INTRODUCTION
1. OBJECTS OF RESEARCH AND REASONS TO SELECT SUBJECT
HOMONYM and POLYSEMY is the general event concerned closely with the
linguists. However this event and its connects are still got a lot of differences. There have
not been any professional projects on discussing deeply about this event yet. This following
thesis would be researched through out the perfect system of this event in the Vietnamese
Language.
2. HISTORY OF PROBLEM
0.2.1. In Vietnam, before 1945 homonym and polysemy events were mentioned in
some dictionaries and in some Vietnamese grammatical projects written by the Vietnamese.
During this time it was understood by the part of theory, some as: (1) distinguishing
between the purely Vietnamese of homonym units and the original Chinese ones, (2)
between popular homonymous events and local ones, (3) between homonymous units and
polysemy ones… the logic problems were mentioned from 1945 to 1975, specially in
relation with the principal of dictionary. During the period of 1976’s up to now composed:
(1) the relations of conversion phenomenon of words and the establishment of homonyms,
(2) classification of homonyms, (3) homonyms from the rhetoric regard, (4) the origin of
homonyms, (5) the limits between homonyms and polysemy, (6) the causes of establishment
of homonyms and polysemy events, (7) the distinguish between homonyms and polysemy
words, (8) the roles of writing in the identification of homonyms in the Vietnamese
language, (9) polysemy units data and the distribution of incident of polysemy in
signification capacity with the principal words, (10) the different relations of significations
in the meaning structure of polysemy, (11) the examined standard of homonym units and
the same original homonyms, (12) positive and negative effects of homonyms and
polysemy, (13) homonym and polysemy under geometry aspect, (14) established reasons of
homonym units, (15) characters of Vietnamese homonym, (16) incident of monosyllabic
homonym and multi syllabic homonym, (17) Vietnamese homonym under the look of
foreign style…
0.2.2. In China during 1950-1976 the mentioned problems were: (1) extended and
restricted conceptions of homonym and polysemy, (2) classification of homonym, (3)
positive and negative effects basic homonym words and polysemy ones, (4) methods of the

Thesis was proceed in statistics, described and classified the details of symbols of
homonym and polysemy phenomenon, indicated the particular qualities of homonym
phenomenon as well as polysemy in Vietnamese language and in modern Chinese. At the
same time. Thesis was also explained clearly the causes of those symbols and those
phenomenons. In some aspects, the homologies and the differences of the homonym and
polysemy phenomenoms, both homonym polysemy phenomenons in the Vietnamese
language and modern Chinese were all identified and explained clearly in thesis by the
scientific basic statistics, described and compared widely in the nearer categories only in
general features of the two languages. In practical aspect, it was also presented the up date
data about those same ones in modern Chinese language. To some extent, this data would be
useful in preparing the teaching materials and the research fast through it in all the time
learning the Vietnamese or Chinese. The materials of thesis are also used the fundamental
language or the translation in computer.
6. DISPOSITIONS OF THESIS
Out of the introduction and the conclusion, thesis is all composed by 4 chapters:
- Chapter 1: general basic theories
- Chapter 2: homonym phenomenons in the Vietnamese language compare with the
modern Chinese.
- Chapter 3: polysemy phenomenons in the Vietnamese language compare with the
modern Chinese.
- Chapter 4: homo-polysemy word in the Vietnamese language compare with the
modern Chinese
Thesis is composed by 182 original pages, 207 reference pages, and 177 appendix pages.
Chapter 1:
GENERAL LOGICALLY BASIC FOUNDATIONS
1.1. WORD AND WORD MEANING STRUCTURE
1.1.1. Word is one of the basic units in language (phoneme, morpheme, word,
phrase,sentence ) but up to now there haven’t been any enough conceptions of words in any
languages. There are two opposite conceptions in the words. They are: (1) denied by L.V.
Sherba [57]…Acknowledged by V.M.Solncev, B.A. Serebrennikov [57]…not only

