising the performance
of teaching and learning schedules as well as scientific researches of university
lecturers. A number of young intelligentsia in higher education have devotedly
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accomplished their work. Nevertheless, it is a fact that we have lacked talented
education managers in the institutions.
3.1.3. Work results of higher education intelligentsia in Vietnam
It is admitted that higher education intelligentsia has obtained positive results
considerably contributing economic growth, social stability, national security
and defense assurance as well as international integration. Every year higher
education intelligentsia has directly participated the training of tens of
bachelors, masters and doctors, making remarkable contributions to the
implementation of high-qualified human resource development strategy for the
promotion of national industrialization and modernization. Results from
scientific researches, leadership and management of high education
intelligentsia have contributed the improvement of national science and
technology level, the making of guidelines and policies of the Party and the
State as well as initially resolving new problems arising in the cause of
renovation.
Main limitations from labor results of higher education intelligentsia are poor
education quality; poor non-governmental training; the renovation of training
contents and curriculum in universities not keeping up with requirements of
production reality; low applied efficiency of scientific works with about 40%
research results not utilized; unreasonable management of the intelligentsia in
higher education shown in the inactiveness before the macro-management
causing the limitations of self-management and creativity in the education and
training activities.
3.1.4. Satisfaction level of university lecturers, students and subjects using

education intelligentsia before the international integration requirements
In fact, the higher education intelligentsia in Vietnam has a lot of
shortcomings and inadequacies on the professional qualifications and
capacitybefore the career requirements, the requirement of the country's
development and international integration.
Compared with the developed countries having the advanced higher
educationbackground, the professional qualifications of our higher education
intelligentsia tend to have more noticeable lagging. Notably, the rate of
lecturers having a doctoral degree or scientific titles, such as Professor,
Associate Professor in our country is very low. The number of intellectual
elites and talented people is very little; the number of leading experts lacks
seriously and the next generation is in short fall; andthere is very little strong
scientific group with a reputation to compete on the global scale. Not only the
foreign language proficiency is weak, but also higher education intelligentsia in
our country lacks a creative capacity at the necessary level to create the
product, the scientific work that can compete on equal terms with international
colleagues.
3.2.2. The structural imbalances in labor quality of higher education
intelligentsia in Vietnam
Building the consensus of higher education intelligentsia requires creating
the continuity and the same dimensional effects to learners from trainers being
different from age, seniority, qualifications, capacity, degree and title, even
teachers in the various training majors and more broadly, in the regions of the
country. Unfortunately, the actual labor quality of the higher education
intelligentsia shows the clear shortcomings before the request to create this
consensus. It is the structural imbalance on the qualifications and capacity in
the labor results of the higher education intelligentsia between the industries
and education sectors; and the feeling of uncertainty about the next generation
with highly qualification.
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The biggest barrier is that the limitation in investment policy, incentive
mechanisms with lack of innovation thinking and the weaknesses of
professional qualifications of many lecturers that hinders the opening of the
relation between scientific research and practical teaching and production, does
not create strong potential power to promote the creativity in working of higher
education intelligentsia.
On the other hand, while macro-management methods to professional
employees of the higher education intelligentsia have not broken with the
subsidy administrative mechanism, not required the strict autonomy, self-
responsibility of every lecturer, the negative impact of the wrong side of the
market mechanism coupled with the psychology respecting the degree and
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payroll mechanism under the degree, seniority is not small hurdles before
actually learning requirements to achieve the real power, real talent, real
intellectual contribution of higher education intelligentsia.
3.2.5. Labor quality of higher education intelligentsia has been ensured
by lecturers’ responsibility but the mechanisms of inspecting, supervising
and assessing have been properlyrespected yet
Professional qualifications and research capacity are the determining factors
of the labor quality of higher education intelligentsia, but also a sense of
responsibility is an important requirement that each lecturer need to meet,
especially, in the present context, the market mechanism governs human life
and leaves a lot of the negative impacts and social consequences. The current
inadequate problem beingthe criteria for accreditation of education has not
been constructed in accordance with the specific characteristics of each
university; external assessment activities, especially the participation of
assessing the education quality of objects using the products of higher
education has not been properly respected. The evaluation, inspection and
monitoring to professional activities of rectors and managerial staffshave not
been implemented; so the quality of the organization, leadership, education

sectors with an international level. This requires improving the labor quality of
higher education intelligentsia towardsprofessionalization and
internationalization of the teaching quality, scientific research, application,
technology transfer and the education management quality to facilitate
educators to participate actively in the international labor division.
4.1.2. Improving the labor quality of the Vietnamese higher education
intelligentsia must be associated with standardized requirements for
international integration
Standardization of the higher education intelligentsia seems to be the
process of implementing the rules with normality representing the labor
valueof educators. The urgent requirement now is that to build a group of
higher education educatorswith the standard qualification, capacity and
consensus on a sense of responsibility to serve the homeland and the people
and who agree the goal and the ideal training human resources to meet the
demands of industrialization and modernization of the country.
Standardization of thehigher education intelligentsia in the quantity,
qualification, and capacity requires controlling and eliminating thoroughly the
status that lecturers teach too much subjects or subjects being not in their
qualifications, leading to decrease the education quality. In particular, with the
trend of globalization today, in addition to the standardization of professional
qualifications in accordance with the Charter of the University, it should set the
standardization of capacity using language and computerization of higher
education intelligentsia in teaching, scientific research, leadership and
education management as an urgent requirement.
Standardization of the higher education intelligentsia in moralquality
requires paying much attention to love people, love my job; positive attitude,
self-discipline, responsibility in working of each educator.
Standardization of the labor quality of higher education intelligentsia should
focus on training high-quality human resources to ensure education driven the
career orientation and demands of the society.

