ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH
TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC KHOA HỌC XÃ HỘI & NHÂN VĂN

Tô Minh Thanh
TÀI LIỆU ÔN THI

TUYỂN SINH SAU ĐẠI HỌC

CHUYÊN NGÀNH

Giảng dạy tiếng Anh(Tái bản lần thứ nhất, có chỉnh sửa)


chuyên ngành Giảng dạy tiếng Anh và (2) được trình bày thành bốn phần:
Phần 1
: Các từ loại

(
Word Classes
)
Phần 2
: Các loại ngữ, cú và câu

(
Types of phrases
,
clauses
and
sentences
)
Phần 3
: Các mối quan hệ ngữ pháp

(
Grammatical relations
)
Phần 4
: Một số đề thi và đáp án đã thực tế được dùng trong các kỳ thi gần
đây.

Tài liệu này cũng có thể nằm trong thư mục sách tham khảo giúp sinh
viên hệ tại chức và hệ chính quy
bằng 1 và bằng 2

Preface vii
Outline for revision ix
Table of notational symbols xii

Section one: WORD CLASSES
1
Parts of speech
,
word classes
and
grammatical categories
1
2
Classification of
word classes

2
2.1

Major classes
vs.
minor classes
2
2.2
English
major classes
3
2.2
.1 English
form classes

15
4
Adjective phrases
vs.
adverb phrases
15
5
Attributive
vs.
predicative
adjectives/adjective phrases 17
6
Noun phrases
vs.
verb phrases
18
7
The N-bar
(
N
’
) as
a level of NP-structure
that is intermediate
between
the phrasal
(NP)
level
and
the lexical

Verb participles
29
8.7

Gerunds
30
8.8

Restricters
31
9 Types of
post-nominal modifiers
32
9.1

Prepositional phrases
32
9.2

Adjective phrases
33
9.3

Participial phrases
35
9.4

Infinitive phrases
35
9.5

Ditransitive
verbs/verb

phrases
43
11.4
Monotransitive
verbs/verb

phrases
47
11.5
Prepositional
verbs/verb

phrases
51
11.5.1
Monotransitive Prepositional
verbs/verb

phrases
51
11.5.2
Ditransitive Prepositional
verbs/verb

phrases
53
11.6

13.3
Subordinate clauses

vs.

embedded clauses
64
14
Covert subjects
vs.
overt subjects
66
15 Types of
finite dependent clauses
67
15.1
Nonimal clauses
67
15.2
Relative clauses
67

iii
15.3
Adverbial clauses
68
15.4
Reporting clauses
68
15.5

17.3
Complex sentences
72
17.3.1
Embedded nominal clauses
73
17.3.1.1
As
the subject

73
17.3.1.2

As
the direct object/the predicator complement

78
17.3.1.3

As

the indirect object

89
17.3.1.4
As

the subject(ive) complement
90
17.3.1.5


99
20 Types of
syntactic structures
100
20.1
Structures of modification
100
20.2
Structures of complementation
101
20.3
Structures of coordination
101
20.4
Structures of predication
103

iv
21
Constructions
vs.
constituents
104
22
Immediate constituents
vs.
ultimate constituents
104
23

-adjectival
modifiers
109
29
Classification of English adjectives
according to
their post-modifiers
111
30 Types of
adverbial adjuncts
112
31

Noun phrase analyses
123
32
Mis-diagraming
125
33
Structural ambiguity in
English noun phrases
126
33.1
Define

a structurally ambiguous noun phrase 126
33.2
Explain
structurally ambiguous noun phrases 128
33.3

adjuncts
of
an intransitive verb
141
34.3
Prepositional phrases
as
the sP
/
sC
of
an intensive verb
or as
the optional adverbial adjunct
of
any verb
142
34.4
IntransVAC
vs.

intransV—
Adv 143
34.5
MonotransVAC—NP

vs.

of
a
ditransitive verb
148

v
35.3 Explain

the difference

between two sentences
151
35.4 Re-analyse

sentence pairs
, using

tree-diagrams

154
36
Structural ambiguity in
English verb phrases

157
37
Phrase structure
162
37.1
Definition

170
39
Surface structures

vs.

deep structures
172
40
Signals of syntactic structures
174
40.1
Word order

174
40.2
Function words
174
40.3
Inflection
175
40.4
Derivational contrast

176
40.5
Prosody

176
41

(cho chuyên ngành Giảng dạy tiếng Anh)

1. Linguistics
(a) Semantics
- The expression of meaning in English at the word and sentence level;
- The relations of different kinds of meaning;
- Meaning shifts or words;
- Use of language in social interaction.