1.3. THE ROLES OF CHARACTER IN THE RESEARCH ON HOMONYM
AND POLYSEMY PHENOMENON
1.3.1. The role of character written with morpheme
Character is the system of the symbols of stroke to rewrite the speaking word. There
are many forms of writing word. Up to now, the Vietnamese people have made use of three
kinds of writing: Chữ Hán (Chinese character) Chữ Nôm (Native character–the hieroglyph)
and Chữ Quốc Ngữ (national language). Writing by phoneme has not any roles in the
research on homonym and polysemy phenomenon in Vietnamese and modern Chinese
language. On contrary it has the difficulty in the field of identification and classification of
these units.
1.3.2. The role of writing ideographic character
The writing word of expression (Chinese, native word) has the important role in the
research on homonym and polysemy phenomenon in Vietnamese and modern Chinese.
Writing word together with the criterion of sound and meaning is made by the important
criterion (form–sound–meaning) that helped us to distinguish the possession of incident
worth in Vietnamese and Chinese language.
1.4. CONCEPTION OF HOMONYM, POLYSEMY AND HOMO – POLYSEMY
WORD
1.4.1. According to Keith Brown [206 p. 27] homonyms are the different lexemes in
the same forms “and the homophones need to be spoken with the same syllable’’ meanwhile
“the homographs are made of the same form of writing”. And the pholysemy is made of the
origin in the process and the relations of meaning and useful words, meanwhile the meaning
words are developed or transferred into lexical item taken the distinguished meanings.
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1.4.2. In Vietnam there are very few achievements to present the conception of
homonym and homonym. They composed into three groups: (1) group of examining
homonym with three criterions: similar writing and sound, different from meanings. (2)
group of examining homonym with the similar sound, different from meanings and from
structures. (3) group of examining the similar sound, different from meanings. These
authors of three groups haven’t clearly spoken yet about the conception of homonyms by

1.6.3. A homo- polysemy is a word both homonym (in any homonym in series) and
polysemy (with the relative character in meaning). In Vietnamese the homo- polysemy word
is presented into two areas: in the same original meanings and in the non- original
meanings.
1.7. THE LIMIT OF HOMONYM, POLYSEMY UNITS
The limit of homonym and polysemy unit are discussed a lot and it is still the current
news (problems) in English, there are two criterions which are connected into this problems.
Those are: criterion of etymologic word (historical bybrid word) and “criterion of meaning
relative character’’. In Vietnamese and modern Chinese, criterions are usually given in
relation with this problem, that is “among the polysemy meanings are still / or not relative
any more’’
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1.8. CLASSIFICATION OF HOMONYM UNITS. POLYSEMY UNITS AND
HOMO- POLYSEMY UNITS
1.8.1. Classification of homonym units in English is different in compare with
Vietnamese and Chinese: John Lyons [89 p.75] classified homonyms in English into
absolute homonymes and partial homonymes. In China, Cao Danh Khai [1969], Ton
Thuong Tu [200], Chu To Mac [177] based on the origin to classify the homonym units,
Phu Pho Thanh [177] based on three criterions: form-syllable-meaning and the methods to
create in classification of homonyms. In Vietnam, Nguyen Thien Giap [44], [47 p.174-178]
divided homonym into: (1) homonym between word and word (the most fundamental) (2)
homonym between phrase and syntactic group (the back ground achievement in the use
period of language) Nguyen Van Khang [69, p.144-476], Phan Ngoc [100, p.67] based on
the origin and the method to create and classify the homonym units. Bui Minh Toan [133
p.65 ] based on the method to create the syllable quantity into the building to classify the
homonym…
1.8.2. The classification of polysemy had also many of opinions: Phu Pho Thanh based
on meaning in series and structure of sentence to classify the polysemy: Do Huu Chau [19
p.131] based on the units of language to divide into: polysemy units and polysemy
sentences: Nguyen Thien Giap [47, p.148] based on the units of language to divide into:

2
(yuè) moon
… (2) the non-original homonym units (the different-form homonyms), these units are
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analyzed into the first special columns as 尝 (cháng) taste và 尝 (cháng) long…The
polysemy units in the modern Chinese dictionary in 2005 composed the monophous syllable
units, the multi- syllable units most kinds of words: nouns, verbs, epithets …include of
word, sentences and form creations (graphs, the fix…) the meanings of polysemy unit are
also distinguished one another by the symbol Arabian numerals 1,2,3…
1.11. CONCLUSION IN CRITERIONS
Chapter one is presented as a duty of the basic theory in the fundamental statistic, the
research and the description of the problems connected with the homonym units the
polysemy ones in general of language and in particular of Vietnamese and modern Chinese-
according to the conception of thesis, those are the research, making a study of homonym
units and polysemy units in Vietnamese. On the hand, the modern Chinese both in
succession of knowledge and in grasp the logical achievements of the general language, on
the other, it is necessary the needs of setting out the characters in the forms of research
objects. The logical bases and the discussions presented in chapter I will be the basic
problem for the thesis in comparing with the homonym units and polysemy ones, the homo-
polysemy words in Vietnamese and in modern Chinese are in the following chapters.
Chapter 2:
HOMONYM PHENOMENON IN VIETNAMESE LANGUAGE
COMPARED WITH THE MODERN CHINESE
2.1. HOMONYM PHENOMENON IN VIETNAMESE LANGUAGE
2.1.1. The general conception of homonym phenomenon in Vietnamese
Vietnamese is the typical simple fundamental language with many of homonyms. In
Vietnamese dictionary there are 3691 homonyms in series with 8408 units hold 21,06%.
2.1.2. Classification of homonym phenomenon in Vietnamese
2.1.2.1. Classification of homonym phenomenon in criterion of the origin.
(1) Homonym units form modern Chinese. For examples đảo chính I,II (revolution)