4.2.2. Strengthening the leadership of the Party, the management of the
State and the responsibility of the training facilities for the labor quality of
higher-education intelligentsia
This is one of direct determinants to the labor quality of higher-education
intelligentsia in Vietnam in oriented socialism market economy. First of all, the
Party must constantly enhance his intellectual and leadership responsibility for the
labor quality of higher-education intelligentsia. Along with that request, the State
should comply seriously developing-oriented function for higher education;
complete autonomy for higher education institutions; build up standards for
training quality, strengthening supervision, inspection, training quality controlling,
and perfecting law and wage policies in higher-education training facilities.
To ensure the labor quality of higher-education intelligentsia in our country
today, improving accountability requirement of training facilities has been set
out inevitably. It requires universities, teaching staff and managing cadres to
define clearly the vision, mission, and objectives and to implement solutions to
make the planned commitments for quality.
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4.2.3. Modernization of higher education as a breakthrough to enhance
the labor quality of Vietnamese teacher intelligentsia today
First of all, objectives and contents of higher-education program need to be
modernized towards determining the standard values of trained human
resources. The focus of this stage is streamlining, screening, refreshing the
knowledge to ensure modern, avoid overcrowding, duplication which has been
raised as a scientific require during modernizing process of teaching content.
Modernizing method of higher-education training and education is
necessarily considered as a crucial point, a key step in order to eliminate the
backwardness of the old education method, on the other hand, to logicalize,
intellectualize new methodology, and see learners to be in center. The urgent
problem now is that condition of pedagogical universities with backward
content, teaching method compared to reality needs to be stopped.

intelligentsia. Mode of allowances calculation for higher-education
intelligentsia simply according to seniority, position, qualification or title as
current actually has not been released from leveling idea in distribution. This is
a huge waste that the Education should soon overcome by paying salary and
allowances according to ability, contribution level or labor quality of each
teacher.
In principle, it’s necessary to focus on paying higher wage and having policy
of reward, honor, treatment both in material and spirit for higher-education
intelligentsia who successfully completed the task, got valuable inventions,
innovations, scientific and technological works and products. Along with the
work of emulation and commendation, it’s also important to create
opportunities for professional promotion and development for lecturers.
4.2.6. Innovating basically management, respecting the labor quality
control of higher-education intelligentsia
In fact, the management of higher education in Vietnam revealed many
weakness and limitations. This requires attention to the management stage with
innovating thinking requirement along with sweeping reforms according to the
trend of improving autonomy and social self-responsibility of higher-education
institutions in our country in the context of integration and increased global
competition.
Controlling the labor quality of higher-education intelligentsia is considered
an effective management measure in order to determine systematically the
labor value of lecturers and educational managing cadres in the overall of
pedagogical activity. Therefore, the Ministry of Education and Training needs
to study, develop and promulgate the labor quality standards of higher-
education intelligentsia, supplement and implement seriously external
assessing criteria including agencies, enterprises, companies using products of
higher education, the independent evaluating units, other domestic and foreign
training institutions according to specific scale, especially it’s necessary to
assign by number or ranking to reflect explicitly the labor quality of higher-

major measure of the devoted ability of heart power and mental power of
whole of teachers in developing strategy for high-quality human resources for
nation. To assess the labor quality of this staff, it’s necessary to focus on
identifying the level of satisfaction lecturer standards, task completion, actual
labor result, satisfaction of entities who enjoy benefits of higher education,
effect of higher-education intelligentsia in correlated comparison with ensured
conditions. In particular, the ability to supply trained manpower for labor
market and employment is considered as an important assessing criterion.
4. Today, we and humanity are in the first decade of the new millennium –
the era of intellectual civilization. This context and requirement of developing
industrialization and modernization of the country have objectified decisive
role of higher-education intelligentsia in strategy of human resource training.
By their talent, wisdom and dedication, Vietnamese higher-education
intelligentsia is actively participating in the process of knowledge production,
which helps to build up high quality human resources of the country, from the
general level to every developing stair step by step to meet the requirements
and demands of civilized society. It is both a value system and responsibility of
citizen, is living ideal that most of genuine higher-education intelligentsia are
deeply awarded. However, the labor quality of Vietnam higher-education
intelligentsia is revealing many inadequacies and limitations that deepen more