(b) Syntax
- Word classes;
- Grammatical relations;
- Types of phrases, clauses & sentences.

2. Academic Writing
Write an essay of 250 - 300 words on an issue of second language
teaching and learning.

REFERENCES
Fromkin V. et al (1988)
An Introduction to Language
.
Sydney: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

Hurdford, J. R. & Heasley, B. (1984)
Semantics. A Course Book
.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Jordan, R.R. (1990)


VI. Synonymy vs. Antonymy

VII. Homonyms (homophones and homograph), acronyms, anomaly

VIII. Speech Acts

Propositions-Utterances-Sentences

Performative sentences

Presuppositions and Implicatures

Felicity conditions

Speech events

Deixis (time, place, person)

Pragmatic meaning

Maxims of conversation

Maxims of politeness

xi
ENGLISH SYNTAX
Introduction

• Syntax: “the study of how words combine to

Four basic types of syntactic structures:
modification, predication, complementation,
and coordination (Francis, 1958)
Endocentric and exocentric constructions
(Bloomfield, 1933; Nida, 1966)
• Chapter 6 in Francis (1958)
• Chapter 6 in Fromkin et al
(1990)
• Chapter 1in Nida (1996)
• John Lyons (translated
version) pp. 368-70
Noun phrases

Types of modifiers in noun phrases
• Premodification: identifier, numeral/quantifier,
adjective, noun modifier
• Postmodification: relative clauses, non-finite
clauses, prepositional phrases
Chapter 3 in Jackson (1980)
Verb phrases:
tense, aspect, mood, voice

Chapter 4 in Jackson (1980)

Adjective phrases, adverb phrases, and
prepositional phrases
Chapter 5 in Jackson (1980)

Clauses


Co-PP = a coordinate Prepositional
phrase
Co-NP = a coordinate noun phrase
Co-AP = a coordinate adjective phrase
DEG = degree adverb
DEM = demonstrative
DET = determiner
dO = direct object
ditrans = ditransitive verb
ditrans-prep = ditransitive
prepositional verb
EmACl = embedded adjective clause
EmAdvCl = embedded adverbial clause
EXCLAMATORY DET
= exclamatory
determiner
[E
EE
E]
= empty/covert/zero/implicit subject
H = the head
headN = the head noun
headPRO = the head pronoun
headPropN = the head proper noun
headA = the head adjective
headGer = the head gerund
IC = immediate constituent
InfP = infinitive phrase
intens = intensive verb
intrans = intransitive verb

PossMarker = possessive marker
PossNP = possessive noun phrase
predC = predicator complement
P = preposition
prep = prepositional verb
prepO = prepositional object
prepC = complement of a preposition
PP = prepositional phrase
PartP = participial phrase
Q = quantifier
QA = quantifying adjective
RESTRIC = restricter
S = sentence

xiii
S’
= S-bar
sC = subject(ive) complement
sP = subject-predicative
SubACl = subordinate adjective clause
SubAdvCl = subordinate adverbial clause
VP = verb phrase
Vgrp = verb group
V-Part = verb participle
V-Ger = gerund
P
rt

=
adverbial particle

“The traditional term ‘parts of speech’ is puzzling; it’s not clear why
kinds of words — really, classes of words — would be ‘parts’ of speech
any more than, say, phonemes, allophones, morphemes, allomorphs, or
even phrases or sentences. In fact, instead of ‘parts of speech,’ linguists
usually employ the terms ‘word class’ or ‘grammatical category.’ The
term ‘grammatical category’ is a useful one, since it captures an important
aspect of a ‘part of speech,’ namely, that all tokens of a particular part of
speech share important grammatical characteristics that other parts of speech
lack. The term ‘word class,’ however, is valuable in its simplicity and is
certainly an improvement over ‘part of speech’.” [Kaplan, 1989: 105] 1

“
The syntactic categories
of
words

and
groups of words
are revealed by
the way they pattern in sentences
. If you didn’t have knowledge of these
syntactic categories, you would be unable to form grammatical sentences or
distinguish between grammatical and ungrammatical sentences.” [Fromkin
et al, 1988: 214] For example,
the child
belong to a family that includes
the

minor
.
major classes

minor classes

1.
The major classes — nouns,
verbs, adjectives,
and
adverbs —

have a great many members
, e.g. a
hundred thousand nouns.
1.
The minor classes — pronouns,
numerals, determiners, prepositions,
conjunctions
, and so on —
have few
members
. It’s easy to list all
the
articles
of English:
a
,
an
, and

words, “the open classes bear the
greatest load in terms of meaning, in
the sense of refrence to things in the
world while the function of closed
classes is oriented more towards
internal linguistic relationships.”
[Jackson, 1980: 7]
3.
Major classes

are receptive to new
members
. As a result,
major classes

are also called
open classes
[Jackson,
1980: 7]. Originating in slang or
casual contexts are the following new
nouns, verbs, and adjectives (new
adverbs are harder to come up with):
teflon, yuppie, nerd (nouns); scam,
boot up, book (verbs); rad, gnardly,
killer, tubular, (adjectives).
3.