7 in series - 16 units
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04 Syllables:
* Non-original homonyms: 2 in series - 4 units
* Same-original homonyms: 7 in series - 9 units
9 in series - 18 units
Total: 3691 in series ; 8408 units
As the result of statistic, we see: (1) inVietnamese language, the majority of homonym
units have the simple formation and they are almost the non-original homonyms. (2) the
distribution of the same-original homonym units in Vietnamese are not equal but in general
the quantities of non-original homonym units are always much more as the same-original
homonym units (5434 non-original homonym units / 8408 units total, hold 64,63%) (3) the
homonyms made of mono – syllable, dual – syllable had kept and still keep the main role.
That made the principal face of the Vietnamese homonym phenomenon. (4) In Vietnamese,
homonym phrases quantities, just only the achievement in background, not the “principal
personage’’ of the Vietnamese homonym phenomenon.
2.1.2.3. Classification of homonym phenomenon from the respect of linguistic units
(1) Phenomenon of mono-syllabic homonym with mono-syllabic word
Ex: cóc
1,2,3
(VN Dic. P.196)…
(2) Phenomenon of dual-syllabic homonym with dual-syllabic word.
Ex: độc lập I,II; anh hùng I,II ( V.Dic.p.40,07 )
(3) Phenomenon of mono-syllabic homonym with the morpheme of created word.
Ex: sợ tái
1
cả mặt ___ bệnh cũ lại tái
2
phát.
(4) Phenomenon of homonym phrase with phrase.

(chéng//jiā) and 成家
2
(chéng//jiā) (Dic. Chinese p.172 ).
2.2.2. Homonym phenomenon in modern Chinese in the criterion of form- sound-
meaning.
2.2.2.1 Same form homonym phenomenon in modern Chinese
The same form homonym is the conception used to indicate the units with the same
speaking and the same form word. This phenomenon composed (1) same-form homonym
phenomenon between word and graph. Ex: 尝
1
(qióng) nghèo homonym with 尝
2
(qióng) is
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the element of created word with 尝途 (qióng tú) (2) same–form homonym phenomenon with
between graph and graph. Ex: graph 工
1
(gōng) in 工尝 (gōng yè) công nghiệp homonym with
grap 工
2
(gōng) in 工作 (gōng zuò) in business, word in produce (3) same-form homonym
phenomenon between word and word. Ex: dual-syllabic word 海口
1
(hǎi kǒu) and và 海口
2
(hǎi kǒu) (Dic. Chinese p.530-790 ).
2.2.2.2. Different-form homonym phenomenon in modern Chinese language
The conception of different- form homonym phenomenon used to indicate the units
with the same-sound speaking, the form of writing has some differences or perfect
differences, and different meaning. These units divided into two kinds (1) half and half the

in explaining. (iii) the research of understanding homonym phenomenon of modern Chinese
is closely concerned with the research of multi-meaning phenomenon and writing system
theory…(iv) although they are all isolating languages the homonym phenomenon in
Vietnamese and modern Chinese have still got the fixed differences and the typical
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derivation of homonym units after 尝 化 and different-form homonyms those are model
examples .
Chapter 3:
COMPARE POLYSEMY PHENOMENON IN VIETNAMESE LANGUAGE
WITH MODERN CHINESE

3.1. POLYSEMY PHENOMENON IN VIETNAMESE LANGUAGE
3.1.1. The general conception about polysemy phenomenon in Vietnamese
language
Vietnamese is the language with a mention incident of polysemy units ,Vietnamese
dictionary in 2006 was statistics 5.420 polysemy units total. (hold 13,58% in linguistic data)
3.1.2. Classification of polysemy phenomenon in Vietnamese
From the structure of phrases and meanings characters, the polysemy units of
Vietnamese are classified into: phenemenons of polysemy with thing diagram meanings
expression meanings and attitudinal meanings.
3.1.2.1. Phenomenon of polysemy with thing diagram meanings
Analyze from the structure of phrase and meaning of the word âu
1
(VN. Dic.p_____):
has 2 diagram meanings that ̣̣̣̣ indicated (1) âu tàu (2) ụ the units containing with the
structure of phrase and meaning as âu
1
that is the polysemy with thing diagram meaning.
3.1.2.2. Phenemenons of polysemy with expression meaning and their
classifications

phenomenon).
3.1.2.4. Phenomenon of polysomic units are rarely contact
It is the conception to indicate the non-popular polysomic phenomenon in Vietnamese
language (only 72 units having from 7 to 27 meanings hold 1,42% of they the polysomic
phenomenon in Vietnamese. Although didn’t made the principal face for the Vietnamese
polysomic phenomenon, they were the units with the most of meanings, they are usually the
notional words belonged the basic grammatical vocabulary of Vietnamese language.
Classify the polysomic phenomenon from the corner of linguistic units, we have two
phenomenons : (i) polysomic word and (ii) polysomic phrase.
3.1.2.5. Phenomenon of polysomic word
In Vietnamese language, phenomenon of polysomic word is the main phenomenon
(approximately 99% of the words of the polysomic units in Vietnamese). It contained into
two phenomenons: (1) phenomenon of mono-syllabic polysomic words: they are the base
and the importance of the polysomic phenomenon in Vietnamese because they have the
most quantity, the highest meaning capacity (all units having from 7 to 27 meanings, they
are all the kind of words as nouns, adjectives and verbs… but if they are counted from the
meaning capacity they will be in order: verbs, nouns, adjectives…they composed of the
presentation of the Vietnamese polysomic phenomenon as: the polysomic thing diagram
meaning, expression meaning and attitudinal meaning (2) phenomenon of dual syllabic
polysomic words: they are the base and the main importance of the polysomic phenomenon
in Vietnamese language. They have the quantity just under the series of the one of mono-
syllabic polysomic words. Almost they have the low meaning capacity (from 2 to 3
meanings, the units from 4 to 6 meanings not worth mentionning) the most is the original
Chinese units, the pure Vietnamese ones, and the original european’s.
3.1.2.6. Phenomenon of polysomic phrase
It is rarely contact in Vietnamese (only 24 units mainly of the non-noted kind of
words). They have the low meaning capacity (from 2 to 5 meanings) for the most part of 2
meanings. They composed of the two following groups: group of the fixed phrases (idioms)
are created for syllable “ăn sống nuốt tươi”, group of articles and habitual collocations
created into 2, 3 syllable “ ra dáng, ra tuồng, ra vẻ…”

From this criterion, they composed 2 kinds: mono-syllable (hold minor incident) multi-
syllable (hold main incident created by 2 -6 syllables). Almost are the parallel syllable as:
尝人(ài rén), 安尝 (ān jìng)…The parallel polysomic units with the high incident but they
have the low meaning capacity (only 2, 3 meanings).
3.2.2.2. Classification in criterion of meaning capacity
The polysomic units in modern Chinese have from 2 to 25 meanings. In there, the units
with 2, 3 meanings hold the majority. The unit with many of meanings is 打 (đả, with 25
meanings) In general, modern Chinese has not only more quantity of polysomic units but
also the units with the complex structure of meaning, and more polysomic phenomenon than
Vietnamese. Both languages are the typical relations of phrase and meaning as, the
conductivity, the parallel interpose between the conductivity and the parallel, or the branch
of form. However the typical words with the opposite meaning structure in modern Chinese
are more popular than Vietnamese which has not the morpheme created from polysomic
words.
3.2.3. Compare the phrasal and word structure of words “ăn, hoa, hồng, đỏ” in
Vietnamese language with the words
吃
1
，花
1
，红
,
赤
in modern Chinese
3.2.3.1. Base of comparison
Both of Vietnamese and modern Chinese are belonged the from of mono- linguistic,
non- inflexion. There are many units used with the others. (70% Vietnamese vocabulary
having the original Chinese words)
3.2.3.2. Compare the structure of phrase and meaning the use of word “hoa” in
Vietnamese with the word