Minor classes

are not receptive to

major/open classes
according to their
meaning
.
“According to the meaning they represent, nouns may be divided into several
classes:
common
or
proper
,
concrete
or
abstract
,
collective
,
individual
,
mass
,
material
, etc.” [House and Harman, 1965: 22]
“When classified as to meaning, adjectives are descriptive or definitive,
some of each class having definite and some indefinite application.” [House and
Harman, 1965: 73]
2.
Fromkin et al
[1988, 214-215] present
three types of criteria
to define

which belong to more than one
word class
(kick, love, drink), but those whose
meaning remains essentially the same.
Meaning
is therefore best regarded as
a
secondary criterion
, to be used to check
the purely grammatical criteria
of
form
and
function
.
3.
Kaplan
[1989:108] points out that one problem with
the traditional definition

of
noun
and
verb
since
it
is
meaning-based
(
a noun

, which will be
later labelled as
nominals
,
verbals
,
adjectivals
, or
adverbials
.
2.2.1 English
form classes
2.2.1.1 Nouns
Noun are identified as nouns by
two aspects of form
,
their
inflectional morphemes
, and
their derivational morphemes
.
2.2.1.1.1 The two
noun inflectional suffixes
in English are:
 The noun plural morpheme {–S
1
}: book–s, apple–s, box–es, etc.
 The noun possessive morpheme {–S
2
}: man–’s, girl–’s, students–’,

3
}:
walk–s, find–s, mix–es, etc.
 The verb present participle morpheme {–ing
1
}:
play–ing, typ(e)–ing, dig(g)–ing, etc.
 The verb past simple morpheme {–D
1
}:
flow–ed, work–ed, creat(e)–ed, drank, broke, thought, show–ed, etc.
 The verb past participle morpheme {–D
2
}:
flow–ed, work–ed, creat(e)–ed, drunk, broken, thought, show–n, etc.
2.2.1.2.2 Verbs are identified not only by
inflectional
morphemes
but also by
verb-forming derivational affixes
added to
nouns or adjectives: knowledge →
ac
knowledge, bath → ba
the
, ripe → rip
en
,
large →
en

adjective-forming derivational suffixes
3

added
to nouns or verbs: athlete → athlet
ic
, child → child
ish
, collect → collect
ive
,
read → read
able
, etc.

In short, “a word which is inflected with –
er
and –
est
and which is
capable of forming adverbs with –
ly
and/or nouns with –
ness
is called an
adjective.” [Stageberg, 1965: 202]

Or, “an adjective will be any word which has one or more of the
following positive attributes:
i. it can occur between Article and Noun.

“
These are
uninflected words (UW’s)
because they
take no inflectional endings
.
Although they do have
the prefix

a-

in common, it seems unwise to label them
formally as either
adjectives
or
adverbs
since positionally they appear in both
adjectival and adverbial slots.” [Stageberg, 1965: 206]
6

2.2.1.3.4 Adverbs
2.2.1.3.4.1 The two
adverb inflectional suffixes
in English are:
 The adverb comparative morpheme {
–er
1

[1965: 196-219],

the four positional classes
in English are the nominal, the verbal, the adjectival and the adverbial.

2.2.2.1

“Any word, whatever its form-class (noun, verb,
comparable, pronoun, uninflected word) will be tabbed
a nominal
if it
occupies one of the seven noun positions” [Stageberg,1965:196] listed below:
1. The position of
the subject
:
- Upstairs

IS
the safest hiding place.

4

“In the word-stock of English there are

many uninflected words

often employed
in the adverbial positions:
1.
Uninflected words

: anywhere, everywhere, somewhere, nowhere.
6. “
-ways
”
series
: crossways, sideways; also, anyway.
7. “
-time
”
series
: meantime, sometime, anytime, sometimes.
8.
Miscellaneous
: today, tonight, tomorrow, yesterday, now, then, seldom, still,
yet, already, meanwhile, also, too, never, not, forth, thus, sidelong, headlong, maybe,
perhaps, instead, indeed, henceforth, piecemeal, nevertheless, downstairs, indoors,
outdoors, offhand, overseas, unawares, besides, furthermore, always.” [Stageberg,
1965:215]

7
- For Glenda to steal the diamond

WOULD BE
a shame.
2. The position of
the direct object
:
I
HATE
telling lies

5. The position of
the subject
(
ive
)
complement
:
This book
IS
hers
.
My favorite pastime
IS

swimming
.