” in VN with more sides than modern
Chinese). Ex: “hoa cái, hoa tay’’ are the metaphors exist in Vietnamese more than in
Chinese.
3.2.2.3. Compare the words “hồng, đỏ” in Vietnamese with the ones
红
,
赤
in modern
Chinese
According to the result of research in the structure of meaning, the capacity of
combination…of “hồng, đỏ ” in Vietnamese with 尝 , 赤 in Chinese, we see (i) both
Vietnamese and Chinese have many units with the role of reflect of the objective thing
phenomenon of attribute to “đỏ” or “hồng” and the quantity of units much used with other
of the objects of both languages. (ii) examine about the quantity of the units in Chinese used
to reflect of the objects thing phenomenon of attribute to “đỏ” or “hồng” in more than
Vietnamese. (iii) if in Vietnamese, both words “đỏ and hồng” are two units are used mainly
(the symbols), the modern Chinese words 尝, 赤 would be the pattern words used to reflect
the objective thing phenomenon of attribute to “đỏ” or “hồng” (iv) in the two units “hồng”:
and “đỏ” in Vietnamese, the word “đỏ” has the tendency of development which is stronger
feature and higher frequency compare with the word “hồng”. in Chinese the word 赤 has
more meaning features than the word 尝, but the frequency used much higher than the word
赤 both (v)“hồng” “đỏ” in Vietnamese and 尝, 赤 in Chinese are the aspects used to create
the rhetoric metaphor of expressed aspect as metaphor about revolution, of chance, the
fair…
3.2.2.4. Compared the structure of phrase and word, the use of the word “ăn” in
Vietnamese with the word “吃
1
” in modern Chinese
According the result of examining the structure of phrase and word, the capacity of
combination…of the word “ăn” in Vietnamese and the word “ 吃

the meanings of word of both languages that are able to divide into: (i) thing diagram
meaning phenomenon, expression meaning or attitudinal meaning. (ii) polysomy
phenomenon usual contact and rare contact. (iii) polysomy morpheme phenomenon,
polysomy word and polysomy phrase (iv) expression multi- meaning phenomenon (perfect
and non-perfect) (v) monosyllabic word phenomenon of polysemy, multi- syllabic
polysomy word phenomenon (2) the differences: (a) in modern Chinese, polysomy units of
the complex structure with the high meaning capacity are more than the one in Vietnamese.
In Chinese, beside the popular phenomenon as: polysomy word (single word, compound
word) polysomy phrase include of morpheme- phenomenon. In Vietnamese there are no
morpheme phenomenon created polysomy. (b) structure of phrase and word of polysomy
phenomenon in modern Chinese is stable tendency. It is hardly dissolved as the one in
Vietnamese. It is lied by the elements: form- syllable-meaning in a blocked symbol (c) in
both the two languages, Vietnamese and Chinese, are still exist the worth maintaining of a
lot of polysomy worth with the fain common use as hoa, hồng, xích… but the period of
development the phrase and the meaning of words in both languages is not perfect the same.
Chapter 4:
COMPARE HOMONYM AND POLYSOMY
IN VIETNAMESE LANGUAGE WITH MODERN CHINESE
4.1. ABOUT THE HOMONYM AND POLYSOMY PHENOMENON IN THE
DICTIONARY
As in the column 1.4 and 1.5 spoken, the homonym and polysomy phenomenons are
the units with the characters both homonym and polyseme. They are belonged to the cross
area between homonym phenomenon and polysemy phenomenon. In Vietnamese dictionary
2006 collected many of these units. If it checked only the same original meaning units.
There would be 594 units in series (composed both monosyllabic and multi- syllabic) with
the quantity in the general total of homonyms in Vietnamese.
4.2. CLASSIFICATION OF HOMONYM AND POLYSEMY UNITS IN
VIETNAMESE LANGUAGE
In Vietnamese, homonym and polysemy units composed two kinds which are
distributed into two areas: same- original homonyms and different – original homonyms. As

, bản vị
1
, bẻ bai
2
, bo bo
4
….)
4.3.4. About the relation of phrasal meaning
4.3.4.1. Relations of phrasal meaning among units in homonyms series.
Homonym and polysemy units in series have never relations of the meanings one another.
4.3.4.2. Relations of phrasal meaning among the meaning in a homonym- polysemy unit.
Belonged one of the three types as follows: (1) only having the relation of derivation in
the phrasal meaning as “ác
1
”and “ác
2
” (VN.Dic.p.02 ) (2) only having the parallel relation
in the phrasal…meaning as “bớt
2
, bà mụ
3
” (VN.Dic.p22,87) (3) both having the relation of
derivation and the parallel relation in the phrasal meaning as “bố
1
bầu
1
” (VN.Dic.p 78,52 ).
According to the statistic and the research, we see: in the three types of phrasal
meaning relations, the third type is the one having less quantity of units than the type 1 and
type 2. And the relation among the meanings of a homonym polysemy units belonged the

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Vietnamese- Chinese words pure Vietnamese words and european original words. They are
present in the basic kind of words of Vietnamese language. The most is noun, verb,
adjective, adverb…
4.4.3. About meaning capacity
Same- original homonym units in Vietnamese are rather large of meanings (from 1-18
meanings) in there, the units with 2-3 meanings hold absolutely. The units having the most
meanings are mono-syllabic ones and with 2 meanings, the units with 3 meanings are all
mono-meanings units.The most amount is belonged verbs, nouns, adjective…examining
841 units both homonym and polyseme, we see: as the same of usual polysemy units the
polysemy units in the area of same original homonyms are obeyed by the rule (i) mono-
syllabic units always have more meanings than parallel meaning units. (ii) in quantity,
polysemy real words are always more than form- word units. (iii) polysemy units of nouns
have more quantity than verbs and adjectives. But if it is examined about the meaning
capacity, the units having verbs are more than the ones of nouns and adjectives.
4.4.4. About the relations of phrase and meaning
Basically they have 3 ways of relation: (i) relation of derivation (usually contact with
the units of 2, 3 meanings) as “bào II” (VN. Dic.2006. p.38 ) (ii) parallel relation (usually
contact with the units of over 4 meanings ) as “bạn I” (VN.Dic.2006. p.38 ) (iii) relation
both derivation and parallel (usually contact with the units of over 5 meanings ) as “bóng
1
I”
(VN.Dic.2006. p.74, 75)…different from the units both homonym, the homonym units in
series in the are of same-original homonym are all together in relation to the phrasal and
word meaning that we are be able to feel in. For example: the relation between the first
meaning of “bào II” (làm nhẵn mặt gỗ bằng cái bào) and a noun with same original
meaning of “bào I” (dụng cụ của thợ mộc, gồm một đoạn gỗ có lắp lưỡi thép nằm ngang,
dụng để nạo nhẵn mặt gỗ ) all are perfectly recognized. There is the relation between a noun
and its function. That’s the reason for all dictionaries joining the meanings of “bào” I,II
becoming into a polyseme.

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According to the result of research and statistic in the wide field, we see: different
original homonym units in modern Chinese are the ones having the lower of meaning
capacity than same original homonym units. (units having the most meanings in the area of
same-original homonym of Chinese is đả 打
1
(up to 25 meanings in series) that’s the most
units having the most meaning in series.
4.5.3. About the writing and the formation
Same-original homonym units in modern Chinese having the formation with 1 to 4
syllables in the different form-writing. Specific examples: there are perfectly different form
writing of the mono-syllabic units as 尝(ài) and 尝(ài), perfectly different or different from
the first constructive element word in the units created by over 2 syllables as 杯子(bēi zi)
and 背子(bēi zi), 保健 (bǎo jiàn) and 尝尝 (bǎo jiàn)…
4.5.4. About the relation of phrase and word meaning
According to the statistic, examined about the relation of the phrase and word meaning
among the homonym units in series, same as the ones of homonym- polysemy units in the
are of different form homonym in modern Chinese, we see that: (i) Among the homonym-
polysemy in series at present have never felt any relations about the phrase and word
meaning. (ii) Between the meaning in series in a homonym units and polysemy have also
the type of relation in the same of the usual polysemy units of modern Chinese. Such as (1)
All the meanings of word in Series are the relations of derivation. For example, the structure
of meaning of the word 尝 (bǎo) (Chinese Dic.2005 p.45)…(2) In the meaning of word in
series, there are some of those ones in relation of derivation, and some are the parallel
relations. Example the structure of meaning of word 保 (bǎo) (Chinese Dic. 2005 p.45)…(3)
All the meaning of the word in series are the parallel relations. For Ex the structure of
meaning of the word 尝 子 (bào zi) (Chinese Dic.2005 p.52) it’s possible to say that, the
relation between of the homonym units in series and the meaning in series in a polysemy
units in the area of different original homonym in Chinese have the same features as the
homonym polysemy units in the area of different original homonym in Vietnamese. As