6. The position of
the object
(
ive
)
complement
:
You’
VE MADE
me
what I am
.
They

must have been loafing

last week
and two in
I

should leave

the house in ten minutes.
Also,
any verb form
taking a subject or a complement (OV, SC,
or Adj) or modified by an adverbial is a verbal, regardless of its position.
1.
Becoming
angry, she
broke
the dish.
2.
Being
a minister, Prentice
spoke
softly.
3. After
having eaten
the turnips, Prentice
tried

to look
satisfied.

verb: The management considered him
competent
.

“In other positions let us say that any
adjective
or
adjective
substitute
is
an adjectival
, unless it is in a nominal or adverbial slot”.
[Stageberg, 1965: 210]
Angry and upset
, the applicant slammed the door.

2.2.2.4
Adverbials
are
the word groups
as well as
the single
words
that
occupy the adverb positions
and
perform the adverb
functions
. Common adverbial positions are:


the set
WILL NOT FIT
properly together.

2.2.2.4.2 Medial position: This includes all positions between
obligatory initial and final clausal elements. Several more specific
positions can be distinguished:

 Between the subject and the beginning of the verb phrase:

9
(2)a. She
actually

EXPECTS
to marry him.
b. Mary
in her own way

WAS
a darling.
c. The environment secretary
yesterday

MOVED

to mitigate the effects of the inland revenue revaluation.

 After
THE MODAL/FIRST AUXILIARY VERB

LIMITED
to business.

 After
THE LEXICAL VERB
but preceding other obligatory elements of
the clause.
(2)h. It
IS
still
three weeks away.
i. It
IS

no longer
a casino.
j. He
IS

always/at any event
happy.
k. He
IS

certainly/without doubt
an expert.
l. She
IS

cleverly

VERB
(though it may not be the last element if there are
other final
adverbials
in the same clause):
(3)a. Tom
WAS
a doctor
for many years
.
b. Tom
WILL
PLAY
football
tomorrow
.
c. Tom
SENT
a telegraph to his wife
yesterday morning
.
d. Tom
PUT
his watch
where he can find it in the dark
.
e. Tom
BELIEVED
the man crazy
after questioning him

co-ordinating conjunctions
, such as
and
,
or
,
but
, which join two items on an equal footing; and
subordinating
conjunctions
, such as
when
,
if
,
why
,
whether
,
because
,
since
, which
subordinate one item to another in some way.”

Fromkin

et al
[1980: 9-11] add to
minor/closed classes

2.4 Word-class
exercises
:

2.4.1 Exercises for
form classes

EXERCISE 1
: Review

the derivational adverb-forming suffix

{-ly
1
} and

the derivational adjective-forming suffix
{-ly
2
}. Then place
a check after each word that qualifies as an adverb.

1. swift
ly6. rich
ly10. sour
ly

11
EXERCISE 2
: Identify the italicized -
ly
as either
the derivational adverb-
forming suffix
{-ly
1
} or
the derivational adverb-forming
suffix
{-ly
2
}. Complete the table.

1. The witness testified false
ly
.
{-ly
1
}

9. What an unmanner
ly
helot!

10. It was a coward
ly
act. EXERCISE 3
: In the blank place a V to identify
the italicized inflectional
verb present participle morpheme
{-ing
1
} and an A to
identify
the italicized derivational class-changing
adjective-forming morpheme
{-ing
3
}
5
. Complete the table.

1. It was a charm
ing
spot.
{-ing
3


9. The attorney made a mov
ing
appeal.

10. What an oblig
ing
fellow he is ! 5
Notice
the derivational class-changing noun-forming morpheme
{-ing
2
} in
teach
ing
, a meet
ing
, dropp
ing
s, etc.

12
EXERCISE 4
: In the blank place a V to identify
the italicized inflectional
verb past participle morpheme
{-D

5. He bought a stol
en
picture.

6. The invit
ed
guests all came.

7. He had a reserv
ed
seat.

8. The skipper was a reserv
ed
(= quiet) man.

9. A celebrat
e
d
painter visited the campus.

10. A worri
ed
look crossed his face. 2.4.2 Exercises for
positional classes

EXERCISE 5