which are all only the mono-meaning.
(b) In Vietnamese, the mono-syllabic units in the same-original meanings as cuốc,
bào,đục,cưa…always have the tendency divided into the two same-original homonym
units. And they are usually divided a noun units (just the name) and a verb unit (indicate
the function), but in modern Chinese, these types of units have the tendency gathered into
the polysemy units (usually having two meanings). In there, the first meaning (usually
noun) having the function of description, set the name. The second one (usually a verb)
having the function of describing the function of that noun. The multi-syllabic units
commonly used as “âm mưu, anh hùng, ảnh hưởng, bảo an, báo cáo” have also that same
tendency. Even from the other multi-syllabic units (composed phrase and word) as “cá
nhân, bộ phận, cá nhân chủ nghĩa…” have also that joint rule. tendencies of “dissolved”
into 3, 4 or 5 same- original homonym units in Vietnamese today are rarely contacted if
there are the only mono-syllabic units. The popular over whelming “dissolved” tendency in
Vietnamese language today is the “dissolved” type into 2 units. That is the exciting point in
both languages.
4.7. CONCLUSION IN CRITERION
From the result of research and statistic in thesis, we see: there are two different opposite
tendencies: (1) Vietnamese language has the tendency of homogenizing (divide by the meaning,
the features of polysemy units into same original homonym units. (2) The modern Chinese has
the tendency of polysemy theory. This characteristic symbol combined with the polysemy
tendency in modern Chinese will be guided into the necessity resnet as follows: (i) in general
observation, the different original homonym units in both languages usually have more quantity
than the same original homonym units. (ii) the same original homonym units always hold the
large incidence in the generality from Vietnamese homonyms and they have more incidences
than compared with the same original homonym units in the generality of the homonyms in
modern Chinese. (iii) the modern Chinese have language, the structure of phrase and word of
polysemy units in Chinese will be tighter than the ones in Vietnamese. Collection of statistic data
in the wide field is proved clearly this problem
CONCLUSION
The homonym, polysemy phenomenon in the language, as well as the homonym,

as follows:
1.1. About homonym phenomenon, if in modern Chinese caused by the problem of
dispute only in the fixed quantity of same form homonym (units apart from the meaning in
series of a polysemy unit), for the most part of homonym units in modern Chinese had 3
criterions: form-syllable-meaning that are tied together and in the special area, The
Vietnamese language, by the reason of refusing the Chinese, the native language will be
guided into 3 faces: form-syllabic-meaning of almost 70% Vietnamese that is separated
perfectly by the classification of the basic opposites among the same units in series as
words, phrases…in Vietnamese there are some positions that must be more discussed. So
the identification, the definition and the classification of homonym units in contact with
much of difficulty and they made much of cross areas and double use that the units are in
Vietnamese Dic 2006 attached a label of phrasal and word meaning homonym as an
standard the kinds of verbs in Vietnamese as verb- adjective, noun-adjective…are also the
positions not having the clear standard, that caused much discussion in the identification,
the classified-regulations, the classification and the solution of homonym units or polysemy
ones in Vietnamese language. Next is the little difference in the conversion phenomenon of
the linguistic units that, caused…More next is the identification the limit and the separated
condition of the units which is the feature meaning of a homonym unit in order to become
into the homonym units together as well as the in considerable challenge. At last, to
compose with the difference from the conception or the different method of solution to the
constructions of dictionaries and the phrasal brought into the different data, not joined
together, even of the discrepancy through the periods caused of waves, even from the
writer’s misunderstanding- those are right things that caused for the difference of
identifying, classifying and describing the homonym, polysemy units in Vietnamese
language and it is necessary that they lead into the truth either to accept a lot of exceptions
or into the dim or cross area, or find out new criterions to classify or have to unit absolutely
with the bunch of criterions together in the block data thesis not only to choose the
direction of contact, to classify homonym units in Vietnamese language that are not from
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the pure phrase and word criterion or the original criterion but also to unite with the two

original homonym (among homonym units remaining the vague relation of meaning over
the conversion method of word (hold secondary incident)
From the way adjoining and this favourable classification, we all conducted with the
block data of Vietnamese Dic.2005 to examine more explained ability of these criterions
with homonym phenomenon of the same mono foundation of language which is less
standard than Vietnamese language. The result of research in the wide field and the
comparison in the narrow one in both languages Vietnamese and Chinese are proved the
good qualities of this kind to classify their criterion. Here are below the important
conclusion taken out of the comparison of homonym phenomenon of both languages
Vietnamese and Chinese:
1.1.1. As if in Vietnamese language, homonym phenomenon of mono syllabic units are
the principal screen versions (homonym between mono-syllabic unit and those ones just in
important) and in modern Chinese the problem of homonym of multi syllabic units
(specially the parallel syllabic units) are also essential problems- those are conducted the
necessity result. That is, in modern Chinese, homonym phenomenon of graph is the
important problem, and homonym phenomenon between mono-syllabic word and that one,
between word and graph are the secondary problem.
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1.1.2. Standing on the corner of signal theory, modern Chinese with the basic syllabic
quantity that is less than Vietnamese, that’s why the incident of homonym is higher than
Vietnamese’s. Our statistic result in the large field are identified clearly this point. In
Vietnamese language we only see the mono syllabic homonym units that are principal, and
the quantity of homonym units having the complex formation (2, 3, 4 syllables) that are
very few ones (composed 1967 units, hold only 10,867% of total of homonym units in
Vietnamese) (only 4 syllables maximum) but in modern Chinese, we usually see the multi-
syllabic homonym units that are principal (almost parallel syllables) (and their formation
with over 4 syllables). Beside the kinds of homonym that are usually contacted as
homography, heteronymy…In modern Chinese there are also the special other homonym
units that are not found in Vietnamese language either in the old Chinese which is the kind
of homonym derivation behind 尝化.

units (ii) rare contact polysemy phenomenon (over 7 meanings) with 72 mono-syllabic units
hold 1,42% of polysemy units. Data and analysis in this way of classification clearly
indicated that the usual contact polysemy units with the nusleous of units with 2, 3 new
meanings which have just been the basic problems of Vietnamese polysemese phenomenon;
and the rarely contact polysemy units that are the non-basic phenomenon. They only took
part only in establishing the common picture about Vietnamese polysemy phenomenon. (iii)
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The rank of phrasal and word meaning phenomenon which are usually contact in
Vietnamese is the rank of formation in units with 2, 3 meanings.
1.2.1.3. From the criterion of the kind of word, we also see the other side of
Vietnamese polysemy phenomenon, those are polysemy units which are present in all kinds
of word Vietnamese, almost are nouns, verbs, adjectives…but if we examine about meaning
capacity the arrangement that will be: verbs, nouns, adjectives…This real problem is
correspond with the incident of the kind of word in Vietnamese language.
From the three criterions on one another above, the character of polysemy units in
Vietnamese exposed clearly and specifically through every area, every list that are correspond
in general linguistics and signal theory. Here is the important contribution of thesis.
1.2.2. Based on the characters of Vietnamese polysemy units coordinated with the
conception as: meaning, meaning features we proposed some following terms: mono-
syllabic polyseme, multi-syllabic polyseme, mono-pure thing diagram polyseme, non-
perfect multi meaning polyseme (non perfect expression meaning polyseme) perfect multi-
meaning polyseme (perfect expression meaning polyseme) these conceptions are built in
correspond to the internal characters of Vietnamese polysemy units and based on the real
data in Vietnamese dictionary they are in general and already explained in the block data of
Vietnamese language.
1.3. Thesis is also conducted statistic in the large field of the polysemy units of the
Chinese in modern Chinese dictionary in 2005 from the three criterions above. Statistic
result dearly indicated: it is perfectly possible to use these three criterions in the
identification, description and classification of polysemy units in modern Chinese. Here are
the following conclusions taken out of the compare the polysemy phenomenon of

By the analyse compare, the similar and the difference, basically, are described and
made clear. Here is the contribution of thesis.
1.5. With the purpose made clearer the similar and the difference between the units
both homonym-polysemy in the area of different original homonym and the ones both
homonym-polysemy in the area of same original homonym, with the make a study of the
incident of the same original homonym units and the units both homonym and polysemy
one in Vietnamese and with the indication of the basic differences between the normal
polysemy units and the ones in the area of same original homonym, in chapter 4, thesis is
come into statistic, description of the units both homonym and polysemy in the two areas.
Different and same original meaning of phrase and word structure in all sides:
formation, meaning capacity, relation of phrase meaning… in Vietnamese language, and
compare this problem with modern Chinese. The compare results are taken out of this area,
one more time, that make clearer the homogeneous and different points about homonym
phenomenon, polysemy phenomenon in both languages specific examples as: (1) the units
both homonym and polysemy in the area of same original homonym of Vietnamese and
modern Chinese are all units that were born by the reclassification on method. in
Vietnamese the internal conversion in a kind of word of the same original homonym units
is changed into much kind of word. But it is contrary in modern Chinese. (2) different from
the units both homonym and polysemy in the area of different original homonym (between
a polysemy units and homonym units in series not having any relations absolutely arbitrary
nature ) the meanings of a polysemy unit or some of its meanings with homonym in series
belonged to the area of Same original homonym which always have the relation of phrase
and word meaning together, and at present we are able to feel it. (3) at meantime the
Vietnamese language has the tendency homonym theory (taken part the meanings, the
features of polysemy units becoming the same original homonym units but the modern
Chinese has the tendency of polysemy theory.
Here are above some results and some problems are still existence in relation with
thesis. It is certain that there are a lot of problems in the way of solution not to be the best
method, it needs to be filled or it must be researched more carefully in the future.
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